environmental enrichment and well-being of mammals in captivity

Halit Khoshen, MSc.

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Halit KhoshenP.O.Box 0819-09791Panama City, [email protected]

Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in CaptivityA Handbook for Central and South America(First Edition)

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IV Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.

Example form for herbs and spices:

Nasua narica Gorda Flaca Juliana CindyOregano X XSageMintCatnipFennelBasilGingerChili powderCurryDillLavenderTarragonCinnamonAll SpiceMarjoramRosemaryCoriander5 Chinese spiceChivesClovesGround lemon peelPaprikaGround nutmegOnion spiceCitronellaApple pie spicePumpkin pie spiceGarlic spice

How to fill in the boxes:

Scores 1-3: black boxScores 4-5: with a centered XNon-evaluated or performed enrichment scents: leave blankOn the top column: personal names of species members

VI Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.

Table of Contents

Fauna Silvestre en Cautiverio mailing list IVContributions to the Second Edition VDedications IX

Acknowledgments XChapter 1 Introduction the Basics 2Chapter 2 Welfare, Rights and Wellbeing 4 2.1 Feelings Sentience 5 2.2 Animal Rights and Animal Welfare 7 2.3 Animal Needs 9 2.4 Measuring Animal Wellbeing in Captivity 14Chapter 3 Enrichment What is It? 21 3.1 overview - What is Enrichment ? 22 3.2 Why is Enrichment Important ? 23 3.3 Types of Enrichment 24 3.3.1 Enclosure design and enrichment (the physical habitat) 25 3.3.2 Feeding enrichment 27 3.3.3 Sensory enrichment 35 3.3.4 Manipulative enrichment 40 3.3.5 Social enrichment 42 3.3.6 Training 46Chapter 4 Stages of Enrichment 52 4.1 Establishing goals and objectives 53 4.2 Planning 54 4.3 Implementation 66 4.4 Documenting 67 4.5 Evaluation 71 4.6 Re-adjustment 72Chapter 5 Enrichment Ideas 73 5.1 Enclosure Design and Enrichment (the physical habitat) 75 5.1.1 Furniture 76 5.1.2 Cats 82 5.1.3 Primates and squirrels 90 5.1.4 Procyonids 110 5.1.5 Tapirs and Deer 115 5.1.6 Anteaters and tamanduas 120 5.1.7 Sloths 124 5.2 Feeding Enrichment 131 5.2.1 Food Presentation 132 5.2.2 Food Placement 141 5.2.3 Novel Food Items 197 5.3 Sensory Enrichment 203 5.3.1 Olfactory Enrichment 204 5.3.2 Tactile Enrichment 216

5.3.3 Visual Enrichment 225 5.3.4 Auditory Enrichment 229 5.4 Manipulative Enrichment 231 5.5 Social Enrichment 250 5.6 Other Enrichments 255Appendixes 259 Appendix 1 Additional References Further Reading 260References 263

IX Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.

X Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.

XI Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.

p 4 Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.


DATE: SECTION:

CATEGORY: (please mark all that apply)Food Olfactory TactileAuditory Visual Substrate

ChoiceExhibit Modification

Location Enrichment is to be offered (please check one):on exhibit off exhibit both

PURPOSE OF ENRICHMENT:

ASSEMBLY MATERIALS AND INSTRUCTIONS:

SOURCE: (Vendor info, donated, built, etc.) COST:

SAFETY CONCERNS and RESTRICTIONS:

APPROVAL SIGNATURES:SupervisorCuratorDate Approved:If available, please attach a photo or drawing and natural/individual history questions.

Veterinarian

COMMENTS:

REQUESTED BY: REQUESTED FOR (species/individual):

Other (specify):

HOUSTON ZOO, INC. ENRICHMENT APPROVAL FORM

DESCRIPTION OF ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY:

Novel Object


DATE: SECTION:

If you were able to observe: WAS THE ANIMAL INTERESTED? yes no

CATEGORY: (please mark all that apply)Food Olfactory TactileAuditory Visual Substrate

Choice

Location Enrichment was offered (please check one):on exhibit off exhibit both

Daily Weekly Monthly

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5I1 I2 I3 I4 I5

No YesSHOULD THIS ENRICHMENT BE CONTINUED?

Yes NoSAFETY CONCERNS and NEGATIVE REACTIONS:

COMMENTS:

Less than once a month Twice a month

DID THE ENRICHMENT ENCOURAGE THE DESIRED NATURAL BEHAVIOR?

LIST BEHAVIOR(S) THE ENRICHMENT WAS DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE:

HOUSTON ZOO, INC. ENRICHMENT EVALUATION FORM

DESCRIPTION OF ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY:

Novel Object

species/individual being evaluated:

Other (specify):

RESPONSE TO ENRICHMENT: (please check one, see page two for descriptions of the codes.) Use the rest of the space to add additional comments about the animal's response.

Exhibit Modification

FREQUENCY ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY IS OFFERED (please check one):

HOW LONG WAS THE ENRICHMENT EVALUATED?HOW LONG WAS THE ANIMAL INTERESTED ?


ESPECIASMAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA

CANELA X XCEBOLLA XAJOCOMINO X XOREGANO X XCURRY X X XCLAVITO DE OLOR X X X

ESCENCIASMAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA

LIMON X XVAINILLA X X X

X = LAS DE PUNTAJE 4 Y 5 = LAS DE PUNTAJE 1 A 3 = LAS AUN NO EVALUADAS / REALIZADAS

SPICESRACCOONS FOXES COATIS NA

CINNAMON X XONION XGARLICCUMIN X XOREGANO X XCURRY X X XCLOVES X X X

ESCENCIASMAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA

LEMON X XVANILLA X X X

X = SCORES 4 AND 5 = SCORES 1 TO 3 = NOT YET EVALUATED / PERFORMED

Enrichment ideas in this chapter were based on the following animal species. This does not mean that

it cannot be adapted for use with other species.

