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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Professor

Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam

Training Course on ‘Training Course on Project appraisal, EIA and

Formulation of DPP’

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Lecture Topic

Major Environmental Parameters

Potential Impact on infrastructure development

projects

Example-1: Road Projects of LGED

National Policies, Strategies and Regulatory

Framework

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Example-1: Road Project

Example-2: Bridge Project

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PHYSICAL

ECOLOGY

HUMAN

Environmental Parameters

is components of environment. It can be grouped into major components.

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Physical Parameters

Regional Hydrology / Flooding

Drainage congestion/ Water Logging

Erosion and Siltation

Dust and Noise Pollution

Water Pollution

Soil characteristics/ Soil Fertility

Groundwater Table

Floods

Drainage Congestion

River Bank Erosion

Dust Pollution

Declining Groundwater table

Dhaka city

Water pollution

From industries

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Ecological Parameters Fisheries

Forest

Wildlife and Biodiversity

Solid Wastes

Nuisances Plant / Eutrophication

Wetland and Wetland Habitat

Terrestrial Habitat

Tree plantation / Urban Vegetation

Wastewater

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Human Interest

(Economic Impact) Loss of Agricultural Lands

Loss of Top soil of Agricultural lands

Employment opportunity

Industrial Activities

Irrigation Facilities

Navigation/ Boat Communication

Road Communication / Transportation

Agricultural Development

Landscape

Agriculture

Employment

Industry

NavigationLandscapeRoad Communication

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Quality of Life Values

(Social Impact)

Health and Well being

Sanitation and Pure Water Supply

Education / Literacy

Road Safety

Slum Improvement

Primary School

Slum improvement

Community clinicDrinking water supply

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Potential Impacts on Environment

A change in system exerts certain influence onmany different environmental parametersresulting a net positive or negative impact onthe environment.

Potential Impact on Environment will be demonstrated through a Infrastructural development project: Thana Road project of LGED.

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Ecological Impact

(a) Fisheries: (-) Roads prevent longitudinal

and lateral migration of fishes in the flood plain

(-) Obstruct movement of fishes onto natural feeding and breeding grounds in the flood plain.

(b) Forest: (-) Roads running through forest

area and plantations may be the cause of destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology of the forest.

Fisheries

Fish breeding ground

Road running through forest

Example: LGED Thana Road Project

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Ecological Impact

(c) Plantation:

(+) The roadsides may be used for plantation of trees which is favorable impact of road construction.

(d) Wetland and Wetland Habitant:

(-) The road may encroach wetlands which may alter the ecology of wetlands and may cause destruction of wetland habitat.

(e) Nuisance Plant/Eutrophication:

(-) The Roads running through forest area and plantations may be the cause of destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology of the forest.

Roadside plantation

wetland

Eutrophication

Example: LGED Thana Road Project

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Physico-chemical Impact

(a) Erosion and Siltation

(-) causes erosion during flood and siltation in the downstream.

(b) Drainage Congestion /Water logging

(-) roads interfere with cross drainage and can cause flooding or drainage congestion in adjacent areas during periods of high precipitation.

(-) May cause crop damage, water pollution and breeding of mosquitoes.

Road erosion

Road side water logging

Example: LGED Thana Road Project

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Physical Impact

(c) Regional Hydrology/Flooding

(-) Roads constructed across flood plains perpendicular to the direction of water flow cause back water effect and increase duration, frequency and extent of flooding in the up stream.

(d) Obstruction to Waste water flow

(-) Roads may obstruct the drainage of sewage and industrial waste water loading to serious pollution problem.

(e) Dust /Noise Pollution

(-) Dust raised from unpaved rural roads and blown by the vehicles can pose a health hazard and damage vegetation along the sides of the road. Dust pollution

Road obstruction to drainage

Example: LGED Thana Road Project

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Impact on Human Interest

(a) Loss of Agricultural Lands

(-) Construction of any road is associated with the loss of agricultural lands.

(b) Generation of Employment Opportunities

(+) Construction of road generates temporary employment during project implementation and permanent employment during maintenance phase.

(c) Navigation and Boat Communication

(-) Roads interference with navigation and boat communication at least for certain period of the year.

