Environmental Change

University of North Dakota

President’s CabinetApril 29, 2013

2

Environmental Management• Integrated combination of programs, policies

and education campaigns• Intellectually grounded in public health• Emphasizes the broader physical, social,

culturally and institutional forces• Typically conducted in collaboration with

surrounding community

Coalition Driven Environmental Change

• A Case Study of Community Organizing in a Large Metropolitan Area: Changing Alcohol Policies at Community Festivals– L. Bosma, T. Toomey, C. Matt (2009)

• Evaluating a Comprehensive Campus-Community Prevention Intervention to Reduce Alcohol-Related Problems in a College Population– R. Saltz, L. Welker, M. Paschall, M. Feeney, P. Fabiano (2009)

• What We Have Learned From the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study: Focusing on Attention on College Student Alcohol Consumption and the Environmental Conditions That Promote It– H. Wechsler, T. Nelson (2008)

• Use of Policy, Education, and Enforcement to Reduce Binge Drinking Among University Students: The NU Directions Project – I. Newman, D. Shell, L. Major, T. Workman (2006)

• A Campus-community Coalition to Control Alcohol-related Problems Off Campus: An Environmental Management Case Study – T. Gebhardt, K. Kaphingst, W. DeJong (2000)

Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General Populations Applied to College Environments• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking

age laws• Implementation, increased publicity and

enforcement of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving

• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic

beverages• Responsible beverage service policies in social

and commercial settings• Formation of a campus-community coalition

involving all major stakeholders

Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical promise, but requires more comprehensive evaluation• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that

appear to be capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that

promote excessive drinking• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage

drinking laws eliminating “mixed messages”• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated

with policy violations• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student

misperceptions about alcohol use• Safe ride programs• Regulation of happy hours and sales• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol

policies prior to arrival and during orientation periods

POLICY

EDUCATION

ENFORCEMENT

DESIGN

What are the codifiedstandards for behavior on the campus or in thecommunity?

Are students awareof and able tolive within campusand communitylaws, policies andstandards?

Are there negativeconsequences for not complying? Are therepositive reinforcementsfor compliance?

Do campus spaces, traditions, and celebrations supportthe desired behavior?

Using the Power of Data• Police Reports/GIS Maps• Student Self-Report Data• Neighborhood Complaints• Focus Groups• Market Trends• Student Retention Data• Last Drink Data• Anecdotes and Stories

Civic Engagement• Findings from the AMOD project

– Risk modifying effect of social capitol on heavy drinking and primary/secondary effects (Weitzman and Chen, 2005)

• Findings from AlcoholEDU– Students who drink and volunteer/participate in

activities are less likely than their peers who drink but don’t participate to experience negative consequences (Wyatt 2010)

• Bringing Theory to Practice (AAC&U)– Multisite study designed to assess the relationship

between civic engagement and student psychosocial wellbeing

• Personal and Social Responsibility– AAC&U LEAP– Journal of College Character– Emerging discussions related to civility

Cost Calculator*

• Counseling services• Adjudication• Public safety• Non-Billable property damage and cleanup

$814,000.00

*Calculated for UNL by Outside the Classroom

Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012

1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 20120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

BingeDoes Not Binge

Environmental Change

University of North Dakota

Campus PresentationApril 29, 2013

14

Environmental Management• Integrated combination of programs, policies

and education campaigns• Typically conducted in collaboration with

surrounding community• Intellectually grounded in public health• Emphasizes the broader physical, social,

culturally and institutional forces

Coalition Philosophy

• Focus efforts toward harm reduction

• Adopt a comprehensive approach incorporating both individual and environmental strategies

• Shared Responsibility– Responsibility for individual behavior is shared between

the individual and the environment– All stakeholders within the environment need to share

the responsibility for the condition of the environment

• Inclusive Process– All Stakeholders have responsibility, and therefore a

place at the table– Focusing on a common vision for an ideal environment

leads to consensus– Community-wide consensus is critical for long-term

environmental change

Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General Populations Applied to College Environments• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking

age laws• Implementation, increased publicity and

enforcement of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving

• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic

beverages• Responsible beverage service policies in social

and commercial settings• Formation of a campus-community coalition

involving all major stakeholders

Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical promise, but requires more comprehensive evaluation• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that

appear to be capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that

promote excessive drinking• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage

drinking laws eliminating “mixed messages”• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated

with policy violations• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student

misperceptions about alcohol use• Safe ride programs• Regulation of happy hours and sales• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol

policies prior to arrival and during orientation periods

POLICY

EDUCATION

ENFORCEMENT

DESIGN

What are the codifiedstandards for behavior on the campus or in thecommunity?

