||||      Pollution 

1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3. Noise pollution 4. Marine pollution

||||      Air Pollution 

1. Criteria air pollutants 2. Air pollution standards 3. Units of measurement 4. Numerical (ppm to stp conversion) 5. Composition of atmosphere 6. Pollutants

a. Properties b. Pollution significance

CO NO2 O3 SO2 PM Load

7. Air pollution effects a. Acute b. Chronic

8. Effect on human health a. Carbon monoxide b. SOx c. NOx d. HC e. Heavy metals

9. Greenhouse effects a. Greenhouse gases b. Kyoto protocol c. Sources of greenhouse gases d. Remedies e. Side effects f. Numerical

i. NOx production ii. HC emissions iii. SO content

10. Acid rain a. Chemical reactions b. Remedies

11. Ozone depletion a. Cyclic photochemical reactions of ozone b. Ozone destruction by CFCs c. Implications of ozone layer depletion d. Alternatives

i. Fire fighting ii. Aerosols iii. Refrigeration

12. Control devices for gaseous contaminants a. Major gaseous pollutants b. Major treatment processes

i. Adsorption ii. Absorption iii. Condensation iv. Combustion

c. Air pollution control equipments i. Wet cyclone scrubbers ii. Spray towers iii. Gravitational settlers iv. Centrifugal collectors v. Bag house filters

13. Oxidations a. Sources b. impacts

||||      Noise pollution 

1. Traffic noise 2. Construction noise 3. Destructive effects of noise pollution 4. Control measures

a. Source-path receiver concept b. Control of noise source by design c. Noise control in transmission path d. Control of noise at sources e. Protect the receiver

5. WHO noise standards 6. Numerical

a. Combination of sounds b. Mean sound

7. Predicting traffic noise 8. Numerical

a. Energy equivalent sound level during 1hr (dBA)

||||      Solid Waste Management 

1. Origin 2. Classification 3. Main objectives of solid waste management 4. Flow chart of waste 5. 3 basic alternatives for disposal of waste 6. On site handling, storage and processing 7. Collection 8. Transfer stations 9. Truck routing 10. Economical haul time 11. 3Rs of recycle

a. Advantages of recycling (3) b. Useful applications of waste

i. Fuel ii. Compost iii. Incineration iv. Anaerobic digestion

12. Environmentally friendly techniques for solid waste disposal a. Controlled combustion process b. Composting c. Land filling sites

i. Disposal by sanitary land fills o Site selection factors to be considered (10) o Environmental considerations for landfill sites

||||      Hazardous waste 

1. Hazardous waste a. Ignitable b. Corrosive c. Reactivity d. Toxicity

2. Hazardous waste management a. Management factors

3. Waste exchange a. – b. Chemical treatment

i. Reduction ii. Oxidation iii. Precipitation

c. Physical/chemical treatment i. Carbon adsorption ii. Distillation

o example iii. Air stripping

o 1 numerical iv. Ion exchange method v. Reverse osmosis

||||      Water 

1. Uses of water 2. Treated water

a. Potable b. Palatable

3. Classification a. Physical b. Chemical c. Biological d. Radiological e. Turbidity f. Colour g. Temperature

4. Analysis a. Chemical analysis b. Biological analysis

i. Minimising biological activity 5. Water quality standards

a. SDWA b. USEPA

6. Numerical a. Molarity/normality H2SO4 b. Concentration CaCO3 c. pH water post H2SO4

7. Classification of potable water a. Ground water b. Surface water

||||      Water treatment 

1. Water treatment systems a. Simple disinfection plants b. Filter plants c. Softening plants

2. Simple chlorination plants a. Surface water supply b. Screening c. Rapid mix d. Flocculation tank e. Sedimentation tank f. Rapid sand filter g. Chlorination h. Storage i. Distribution system

3. Disinfection a. Introduction b. Characteristics required (6) c. Disinfection kinetics d. Chlorine reaction in water

4. Adsorption a. Activated carbon

i. Powdered activated carbon ii. Granular activated carbon

b. Schematic diagram c. Adsorptive capacity d. Carbon regeneration (5)

5. Hardness a. Softening reaction b. Hardness scale (soft-very hard) c. Natural process by which water is made hard d. Lime soda softening e. Softening chemistry f. Ion-exchange method of softening g. 1 numerical

6. Water softening plant a. Shematic diagram

i. Rapid mix ii. Mix (reaction basin) iii. Settling tank – sludge iv. Recarbonation v. Rapid sand filter vi. Pump vii. Storage reservoir viii. Distribution system

7. Coagulation

a. Objective b. Technicality c. Coagulants

i. Alum ii. Lime iii. Ferric chloride

d. Jar test e. Flocculation

8. Numerical a. Power requirement

9. Sedimentation a. Sedimentation types

i. Discrete ii. Flocculant iii. Zone settling

b. Clarifier types i. Circular ii. Rectangular

10. Filtration a. Gravity filters b. Pressure filters c. Slow sand filter

i. Numerical: Design slow sand filter d. Rapid gravity filter

i. 3 media