Agricultural land

Road construction

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Impact on Human Interest (d) Transportation and Road

communication (+) Transportation of people and goods from

one place to another saving time and cost.

(e) Tourism (+) Easy movement due to road improvement

has a positive impact on tourism, flourishing tourism at local as well as international level.

(f) Industrial Activities (+) Road communication promotes industrial

activities.

(g) Irrigation Facilities (+) Borrow-pits by the side of the roads

provide facility for small scale irrigation.

(h) Landscape (-) Scattered borrow pits, unauthorized

growth around road , erosion result in marred landscape.

communication

Borrow-pit Irrigation

Scattered borrow-pit

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Quality of Life Values

(a) Health and Well-being of Users (+) Improvement of road communication

facilitates to prompt access to health centers.

(b) Road Safety (-) Increase number and speed of motor

vehicles can lead increased accident cause death and injury.

(c) Culture and Landscape (-) Disturbances in natural landscape

would occur miss-managed borrow pit.

(d) Education /Literacy (+) Improve facilities easy movement of

people and created favorable environment and spreading education.

Health and well being

Road Safety

Literacy

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National Policies, Plan and

Regulatory Framework

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National Policies and Plans

National Environmental Policy (1992)

National Forest Policy (1994)

National Environmental Management Action Plan

NEMAP (1995)

Sustainable Environment Management Program (SEMP,

1998)

National Water Management Plan (NWMP, 2001)

National Adaptation Program of Action for Climate

change (NAPA, 2005)

Coastal Zone policy (2005)

Coastal Development Strategy (2006)

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National Environmental Policy 1992

Sets the policy framework for environmental

action, in combination with a set of broad

sectoral guidelines. It emphasize the following:

Maintenance of the ecological balance and overall

development of the country through conservation and

improvement of the environment.

Protection of the country against natural disasters

Identification and control of activities related to

pollution and degradation of the environment

Environmentally sound development

Environmentally sustainable use of all natural

resources

Active association with all environmental related

international initiatives to the maximum possible level

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Environmental Conservation Act (1995)

Environmental Conservation Rule (1997)

Environmental Court Act (2000)

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Environmental Conservation Act (1995)

The environmental conservation act was passed in the

parliament in 1995. The salient features of the Act are:

Power and function of the DOE and that of the DG

Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area

Regulation in respect of driving vehicles emitting smokes

Environmental Clearance

Formulation of Environmental Guidelines

Regulation of development activities from env. point of view.

Promulgation of standards of quality of air, water, noise, soils

Promulgation of acceptable limits of discharging and emitting waste.

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Environmental Conservation Rule (1997)

In order to enforce the ECA 1995, rules and regulations

were required. MOEF published in a gazette notification of

ECR in 1997. Relevant rules are:

Considerations for declaration of ecologically critical area

Procedure for granting environmental clearance

Requirements for IEE/EIA according to the appropriate

category of the projects (Green, Orange A, Orange B and

Red)

Environmental Clearance validity

Renewal of the clearance certificate

Provision of Appeal to the authority

Procedure of hearing Appeal

Determination of Environmental Standards

Determination of waste discharge and emission standards

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Environmental Court Act (2000)

The aim and objective of the Act is to materialize

the ECA 1995, through judicial activities. The

main features of this Act are:

The Govt. will establish Environmental Courts, one or

more in every Division.

Jurisdiction of the Courts

Procedure of activities and power of the Courts

Right of Entry for judicial inspection, and

Appeal and constitution of Appeal Court

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Environmental Clearance for Projects

Green Project – not required Book binding, Musical instrument, Assemble telephone,

photography, assemble bicycle, manufacture TV, Candle, etc.

Orange A Project – not required Poultry, Grinding, Cartoon, Dry cleaning, Comb, Pin, sports goods,

restaurant, press, weaving, cinema hall, wood, etc.

Orange B Project - IEE and EMP required PVC, Jute mill, glass factory, animal feed, ice-creme, carbon rod,

water purification plant, bricks, cold storage, rice mill, Garments etc.

Red Project – IEE, EIA and EMP required Tannery, Urea, Bridge length> 100m, Sugar, Cement, Oil refinery,

Battery, Detergent, Nuclear plant, Fiberglass, explosive, power

plant, hospital, ship manufacture, tobacco, metal boat, carpets,

water treatment plant, air conditioner manufacture, tyre factory etc.

