environmental assessment report · pakistan. the apex body established under the act is the...

Environmental Assessment Report

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Environmental Assessment and Review Framework Project Number: TA 7528 April 2011

Pakistan: Railway Development Investment Program

The environmental assessment and review framework is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Prepared by TERA International, Inc.


CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 26 April 2011)

Currency Unit – Rupees (PKR) PKR1.00 = $0.0118 $1.00 = PKR84.57

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD – biochemical oxygen demand CBIS – computer based instruction simulations CSC – construction supervision consultant CO – carbon monoxide COD – chemical oxygen demand dB – decibel DO – dissolved oxygen EA – executing agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMMP – environmental management and monitoring plan EMP – environmental management plan ENERCON – National Energy Conservation Center EPA – Environmental Protection Agency GDP – gross domestic product GoP – Government of Pakistan GRC – grievance redress committees HIV/AIDS – human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome IA – implementing agency IEE – initial environmental examination MFF – multitranche financing facility MOE – Ministry of Environment MOR – Ministry of Railways NCCW – National Council for Conservation of Wildlife in Pakistan NEQS – National Environmental Quality Standards NOx – nitrogen oxides Pak EPA – Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PEPO – Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance PFI – Pakistan Forest Institute pH – acidity/basicity PM – particulate matter PMU – program management unit PR – Pakistan Railways QMMB – Quaid-I-Azam Mazar Management Board REA – ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ROW – right-of-way RSES – Environment and Safeguards Division SEA – strategic environmental assessment Sox – sulphur oxides SPS – ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement


ST – safeguards team STI – socially transmitted infection TSS – total suspended solids UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ZSD – Zoological Survey Department

NOTE

In this report “$” refers to US dollars

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 II. Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity ............................................ 2

A. Policy and Legal Framework ........................................................................................ 3 B. EIA Requirements of Pakistan ...................................................................................... 7

III. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES ........... 10 IV. Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components .................................. 10

A. The Authorities Involved and Responsibilities ............................................................ 10 B. Environmental Criteria for Subproject Selection ......................................................... 12 C. Procedures for Environmental Assessment of Subprojects........................................ 12

V. CONSULTATION, INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ............................................................................................................................ 16

A. Consultation and Information Disclosure .................................................................... 16 B. Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................................. 16

VI. MONITORING AND REPORTING ................................................................................. 17

A. Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 17 B. Reporting .................................................................................................................... 17

Annexes: Appendix I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Appendix II: Environments, Hazards and Climate Change Appendix III: Potential Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Appendix IV: Environmental Monitoring Plan Appendix V: Environment Protection Investment – Project 1

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW FRAMEWORK I. Introduction 1. The proposed Project 1 of the multitranche financing facility (MFF) for the Pakistan Railway Sector Investment Program is the first in a series of projects to fully rehabilitate one the country’s main railway corridors in the Punjab Province. This upgrade includes not only railway work, but also (i) preparation of the railway sector roadmap, policy framework, and investment plan; (ii) governance assessment; (iii) feasibility of the investment program; and (iv) formulation of financing and implementation arrangements. Since this Project is designed as a MFF, an understanding of the nomenclature of components of the railway investment program is important. The MFF loan modality permits a government to proceed with a larger project via a number of separate loan packages, thereby adding flexibility and a longer timeframe for the delivery of preparatory materials. As such, the investment program consists of three tranches (shown in Table 1), that, all together, aim to upgrade the 463 km railway line between Lahore and Peshawar Cantt. 2. Pakistan recognizes the importance of this railway corridor development in promoting national development and is committed to upgrading the entire railway section in order to meet future traffic requirements. All railway sections within the present Project will be rehabilitated, in addition to remodeling some of the stations along the Project corridor for removing existing permanent speed restrictions, and upgrading and installation of new telecommunications and automatic block signaling systems including power supply. The Ministry of Railways (MOR) is the Executing Agency (EA) with Pakistan Railway (PR) acting as the Implementing Agency (IA).