Are students awareof and able tolive within campusand communitylaws, policies andstandards?

Are there negativeconsequences for not complying? Are therepositive reinforcementsfor compliance?

Do campus spaces, traditions, and celebrations supportthe desired behavior?

20%

60%

20%

Always act ethically

Open to Influence

Never act ethicallySource:

Dr. Janice Lawrence, Associate Director of the Program in Business Ethics and Society, UNL

Using the Power of Data• Police Reports/GIS Maps• Student Self-Report Data• Neighborhood Complaints• Focus Groups• Market Trends• Student Retention Data• Last Drink Data• Anecdotes and Stories

Self-Reported Drinking by Location

1999 2002 2004 20080

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Residence HallGreek HouseOff-Campus PartyBar or Restaurant

Engaging the Campus Community

Response to Alcohol-Related Problems on Campus

Policy:• Revised campus sanction policy including consistent sanctioning applied to

all students• Revised university approved housing agreement• Good Samaritan Policy• Allocated funds to support campus night life programming

Enforcement:• Community Service Officer (CSO) Contract with Greek Living Units• Increased Professionalism for CSO Program• Enhanced Continuing Education and Training Program for UNLPD Officers• Cooperative Agreement among Area Enforcement Agencies• Increased Sophistication in Technology

Education:• Implemented research-based, developmentally appropriate alcohol

education• College Alcohol Profile• Legal Liability Education for Greek Chapters and Recognized Student

Organizations• Increased parent and new student education about alcohol policies in

residence halls and Greek living units• Increased emphasis on parent education

Group Specific-Normative Feedback • First Year College Alcohol Profile (Y1-CAP)

– Reinforce low-risk drinking norms of entering students

– Reduce uptake of drinking and binge drinking

– Challenge potential misperceptions• Enhancement

– Develop a cadre of trained facilitators– Process perceptions of group normative

behavior using motivational feedback – Small cohorts of first-year students based

on Y1-CAP data (Greek living units and learning communities)

Enhance Parental Influence• Interactive web-based parent program

– Specifically for parents of first-year students• Correct misperceptions• Enhance and reinforce communication

skills• Encourage communication about

expectations for alcohol and other drug use

– Compliment existing parent strategies• Discretionary parental notification• Parent presentations pre-matriculation• Regular communication through the UNL

Parents Association Newsletter

Tips for Engaging Faculty• Retention Study• Undergraduate Research• Political Science – “Nudge” campaign• Sociology – Dating violence study• Marketing – Alternatives to the

Birthday Bar Crawl• Campaigns Class – Social Norms

marketing• Civic Engagement Certificate

Response to Alcohol-Related Problems on Game Day

Policy:• Loss of season ticket for chronic problems• Special Designated Licenses limited on game day• Changes in student ticketing

Enforcement:• Obvious violations prosecuted• Intoxicated fans barred from entry into stadium or

ejected

Education:• Tailgate Campaign e.g. mailing, parking lot promotions,

signage• Community Forum on Game Day Drinking• Text campaign

The Role of Communications• Maintaining coalition awareness

– Project reporting– Framing the work

• Encouraging ongoing dialogue– Building awareness– Framing opportunities for public discussion– Addressing misperceptions

The Role of Communications• Message Strategy

– Establishing a common language and meanings

– Maintaining message consistency– Identifying and avoiding perceptual traps

• Media Advocacy– Utilizing media to express environmental

issues – Ensuring accuracy in media depictions of

issue

Lessons Learned:Communicating About Alcohol

• Employ multiple, context-appropriate voices so that the message comes from the stakeholders and not the organizers

• Infuse alcohol into other relevant student life issues

• Prepare spokespersons

• Expect and inoculate opposing views with solid data

Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012

1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 20120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

BingeDoes Not Binge

Environmental Change

University of North Dakota

Community PresentationApril 29, 2013

36

Environmental Management• Integrated combination of programs, policies

and education campaigns• Typically conducted in collaboration with

surrounding community• Intellectually grounded in public health• Emphasizes the broader physical, social,

culturally and institutional forces

• Community coalitions are not themselves interventions but instead provide infrastructure to support planning and services to address a specific community concern. Those services and plans should be based on the most current research and local data.