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Environmental Assessment

Procedures

Initial screening and categorizing

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

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Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA)

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Assessment of the beneficial and adverse changes in environment resources or values resulting from a proposed project.

Essential Elements

Identification of possible positive or negative impacts of the project.

Quantifying impacts with respect to common base.

Preparation of mitigation plan to offset the negative impacts.

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Environmental Impact Value

Vi = Relative change of the environmental quality of parameters

Wi= Relative importance or weight or parameter

N = total number of environmental parameters

n

i

ii )W(VEIV

1

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Quantification of Environmental

Impact

Changes of environmental

parameters

Severe (+5 or -5)

Higher (+4 or -4)

Moderate (+3 or -3)

Low (+2 or -2)

Very Low (+1 or -1)

No change (0)0 1 2 3 4 5

No change

Very low

Low

Moderate

Higher

Severe

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Relative importance of

Environmental Parameters

All parameters are not equal importance or

weight.

It varies from country to country

In Bangladesh flood, employment, agriculture,

fisheries carry more importance.

In next slide, a summary of relative importance

of parameters for Road project of LGED is

presented.

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EIA Procedure

1. Preparatory Works – study report, maps

2. Data collection – from all sources, survey,

satellite images, questionaire

3. Data Analysis – convert to change scale

4. Impact Evaluation – relative weight

5. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan –

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

6. Preparation of Report – help decision makers

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative

Importance

Value

Degree

of

Impact

EIV

I. ECOLOGICAL

Fisheries

Forest

Tree Plantation

Wetland/Wetland Habitant

Nuisance Plant/Eutrophication

II. PHYSICAL

Regional Hydrology/Flooding

Drainage Congestion/Water logging

Erosion and Siltation

Dust Pollution/Noise Pollution

8

4

2

4

1

4

4

2

2

-2

0

+1

0

-1

-1

-1

-1

0

-15

-10

Example 1: Impact Evaluation of Road Projects

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TENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative

Importance

Value

Degree

of

Impact

EIV

III. HUMAN INTEREST

Loss of Agricultural Lands

Employment Opportunities

Navigation/Boat Communication

Industrial Activities

Irrigation Facilities

Landscape

III. QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES

Health and Nutrition

Sanitation and Water Supply

Education/Literacy

Road Safety

Slum Improvement

Total Environmental Impact Value

6

6

2

3

3

2

3

3

3

3

3

-3

+3

-3

+2

+3

-1

+2

0

+2

-1

+2

+4

+15

-6

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Example-2: EIA of a Bridge

Component Value

Length 588.0 m

Spans 14 equal spans of 42.0 m

Design Water Level 5.07 m PWD

Vertical clearance 7.83 m

Elevation of the bottom of

Bridge at crest

12.90 m PWD

Height of deck at mid

section

15.70 m PWD

Longitudinal profile of

bridge

Type: Parabolic

Slope: 3%

Starting: Along bridge

centerline from mid-section or

crest section

Approach Roads Formation Level: 8.58 m above

the datum

A Bridge in Gopalganj Sadar Upzaila on the Madhumati River

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T Physical Impact

Regional hydrology and flooding

The construction of the proposed bridge will create 1 cm

afflux, which will cause insignificant impact on flood level.

Erosion

Planform analyses through Landsat TM images have

shown that between 1989 and 2010, the erosion rate was

less than 1.0 m/year at the proposed bridge section of the

river. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘very

low’ (-1).

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Water pollution

Construction activities such as piling, cutting and filling with material for

foundation of bridge, may generate loose mud and soil which may

increase turbidity of the river water. However, the effect due to

construction activities will be temporary and will not contaminate the

river water. Therefore, the degree of impact has been assessed to be

‘very low’ (-1).

Air quality

Dusts will be generated during construction activities which need

management especially due to the fact that the bridge site is very near

to habitats at both the eastern and western banks. Therefore, the

degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).

Noise pollution

The bridge site is located at a rural setting. There are some shops

(Gopalganj end) and a mosque and some homesteads (Narail end)

near the bridge site. The noise generated during construction activities

and the traffic activities after bridge construction may cause some

problem. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).