Table 1: Investment Program Components

Tranche (Project) No. Name Length (Km) 1 Lahore - Lalamusa 132 2 Lalamusa - Rawalpindi 157 3 Rawalpindi - Peshawar Cantt 174

Km = kilometer. 3. The first tranche (Project 1) will commence in 2011, with subsequent tranches to follow as they are prepared. Project 1 will include the rehabilitation of the Lahore-Lalamusa railway section, in addition to rehabilitation of the Lahore yard, and remodeling of the Shahdara and Wazirabad yards for removing existing permanent speed restrictions, improvements in telecommunication systems, and provision of a signaling system. 4. The second tranche (Project 2) will include realignment of Kaluwal–Pindora section and removal of speed restrictions on Lalamusa-Rawalpindi section to increase the speed up to 120 Km/h, besides improvement in telecommunication system and provision of a signaling system. The existing track of 53 km between Kaluwal (near Dina) and Pindora (near Gujar Khan) has very sharp curves and ruling grades due to which speed is restricted to 65 kph. After realignment of the section, the speed will be increased up to 105 kph and the distance will also be reduced by about 17 km; thus reducing the travel time between Lahore and Rawalpindi to about 3 hours. The existing line between Kaluwal and Pindora stations will be retained for freight traffic and running of departmental trains. 5. The third tranche (Project 3) will include the rehabilitation of 174 km of track from Rawalpindi to Peshawar Cantt section, besides improvement in telecommunication systems and provision of a signaling system. The track between Rawalpindi–Golra Sharif is double line section, whereas the remaining section is single line.

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II. Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity 6. At the national level, the Ministry of Environmental (MOE) is the main governmental agency that pursues environmental policy, implements ministerial control and coordinates the activities of natural resources’ use and protection. Previously named the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, it was bifurcated in 2002 and an independent MOE was established to focus on the issues of environment, ecology, human settlement and forests in Pakistan. 7. The key functions and objectives of the Ministry are as follows:

(i) Developing the national policies, plans and programs related to

environmental planning, pollution and ecology; housing, physical planning and human settlements including urban water supply, sewerage and drainage.

(ii) Dealings and agreements with other countries and international organizations in the fields of environment, housing, physical and human settlements.

(iii) Economic planning and policy making with respect to forestry and wildlife.

(iv) Administrative control of key players in the sector including the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), the Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), the Zoological Survey Department (ZSD), the Quaid-I-Azam Mazar Management Board (QMMB), the National Energy Conservation Center (ENERCON), the National Council for Conservation of Wildlife in Pakistan (NCCW), and others.

8. The Pak-EPA is department that is attached to the Ministry of Environment and is responsible for implementing the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 in the country. This is an Act to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable development. Pak-EPA also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment for formulation of environmental policy and programs. Its key roles and responsibilities include the following:

(i) Prepare, or revise and establish the National Environmental Quality

Standards with approval of the Council; (ii) Take measures to promote research and the development of science

and technology which may contribute to the prevention of pollution, protection of the environment, and sustainable development;

(iii) Identify the needs for, and initiate legislation in various sectors of the environment;

(iv) Provide information and guidance to the public on environmental matters;

(v) Specify safeguards for the prevention of accidents and disasters which may cause pollution;

(vi) Encourage the formation and working of non-governmental organizations, community organizations, and village organizations to prevent and control pollution and promote sustainable development; and

(vii) Undertake inquiries or investigation into environmental issues, either on its own accord or upon complaints from any person or organization.

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9. Under the Pak-EPA, there are also Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies in each province of Pakistan. Their primary responsibility of enforcing environmental protection laws is delegated to provincial protection agencies under section 26 of the Environmental Protection Act. Figure 1 shows the organizational structure for the Punjab EPA.

Figure 1: Organizational Structure For The Punjab EPA

Source: Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency.

A. Policy and Legal Framework 10. The Pakistan Environmental Policy is based on a participatory approach aimed at achieving sustainable development through legally, administratively and technically sound institutions. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act was enacted on the 6th of December, 1997 to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, the prevention and control of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable development. 11. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 is the basic environmental law of Pakistan. The apex body established under the Act is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency was created under Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983. Its powers were enhanced under the Environmental Protection Act of 1997. 12. The Act particularly focuses on the implementation of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council’s policies, delegation of power to government agencies, enforcement of national Environmental Quality Standards, and introduction of EIA/IEE review procedures/systems. The Act also addresses the regulatory regime for hazardous substances/wastes, resource generation through establishment of a Provisional Sustainable

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Development Fund and levying of Pollution Charges and providing appellant forum for environmental cases. 13. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), on the other hand, specify the following standards:

(i) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in

municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities, and the sea (three separate sets of numbers).

