environmental design of larger buildings - · pdf fileenvironmental design of larger buildings...

Greg KeeffeHead of Design, Manchester School of Architecture, UK [email protected]

Selective and Exclusive:Environmental Design of Larger Buildings

Environmental Design of Larger Buildings

From an environmental viewpoint -Architecture is about the following:

The production of shelter

The interpretation of place

Issues of perception

Issues of thermal comfort

Issues of resource depletion

Issues of shelter

Buildings create an inside

This is a disequilibrium and needs energy to maintain it.

Traditional architecture uses passive means to capture this.

But their means did not work for larger buildingssuch as offices.

Office Buildings

have a high density of occupation –

And this leads to several issues:People need oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and heat. The equipmentand lighting they use produce heat also

Thus key issues are

Provision of ventilationHeating and cooling in winterCooling in summer

Offices are complex environments

These give designers problems:

Environmental QualityIt was necessary to produce suitable conditions insidethe building whilst the external environment wasaltering hourly, diurnally, daily and seasonally.

Open Plan spaceThe development of office management techniques inthe 1960s had lead to the idea of “burolandschaft”:The large, open plan office.Large floor plates gave new problems for designers

Issues with large floor plates

They have areas in them very remote from the outside.

Thus they

can be difficult to ventilate

Tend to overheat

Create user stress

Modernist Solution

differed from traditional techniques which were passive.

Modernist architects and engineers proposed a technology leadsolution to suit the machine-age.

They would exclude the external environment from the building.

And recreate a stable environment using technology – airconditioning and electric lighting.

These have become known as EXCLUSIVE buildings

Exclusive buildings

Building seen as alien to itssurroundings.

Separate completely inside from out- a closed system

Use mechanical and electrical plantto provide internal environmentalconditions

Buildings are highly serviced – and plan is driven by air ducts andrisers.

GeneratedEnergy

Plant

LostEnergy

Building Envelope

Activities

Ambient

energy

Metabolic Energy

InternalEnvironment

Externalenvironment

Exclusive Building Model re Dean Hawkes ‘The Environmental Tradition’. 1998

“I do not like ducts, I do not like pipes, I hate themreally thoroughly, but because I hate them sothoroughly, I feel that they have to be given their place.If I just hated them and took no care, I think that theywould invade the building and completely destroy it. Iwant to correct any notion you may have that I am inlove with that kind of thing…”

Louis Khan

Lloyds Building Rogers

Rogers Channel 4 HQ

Foster Willis Faber Dumas

The Exclusive building

Building is a closed systemOutside is a nuisanceInternational styleSet points rule

Heating 21 deg CCooling 23 deg CVentilation 6 achLighting 400 Lux

Total Control of Artificial EnvironmentBuilding is ‘engineered’

Exclusive Building - Key Points

Static equilibriumDeep plan >15mLarge service coresImpermeable skinSuspended ceilings and raised floorsHighly servicedHigh energy useAutomatic control

Deep Plan BuildingsOver 14 metres depth – needs air con

Passive zone of occupation is approx 7m deepBeyond this electric lighting and mechanical ventilation needed

Central area

Remote fromoutside

Overheats even inwinter

Exclusive Buildings summing up

Key design issuesExclude incidental and ambient gains

Often open-plan form follow organisation

Service runs and cores

Key featuresLack of user control

Centralised control

Usually thermally lightweight

End result High energy use and Sick building syndrome

What is Gaia?