Coalition Philosophy

• Focus efforts toward harm reduction

• Adopt a comprehensive approach incorporating both individual and environmental strategies

• Shared Responsibility– Responsibility for individual behavior is shared between

the individual and the environment– All stakeholders within the environment need to share

the responsibility for the condition of the environment

• Inclusive Process– All Stakeholders have responsibility, and therefore a

place at the table– Focusing on a common vision for an ideal environment

leads to consensus– Community-wide consensus is critical for long-term

environmental change

Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General Populations Applied to College Environments• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking

age laws• Implementation, increased publicity and

enforcement of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving

• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic

beverages• Responsible beverage service policies in social

and commercial settings• Formation of a campus-community coalition

involving all major stakeholders

Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical promise, but requires more comprehensive evaluation• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that

appear to be capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that

promote excessive drinking• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage

drinking laws eliminating “mixed messages”• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated

with policy violations• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student

misperceptions about alcohol use• Safe ride programs• Regulation of happy hours and sales• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol

policies prior to arrival and during orientation periods

POLICY

EDUCATION

ENFORCEMENT

DESIGN

What are the codifiedstandards for behavior on the campus or in thecommunity?

Are students awareof and able tolive within campusand communitylaws, policies andstandards?

Are there negativeconsequences for not complying? Are therepositive reinforcementsfor compliance?

Do campus spaces, traditions, and celebrations supportthe desired behavior?

20%

60%

20%

Always act ethically

Open to Influence

Never act ethicallySource:

Dr. Janice Lawrence, Associate Director of the Program in Business Ethics and Society, UNL

Using the Power of Data• Police Reports/GIS Maps• Student Self-Report Data• Neighborhood Complaints• Focus Groups• Market Trends• Student Retention Data• Last Drink Data• Anecdotes and Stories

Self-Reported Drinking by Location

1999 2002 2004 20080

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Residence HallGreek HouseOff-Campus PartyBar or Restaurant

Engaging the Retail Community

College Bars

N

Haymarket

Number of Admissions

Percent of Total

Average BAC

Bar A 93 16% .169

Bar B 49 9% .183

Bar C 43 8% .160

Bar D 43 8% .160

Bar E 33 6% .159

Bar F 32 6% .169

Bar G 31 5% .181

Bar H 23 4% .165

Bar J 22 4% .163

Bar K 19 3% .179

Total (403)

388/569 69% .169

Last Drink Data

Response to Irresponsible Sale and Service of Alcohol

Policy:• State policy – Digital Driver’s License• Additional conditions attached to licenses in high dense areas• Special Designated Permit restriction on game day• Mandatory Management Training Program• Mandatory Seller/Server Permit• Local ordinance – prohibiting use of false identification

Enforcement:• Special emphasis on sales to intoxicated• Increased tavern checks• Badges in Bars• Citations to commercial landlords

Education:• Last Drink Data• Internal Liquor Committee• Bar Walks, Community Forums• Voluntary Compliance Checks and Pseudo Intoxicated Patron

Study

Engaging Community Neighborhoods

2007 Wild Party Density

Response to Alcohol-Related Problems in Neighborhoods

Policy:• Community alcohol violations adjudicated on campus• Consequences for violating municipal ordinance• Revised Tenant/Landlord Contracts

Enforcement:• Wild Party Patrol• Landlord’s cited for Disorderly House

Education:• REOMA Problem Landlord Initiative• “We Agree” Campaign• Lincoln Police Department website for landlords• Resident Roundtable Project• Community-based service

Wild Party Dispatch

59

Wild Party Dispatch – Repeat Offenders

60

Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012

1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 20120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

BingeDoes Not Binge