(ii) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions from industrial sources.

(iii) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous emissions from exhaust of vehicles and machinery.

(iv) Maximum allowable noise levels from machinery and vehicles. (v) Standards for ambient air quality have not been prescribed as yet.

14. The negative impacts associated with major transportation projects are described in the Pakistan Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Reports. Those are part of a package of regulations and guidelines, which includes:

(i) Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997, (ii) Policy and procedures for filing, review and approval of

environmental assessments, (iii) Guidelines for the preparation and review of environmental reports, (iv) Guidelines for public participation, (v) Guidelines for sensitive and critical areas, (vi) Pakistan environmental legislation and the National Environmental

Quality Standards (NEQS), and (vii) National Resettlement Policy (Draft).

15. The environmental laws, regulations, and standards which control the environmental impacts of each environmental parameter are described by the Pakistan Environmental Legislation and the National Environmental Standards issued in October, 1997. The description of the environmental impacts controlled by the Pakistani environmental laws and regulations are described in Table 2. The relevant environmental laws and regulations are presented in Table 3.

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Table 2. Environmental Impacts Controlled By the Pakistani Environmental Laws and

Regulations Environmental Parameter

Environmental Impacts

Soil

Slope failure and mass movements. Soil erosion and modification of surface relief. Sedimentation of water bodies and drains. Loss of protective topsoil in borrow areas (if any). Soil Contamination.

Water Resources

Degradation of natural water bodied and wildlife habitat resulting from erosion and sedimentation. Degradation of natural water bodies and wildlife habitats resulting from contamination by accidental spills. Impairment of beneficial uses; changes to groundwater levels. Threat to human health amenity and to natural systems resulting from insufficient storm water management and flooding. Deprivation of other users from water resources.

Ecosystem

Damage, fragmentation or loss of habitat and biodiversity. Destruction of vegetation. Disappearance of reproduction and food zones for fish, aquatic and migratory birds. Contamination of biota. Transmission of disease. Increase in poaching and subsequent hunting and fishing.

Air Air quality deterioration/ degradation-caused by dust and vehicle emissions generated through construction activity, construction machinery and vehicular traffic.

Community Activities

Split Community. Disintegration of social activity. Disruption of traditional modes of transport. Loss of community business. Degradation of environment owing to ribbon development.

Displacement and Resettlement

Displacement of both private and public institutions and utilities. Displacement of settlements, business and properties. Problem with resettlement of households, properties and utilities. Problem with basic utilities in displaced and resettlement areas.

Cultural Heritage

Damage of sites, structures and remains of archeological, historical, religious and cultural values. Degradation of aesthetic value of historical and cultural monuments.

Landscape

Destruction of natural relief resulting by major cut and fill. Change in natural drainage patterns. Destruction of vegetation and trees. Deforestation and desertification.

Human Health and Safety

Transmission of diseases. Contamination of local water supplies. Air pollution. Noise disturbance. Accidents. Obstructions/unsafe conditions owing to presence of side poles, ditches, trees, steep slopes and barriers. Disturbance by vibration.

Source: The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.

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Table 3. Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations

Sector Legislation

Environmental Protection

The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, No. XXVII of 1997

Land Use

The Land Improvement Loans Act (1883) The Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act (1952) The Punjab Soil Reclamation Act (1952) The West Pakistan Agricultural Pests Ordinance (1959) and Rules (1960) The Islamabad (Preservation of Landscape) Ordinance (1966) The Punjab Development Cities Act (1976) The Balochistan, NWFP, Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) The NWFP Salinity Control and Reclamation Act (1988)

Water Quality and Resources

The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) The Factories Act (1934) West Pakistan Act (1958) The Balochistan Ground water Rights Administration Ordinance (1978) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) Indus River Water Apportionment Accord-(1981) Statutory Notification S.R.R. 742 (1993)

Air Quality

The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) The Factories Act (1934) The West Pakistan Prohibition of Smoking in Cinema Houses Ordinance

(1960) The Motor Vehicles Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) Statutory Notification S.R.R. 742 (1993) Statutory Notification S.R.R. 1023 (1995)

Noise The West Pakistan Regulation and Control of Loudspeakers and Sound

Amplifiers Ordinance (1965) The Motor Vehicle Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969)

Toxic or Hazardous Substances

The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) The Explosives Act (1884) The Factories Act (1934) The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (1971) and Rules (1973)

