environmental health xiv. standards and monitoring shu-chi chang, ph.d., p.e., p.a. assistant...
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Environmental Health XIV. Standards and Monitoring
Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2
1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,
Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health
National Chung Hsing University
Friday, June 22, 2007
Outline
Introduction Monitoring physical stresses and
toxic materials Measuring waterborne and airborne
exposure Designing a monitoring program Computer and screening models Comprehensive exposure
assessment
Introduction
Two basic objectives Estimate exposures of people Determine compliance
Different types Source-related Person-related Environment-related
Different scale monitoring programs involve different industrial and governmental personnel and agencies
Types and purposes (1)
Types and purposes (2)
Monitoring physical stresses and toxic materials
Different natures for monitoring these two different exposures
Environmental pathways Sampling and analyzing contaminants in different
biota and media Stressor measurement
Real-time Interference Position and location specific
Airborne Particle and gaseous Synergistic
Measuring waterborne and airborne exposure
First step in assessing potential exposure
Source and environmental media Sampling during all phased of
plant operation
Assessing waterborne releases
Different samples Grab samples Composite samples Timed-cycle samples Flow-proportional samples Indicator samples
Considerations Expenses Representativeness Quality assurance Quantity
Assessing airborne releases
Sampling at different locations Considerations
Techniques Sampler choices Quantity Representativeness
Exposure measurement Personal sampler
Advantages and disadventages
Advantages and disadventages
Advantages and disadventages
Advantages and disadventages
Designing a monitoring program
Attributes Objective Sampling and analysis Expenses Simple and verifiable Sensitive to changes
Example of monitoring program (1)
A nuclear facility
Population distribution,
occupancy, habits, food consumption
Land and water use, food production
Direct radiation
Meteorological data, discharges to atmosphere
Hydrological data, liquid discharges
Estimate doses to critical groups and populations
Determine Important radionuclides
And pathways
Example of monitoring program (2)
A nuclear facility
Quality assurance requirements
Select indicator materials
Review and revise
Specify sampling media, locations, and frequencies
Select methods for analysis
Monitoring Program
Background data
Baseline information Population, land and water use,
meteorology and hydrology Sampling considerations
Installation, release, physical and chemical forms, other sources, nature of receiving environments
Natural features, artificial features, land use, and sources of local water supplies
Sampling prior to operation can help data interpretation
Critical group and total population
Pathways (1)
Pathways (2)
Sample collection and analysis
Different focuses In-plant: complex mixture In the field: extremely low concentration
Guidance on the sampling and analysis of environmental samples
Special consideration Preferential deposition Historical releases Specific concerns
Source identification Indicator measurement and more specific and
sensitive measurement Monitoring network
Temporal relationship
Time between release and the occurrence of exposure
The length of the time for the exposure to happen Direct external exposure Inhalation Lungs Thyroids Stomach and GI tract
Example – temporal relationship
Quality assurance
QA program Acceptance testing or qualification of lab and
field sampling and analytic devices Routine calibration of all associated
instrumentation A lab cross-check program Replicate sampling on a systematic basis Procedural audits Documentation of lab and field procedures
and QA records Sampling validity and sample
preservation
Computer and screening models
Toxic Release Inventory Models for evaluating the transport
of environmental contaminants Models became sophisticated and
hard to use Screening tools
Comprehensive exposure assessment Voids occurred Multiple-component program
Distribution of questionnaires Collection of soil, house dust, indoor air, tap
water, and diet samples Analysis of these samples for some 30
compounds Collection of samples of blood, urine, and hair
as biological indicators of human uptake of individual contaminants
EMAP
Ecological versus human health