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Ecological Impact Fish and fisheries

The region is known for its fisheries resources and

Modhumita River is considered to be an important fish

migration route. The proposed bridge may create adverse

impact on the fisheries of Modhumita River, especially

during the construction phase. The degree of impact has

been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).

Trees and vegetation

Some trees and few bamboo groves may need to be felled

during construction especially for approach road on the

Narail end. However, the damage will be minimal given the

commonality of the species. The degree of impact has

been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).

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Impact on Human Interest

Loss of lands

To facilitate the smooth traffic communication on the

western side of the river, new approach road will be

required at the Narail end which will cause loss of

agricultural land. The degree of impact has been assessed

to be ‘moderate’ (-3).

Industrial activities

It is expected that the proposed bridge will expand the

industrial activities at the locality as well as in the region.

The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (+2).

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Employment opportunity

Presently a large number of service holders face the

difficulty of crossing the Madhumoti River everyday for their

employment purposes. It is expected that the proposed

bridge will generate as well as enhance employment

opportunity other than short term labor during the

construction phase. The degree of impact has been

assessed to be ‘low’ (+2).

Transportation and communication

The proposed bridge will significantly enhance the road

communication between Gopalganj and Khulna through

Terokhada. In future, it will also facilitate the regional road

network up to Kolkata, after the construction of Kalia Bridge

under RHD. The degree of impact has been assessed to

be ‘high positive impact’ (+4).

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Navigation

Madhumoti River is an important local as well as regional

navigational route. Therefore, the proposed bridge will have

some impact on the navigability of the river, especially

during the construction phase. The degree of impact has

been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).

Travel safety

Travel safety will improve for a large number of people who

now have to cross the river with only one available ferry

boat. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘very

low’ (+1).

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Service accessibility to health

The Madhumati River imposes a huge risk for the

emergency patients to reach Sadar Hospital at the

Gopalganj end. The risk will be significantly minimized and

travel time will be considerably reduced after the

construction of the proposed bridge. The degree of impact

has been assessed to be ‘moderate positive impact’ (+3).

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T Education and literacy

There are well-established schools, on the east side (Gopalganj

end) of the river. For the students from the Narail end, the bridge

will offer easier and convenient communication. Thus it is

expected that the bridge will improve existing literacy in the

region. Female education will be especially benefited. The

degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘moderate positive

impact’ (+3).

Cultural and Heritage Values

One important feature of the proposed bridge is that at one end

there is Bangabandhu Mausoleum, located at Tungipara of

Gopalganj District and at the other end there is Shat Gombuj

Masjid, located at Bagerhat District. So the bridge will facilitate

an easy communication between these two important national

monuments. Considering the importance of the proposed bridge

from the cultural and heritage point of view, the degree of impact

has been assessed as ‘+2’.

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TParameters Relative

importance

value

Degree of

impact

Relative impact EIV

Positive Negative

1. Physical -16

Regional Hydrology and

Flooding

4 -1 -4

Erosion 2 -1 -2

Water Pollution 2 -1 -2

Air Quality 2 -2 -4

Noise pollution 2 -2 -4

2. Ecological -20

Fish 8 -2 -16

Trees and vegetation 2 -2 -4

3. Human interest +47

Loss of lands 6 -3 -18

Industrial activities 3 +2 +6

Employment opportunities 6 +2 +12

Transportation and

communication

6 +4 +24

Navigation 2 -2 -4

Travel safety 3 +1 +3

Health 3 +3 +9

Education and literacy 3 +3 +9

Cultural and Heritage Values 3 +2 +6

Total EIV +69 -58 +11

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References: Environmental Assessment Guidelines for LGED

Projects, LGED, 2008

Guidelines on environmental issues related to

physical planning, LGED, 1992.

Environmental Impact Assessment, CERM, BUET,

2003.

Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment,

Bangladesh Flood Action Plan, MWR, 1995

Hydrological & Morphological Study and EIA of

Proposed Eighteen Road Bridges over different

rivers Under Construction of Large Bridge on

Upazila and Union Road Project, LGED, 2011.

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Thank you !