Solid Wastes and Effluents

The Pakistan Penal Code (1934) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, No. XXVII of 1997

Marine and Fisheries

The west Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance (1961) Balochistan Sea-Fisheries Ordinance (1970) and Rules (1971) The NWFP Fisheries Rules (1976) Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act (1976)

Forest Conservation

The Punjab Forest (Sale of Timber) Act (1913) The Forests Act (1927) The NWFP Hazara Forest Act (1936) The West Pakistan Firewood and charcoal (Restrictions) Act 1964 The Punjab Plantation and Maintenance of Trees Act (1974) The Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act (1975) The NWFP Management of Protected Forests Rules (1975) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80)

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The NWFP (Conservation and Exploitation of Certain Forests in Hazara Division) Ordinance (1980)

The NWFP Forest Development Corporation Ordinance (1980)

Parks and Wildlife Conservation Protection

The West Pakistan Ordinance (1959) The Kohat Marzri Control Act (1954) The Sindh Wildlife protection ordinance (1972) and Rules (1972) The Punjab wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and

Management ) Act (1974) and Rules) (1974) The Balochistan Wildlife Protection Act (1974) and Rules (1975) The NWFP Wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and

Management ) Act (1975) and Rules) (1976) The Pakistan Penal Quarantine Act (1976) Islamabad wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and

Management) Ordinance (1979/80) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) Export and Control Order (1982)

Mineral development

The Regulation of Mines and Oil-Fields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act (1948)

Cultural Environment

The Antiquities Act (1975) The Punjab Special Premises (Preservation) Ordinance (1985)

Livestock

West Pakistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance (1959) West Pakistan Punjab Animal Slaughter Control Act (1963) The Grazing of Cattle in the Protected forests (Range Lands) Rules (1978) Pakistan Animal Quarantine (Import and Export of Animals and Animal

Products) Ordinance (1979/80) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80)

West Pakistan Penal Code (1860) The Boilers Act (1923) The Public Health (Emergency Provisions) Ordinance (1944) The West Pakistan Factories Canteen Rules (1959) The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government

Ordinance(s) (1979/80) The West Pakistan Epidemic diseases Act (1979/80)

Source: The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.

B. EIA Requirements of Pakistan 16. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a rapidly growing field of work and has become a mandatory legal requirement in Pakistan. The formalized arrangements for the implementation of an EIA system in Pakistan evolved over a period of fifteen years. It started with the promulgation of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (PEPO) of 1983 (repealed in 1997). The following are the key milestones that Pakistan’s environmental protection requirements have passed through:

(i) EIA became mandatory for all new projects in July 1994; (ii) Documentation of sectoral guidelines as an EIA Package became

effective in1997; (iii) Enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997; (iv) Development of the Pakistan IEE/EIA Regulations of 2000; (v) Finally, the National Environmental Policy was developed in 2005. It

describes integration of the environment into development planning through the implementation of the EIA process at the project level. It also promotes Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a tool for integrating the environment into the decision-making process.

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17. Environmental Impact Assessment of all development projects, whether public or private, is a legal requirement under section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997. The review of IEE and EIA Regulations is meant to strengthen and give guidance to existing requirements under section 12 of the Environmental Protection Act. Those Regulations list the projects that require an IEE in its Project Schedule-I and the projects for which an EIA is required in Project Schedule-II. Projects that are not listed in either schedule require no action. According to the listed projects in the Regulation, railway sector projects are categorized as projects for which filing an EIA is required. Figure 2 illustrates the EIA process as per IEE/EIA regulations.

Figure 2: Pakistan EIA Process

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment in Pakistan – overview, implementation and effectiveness, June, 2006, TRITA LWR Masters Thesis 0624. 18. In terms of the steps in the IEE/EIA preparation process itself, according to Pakistan’s requirements, developers shall consult with the responsible project authority to confirm the categorization of the project, and to ensure that they are aware of the procedures that apply at the earliest possible time. Proponents may have already engaged consultants at this time, and shall be aware that the proper specification of the consultant’s task will only become clear as the work on the IEE and other scoping activities are undertaken. Proponents and their consultants shall visit the site, talk with local people about their values and the proposals, collect available data, and consult with other departments and stakeholders. Figure 3 illustrates the EIA working layout.