Order Family Genus and Species Common Name

Carnivora Procyonidae Procyon sp. RaccoonNasua sp. CoatimundiPotos flavus Kinkajou

Felidae Panthera onca Jaguar

Puma concolor CougarPuma yagouaroundi JaguarundiLeopardus pardalis OcelotLeopardus wiedii Margay cat

Mustelidae Eira barbara TayraCanidae Cerdocyon thous Crab-eating fox

Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray foxPerissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

Tapiridae Tapirus spp. Tapir

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Tayassuidae (pecca-ries)

Tayassu pecari White-lipped peccary

Pecari tajacu Collared peccaryCervidae Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer

Mazama spp. Brocket deerRodentia Porcupine

Caviidae Hydrochoerus sp. CapybaraCuniculidae Cuniculus sp. PacaDasyproctidae Dasyprocta sp. AgoutiSciuridae Sciurus sp. Squirrel

Primates Atelidae Ateles sp. Spider monkeyAlouatta sp. Howler monkey

Cebidae Cebus sp. Capuchin monkeySaimiri sp. Squirrel monkey

Callitrichidae Saguinus sp. Tamarin monkeyAotidae Aotus sp. Night monkey

Pilosa Myrmecophagidae Tamandua sp. Tamandua, anteaterMyrmecophaga sp. Giant anteater

Bradypodidae Bradypus sp. Three-toed slothMegalonychidae Choloepus sp. Two-toed sloth


Appendix 1Additional References - Further Reading

Books and handbooks:

Training

Pryor K. (2002) Dont Shoot the Dog: The New Art of Teaching and Training. United States: Ringpress

Books Ltd.

Enrichment

Shepherdson, D. J., Mellen, J. D., & Hutchins, M. E. (1998) Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for

Captive Animals. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institutional Press.

Resources on the web:

Training

Disneys Animal Programs Training Program

Ark Animals

Karen Pryor Clicker Training

Enrichment

The Shape of Enrichment

Disneys Animal Enrichment

The Environmental Husbandry Manual

Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Animal Enrichment

Honolulu Zoo Animal Environmental Enrichment Program

PhxZoo Behavioural Enrichment Protocols

ZooLex

Zoo Enrichment

Carnivore Enrichment

Primate Enrichment

Enrichment: Shape UK and Ireland

Houston Zoo Animal Enrichment


Journal articles:

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Buchanan-Smith H. (2003) The benefits of positive reinforcement training and its effect on human non-hu-

man animal interactions. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, 21-26.

Colahan H. and Breder C. (2003) Primate Training at Disneys Animal Kingdom. Journal of Applied Animal

Welfare Science 6(3), 235-246.

Coleman K. and Maier A. (2010) The use of positive reinforcement training to reduce stereotypic behavior

in rhesus macaques. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 124(3-4), 142-148.

Fass-Holmes B. (2005) Clicker training as enrichment. Parrots 92,24-28.

Laule G. (1993) Using training to enhance animal care and welfare. Animal Welfare Information Center

Newsletter 4(1), 2, 8-9.

Laule G.E. and Bloomsmith M.A. (2003) The use of positive reinforcement training techniques to enhance

the care, management, and welfare of primates in the laboratory. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Sci-

ence 6(3), 163-173.

McKinley J. Buchanna-Smith H.M. and Basset L. (2003) Training common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: Ease of training and time investment. Journal of Applied

Animal Welfare Science 6(3), 209-220.

Prescott M.J. and Buchanan-Smith H.M. (2003) Training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement

techniques. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3), 157-161.

Prescott M.J. and Buchanan-Smith H.M. (2007) Training laboratory-housed non-human primates, part I: A

UK survey. Animal Welfare 16, 21-36.

Prescott M.J., Bowell V.A. and Buchanen-Smith H.M. (2005) Training laboratory-housed non-human pri-

mayes, part 2: Resources for developing and implementing training programmes. Animal Technology and

Welfare 133-148.

Priest G.M. (1991) Training a diabetic drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) to accept insulin injections and veni-

puncture. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 30(1), 1-4.

Reinhardt V. (1997) Training nonhuman primates to cooperate during blood collection: a review. Laboratory

Primate Newsletter 36(4), 1-4.

Reinhardt, V. (1997) Training nonhuman primates to cooperate during handling procedures: a review. Ani-

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Draper W. A. and Bernstein I. S. (1963) Stereotyped behavior and cage size. Perceptual and Motor Skills

16, 231-234.

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Kuczaj S., Lacinak T., Fad O., Trone M., Solangi M and Ramos J. (2002) Keeping environmental enrich-

ment enriching. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 15(2), 127-137

MacLean O.D. (1964) Mirror display in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. Science 146, 950-952.

Melle J.D. (2002) Role of enrichment in reproduction of zoo animals. Proceedings of the 2nd International

Symposium on Asssited Reproductive Technology for the Conservation & Genetic Management of Wildlife,

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basics. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Assisted Reproductive Technology for the

Conservation & Genetic Management of Wildlife, 40-49.

Watson D.S.B., Houston B.J. and Macallum G.E. (1989) The use of toys for primate environmental enrich-

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* Used in the main body and on the enrichment ideas chapter.

** Used on the enrichment ideas chapter.


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