A holistic model of the outcome of Global Evolution andecology

Developed by J.E. Lovelock

The key theory:

That the Earth is a self -regulating entity – controlledcybernetically

Gaia theory

The Earth as a Cybernetic organism

Multiple processes of loose control give regulation

Variance to a degree is acceptable

Earth is part of a bio-econose

Gateway II Arup Associates

GeneratedEnergy

Plant

LostEnergy

Building Envelope

Activities

Ambientenergy

Metabolic Energy

InternalEnvironment

Externalenvironment

Selective Building Model re Dean Hawkes ‘The Environmental Tradition’. 1998

Bioclimatic Architecture

The inside of the building cannot be separated fromthe outside

Building and context are inseparable

Building must not damage context

Building seen as a landscape of site modifiers

Building as landscape

The selective building

All areas are in the passive zone(sometime the passive zone is increased in size)

This allows for only natural heating, cooling, lighting andventilation

Building skin becomes selective and user-controlled

Over-riding idea:dynamic equilibrium

Selective Building: Key issues

Form derived from climate and siteOrientation derived by climateIncidental and climatic gains collectedSkinThermal weight of interiorInsulationPermeabilityUser controlCareful design of fenestration

Selective Building :Key generators

External ClimateSite forcesPassive solar designActive solar designVentilationDaylightingErgonomics and thermal comfort

Living (bioclimatic) architecture

Climate derives form

Office Buildings – issues

Building and equipment is system to provideoccupant comfort

Key issuesForm OrientationMass (inside and out)Façade design – fenestration / shading in particularFabric LossesVentilation controlIncidental and ambient gainsBuilding and equipment a single system

Feilden Clegg Birmingham Uni Winchester College Rare HQ

Form

Minimise heatloss/gaincompact form

Maximise passive zoneminimise active zone

ING BANK AMSTERDAM Ton Alberts

Centre for Human Drugs Research, LeidenCEPEZED Architectenburo, Delft

Hubert-Jan Henket, Esch. Rijswaterstraat Ceramique Office, Maastricht

Orientation

Longest Elevation South (of Course)

N

Heat gain June 100 115 130 UnitsSept 85 85 85 UnitsDec 40 30 15 Units

ING HQ, Amsterdam, Meyer en Van Schooten

Mass

The thermal weight of the building is crucial

Particularly exposed internally

Wessex Water HQ Bennetts Assoc

Particularly exposed internally


Hyndburn Council Jestico and Whiles

Façade Design

Key issues Heatloss

FabricVentilation

Shading /Heat Gain

Lighting

Ventilation

Heatloss Fabric

Piano Banca Popolare di Lodi Headquarters, Lodi - Italy

Heatloss ventilation

Rogers Grand Union London - triple-glazed internally vented facade

SHADING

ARUP ASSOCIATES Kingswood

P. Lallemand, S. Beckers, Berlaymont 2000

Alberto Campo BaezaBox in stone

LIGHTING - natural

Thomas Herzog SOKA-BAU Wiesbaden

Michael Hopkins Inland Revenue, Notts.

RWE, Essen Ingerhoven, Overdiek + Partners

VENTILATION

Use incidental and ambient gains

LOG ID Dresden, Herten and Firma TEGUT Fulda

Building and equipment a single system

Rogers Bordeaux Law Courts

Building as adaptive modifier

living skin

Building as landscape modifier

Building as selectively permeable membrane

Building Research EstablishmentGarston, Watford UK

Feilden Clegg Bradley

Wave ceiling detail

Kuhl A.G. Oko-HausFrankfurt, Germany

Eble and Sambeth

Building as landscape

Building as living machine

House in Skibbereen, Co.Cork

Eastgate Harare

The Hybrid Building

Selective building – dynamic equilibriumshifts may be too great

Eg in high towers, or places with extremeseasonal variations

Eg in mid winter natural ventilation can loselarge amounts of energy – or internalhumidity can be rather lowIn summer internal conditions can becomeuncomfortableHigh rise – high winds can be problematic

The Hybrid building

A compromise:

Runs selectively 80% of timeFlips to exclusive mode for a short timeWhen conditions are not favourable

Denton Corker MarshallManchester Civil Justice Centre

Commerzbank Frankfurt Foster +Partners

environmental design of larger buildings - · pdf fileenvironmental design of larger buildings...

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