Project Proposal

Screening Process

EIA required refer Schedule-II IEE required, refer Schedule-I No IEE/EIA required refer Schedule-III

Submitted to EPA

Scoping/baseline collection of data from site

Impact analysis to indentify Environmental impacts during

construction and operation periods

Consideration of mitigation measures

EMP made by proponent authority

EIA report prepared

EIA report submitted for

Approval Approved Not

Implementation and Follow

Redesign

Resubmitted

Finding of Non-

Significant i t

N

Yes *Then Process for approval to EPA is concerned

Public involvement/ consultation

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Figure 3. EIA working layout

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment in Pakistan—overview, implementation and effectiveness, June, 2006, TRITA LWR Masters Thesis 0624. 19. To help the proponent throughout the preparation of the EIA report, the Pakistan Environment Protection Agency in collaboration with other key stakeholders have prepared an “EIA Package” which includes both General Guidelines and Sectoral Guidelines. The following are the general guidelines that shall be followed in the railway sector projects:

(i) Policy and procedures for making the EIAs, review and approval of

environmental assessments; (ii) Guidelines for the preparation and review of environmental reports; (iii) Guidelines for public consultation; (iv) Guidelines for sensitive and critical areas; and (v) Pakistan environmental legislation and National Environmental Quality

Standards (NEQS). 20. In regard to the sectoral guidelines, the Pakistan Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Reports shall be followed as well as the format of the IEE/EIA as prescribed in the EIA Package (i.e., Pak EPA Regulations for the year 2000).

SCOPING; define issues, make major revision to a proposal

EIA Proposal

Screening: Initial environmental Evaluation

No EIA is required EIA is required

PREDICTION & MITIGATION; identify impacts, proposed mitigation measures

Prepare draft EIS

Prepare final EIS

MANAGEMENT & Monitoring; implement EMP plant including monitoring . Provide feedback for future EIA’s

Audit Assess EIA Process

Pre-feasibility studies

Detailed Design & preparation

Implementation

Operation &Management

Review of EIS by Regulatory Authority and Public

Public informed and consulted

Public , scientific community & decision makers partic ipate

Feasibility studiesSCOPING; define issues, make major revision to a proposal

EIA Proposal

Screening: Initial environmental Evaluation

No EIA is required EIA is required

PREDICTION & MITIGATION; identify impacts, proposed mitigation measures

Prepare draft EIS

Prepare final EIS

MANAGEMENT & Monitoring; implement EMP plant including monitoring . Provide feedback for future EIA’s

Audit Assess EIA Process

Pre-feasibility studies

Detailed Design & preparation

Implementation

Operation &Management

Review of EIS by Regulatory Authority and Public

Public informed and consulted

Public , scientific community & decision makers partic ipate

Feasibility studies

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III. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigative Measures 21. With the exception of Project 2, the MFF will mainly involve rehabilitation of existing track and rehabilitation of bridges, culverts, and other associated drainage structures; site preparation; land clearing; disposal of gravel, soil, vegetation, and unstable material; setting up of temporary construction camps to house workers; extraction of material for embankments using cut and fill procedures; protection of landslide, measures to protect critical side-slopes; and works, and asphalt plants. 22. The second tranche project (Project 2) will include the realignment of the Kaluwal–Pindora section and removal of speed restrictions on the Lalamusa–Rawalpindi section to increase the speed up to 120 kph, besides improvement in telecommunication system and provision of CBIS signaling system. The existing track of 53 km between Kaluwal (near Dina) and Pindora (near Gujar Khan) has very sharp curves and ruling grades due to which speed is restricted. Realignment of the section would require preparation of a land acquisition and resettlement action plan. Detailed information about the type of land along the approved alignment and its market price will be collected during the field survey for costing purposes. The area is generally barren and hilly with cultivation in patches. The people are mostly agriculturists but their holdings are too small to provide subsistence. An EIA study will also be conducted besides carrying out social development and poverty alleviation. 23. Application of mitigative and monitoring actions should be applied as defined in the model environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (Appendix 1). IV. Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components

A. The Authorities Involved and Responsibilities

1. Implementing Agency (IA) 24. The Ministry of Railways will act as Executing Agency and the overall technical and administrative authority for this MFF. Leading the day-to-day implementation of the project as a whole will be a Program Management Unit (PMU) located within the MoR. The PMU will, inter alia, conduct package screening, classification, information disclosure and consultation with project-affected people. It will also incorporate all consulting services under the project, including assistance to the provinces and will oversee the conduct of feasibility studies (including environmental studies) by project consultants. 25. As the Executing Agency MoR’s responsibilities will include:

(i) Preparing any environmental screening checklists and classifying projects in

consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other departments;

(ii) Preparing a terms of reference for the environmental assessment, based on the environmental classification of projects;

(iii) Conducting the initial environmental examination (IEE) or environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies, including hiring an environmental consultant to prepare IEE or EIA reports including an environmental management plan (EMP) for public disclosure;

(iv) Ensuring that the EA documentation is prepared in compliance with the requirements of the Government and ADB, and that adequate consultation with affected people is undertaken in accordance with ADB requirements.

(v) Overseeing the review of the IEE or EIA, including submission to the EPA for government review, ensuring that all documentation is compliant with GoP and ADB requirements;

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(vi) Obtaining necessary permits and/or clearance, as required, from EPA and other relevant government agencies, ensuring that all necessary regulatory clearances are obtained before commencing any civil work; and

(vii) Submitting to ADB the final IEE or EIA, and its EMP and other documents, as necessary.

26. The MoR will be the executing agency (EA) for the individual subprojects. That is, they form a PMU who will hire a Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) and also establish a Safeguards Team (ST) to oversee the planning and implementing of monitoring and mitigation measures during detailed design and rehabilitation of the railway section. The actual work during the construction period will be completed by the contractors. For the operation period the responsibility will be handed over to Pakistan Railways as the implementing agency. The implementing agency’s (IA) responsibilities will include:

(i) Ensuring that EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring measures

needing to be incorporated during the pre-construction stage are implemented; (ii) Ensuring that any EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring

measures needing to be incorporated during the construction stage by the contractor are included in the bidding documents and are implemented;

(iii) Ensuring that contractors have access to the EIA or IEE and EMP reports of the projects, confirming that contractors understand their responsibilities to mitigate environmental problems associated with their rehabilitation and construction activities;

(iv) Investigating and reporting on environmental effects stemming from any design and construction changes added after the detailed design is completed, leading to unpredicted environmental impacts;

(v) Submission to the ADB of semi-annual reports on implementing EMPs, including any emergency programs;

(vi) Submitting project environmental mitigation and monitoring completion report to ADB, three years after the start of the operating period of the project; and,

(vii) Ensuring that EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring measures needing to be incorporated during the operating period are implemented

2. The Contractor

27. Unless the IA has inspectors in the field constantly and undertakes the construction-period mitigation and monitoring, the contractor must fill that role. Often contractors have no such expertise and must either hire staff or a consultant to provide the expertise to help them implement all mitigative and monitoring tasks defined in the EMP. The contractor is therefore responsible for:

(i) Confirming the provision of environmental safeguard expertise; (ii) Completing the mitigation and monitoring actions as defined in the EMP, by

preparing a construction period monitoring plan and reporting on actions taken on a monthly basis;

(iii) Completing mitigation and monitoring checklist for every construction inspection cycle and for inclusion in the bi-annual submission to ADB; and

(iv) Preparing mitigation and monitoring completion reports for submission to the railway operator or the project executing agency.

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3. Asian Development Bank (ADB) 28. The ADB will be responsible for:

(i) Reviewing EIA or IEE reports prepared by the EA, or the consultant on their

behalf and provide a no objection note as needed; (ii) Undertaking annual environmental review missions for category A and B

sensitive projects; and (iii) Disclosing to the public on the ADB website, the executive summary of the EIA

and IEE (for category B sensitive projects only), but preferably the entire EA documentation in English and the local language.

B. Environmental Criteria for Subproject Selection

29. Considering the potential environmental impacts of the future subprojects and the relevant environmental requirements of ADB and the Government of Pakistan, the following environmental criteria should be applied for the selection of future subprojects in the Railway Development Investment Program:

(i) Each Project must not have any one of ten activities that are classified as

restricted in Annex 5 of ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement; (ii) Each Project shall only involve activities that comply with government

regulations; (iii) Each Project should not permanently degrade any culturally, archaeologically or

environmentally important site, habitat or species designated as protected or significant by the GoP or an international agency; and

(iv) The alignment and design changes planned for each Project will be discussed in detail with local communities along the RoW and suggested modifications considered, recorded and implemented if appropriate; before the detailed design stage is completed.

C. Procedures for Environmental Assessment of Subprojects

30. ADB classifies all of its projects into one of three environmental assessment categories, namely “A” through “C”. Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts are classified into category A, requiring a complete EIA. Projects judged to have some adverse impacts, but less severe, mostly reversible effects, and where impacts and mitigative measures are well understood (based on past experience), are classified as category B projects. These require an initial environmental examination (IEE). The IEE can also act as an EIA screening document and indicate when a full EIA is needed to fully address environmental matters. Under ADB guidelines, if an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. 31. The guidelines to prepare ADB-compliant environmental assessment are found in the ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) Annex 1 on www.adb.org/Safeguards. 32. If ADB funding is involved in any future project, ADB`s EA process is the preferred procedure to be applied. Otherwise, the categorization and process defined in GoP regulations, with reference to all appropriate regulations should be applied. For existing and future projects the ADB process is to be applied, but with careful consideration of and compliance with GoP standards. To that end the ADB`s step-by-step process, annotated with the GoP requirements is summarized below

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1. Screening 33. STEP 1: All future subprojects to be included in the MFF will be screened to determine their environmental category based on the ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (REA). A suggested template of the REA, based on the ADB’s format, is provided in the Appendix. Categorization is established by defining the most environmental sensitive component and the extent and duration of the impact on that component. If this analysis identifies a significant impact and the component affected is in a special category and even if other components remain unaffected, the project is classified according to the most sensitive component. 34. In general, a project will be classified as ‘category A’ if it:

(i) Is a new railway alignment; (ii) Will generate impact affecting an ecologically sensitive area, particularly if the

project is located less than 1,000 meters from any designated wildlife sanctuary, national park, other sanctuary, or area of international significance or cultural heritage and archaeological sites designated by UNESCO and/or the GoP; and

(iii) Exists and already passes through any ecologically, culturally or archaeologically sensitive areas.

35. Railway upgrading and rehabilitation subprojects that do not involve any of the three conditions defined above and which do not trigger any of ADB’s 10 no-funding conditions (Annex 5, ADB SPS, 2009) are classified as B. 36. Projects involving training and purchase of equipment usually do not involve any impacts and are classified as category C. These still require a short report justifying their classification and why no impacts are predicted. 37. GoP classifies any railways project as one needing an EIA to be completed.

2. Scoping 38. STEP 2: Before conducting any environmental assessment involving category A or B projects, a scoping exercise is recommended. This helps to bound the assessment by defining the geographic boundary and time scale to be used to define impacts, mitigation measures, monitoring tasks and the overall duration of an assessment. A very important scoping task is to define the projects ‘corridor of impact’, usually the legal RoW plus additional land in either side of the alignment. 39. With the screening and scoping completed, yielding a project classification and boundary, the planning and execution of the field program is the next important task. This work should involve an experienced environmental assessment practitioner, and is summarized on the following eight subsections. 40. In GoP’s requirements the scoping phase as a vital one that determines valued environmental components that could be affected by a project. It is described as a process of interaction between the public, the government, and the proponent.

3. Identifying Baseline Conditions and Impacts 41. STEP 3: Establishing the baseline conditions for the components of the environment likely affected by the project is completed with a thorough review of existing information, site

14

visits and the collection of any available and relevant databases, such as for terrain/topography, soils, geology, forest cover, protected areas, land use, and all ambient air, noise and water quality conditions in the project corridor. This baseline will become the conditions against which any changes due to project effects will be measured. All data must be collected so that their source can be traced by anyone who picks up the document. 42. STEP 4: This step involves predicting likely change as a result of major construction activities and operation of the railway, by relating cause with effect such as changes in traffic volume, fleet makeup and traffic patterns degrading air quality and noise. The locations where base data are collected, or where monitoring takes place and the timing of these activities should remain uniform or at least easily traceable, permitting future comparative analysis or audits of the technical credibility of the assessment. While following strict scientific methods in preparing an EIA is far too costly and time consuming, every effort should be made make the EA work ‘transparent’ and traceable. 43. GoP’s process has identical steps.

4. Public Consultations and Information Distribution

44. STEP 5: The objective of public consultation is to engage the general affected public as well as government officials at several levels in a dialogue leading to better mitigative measures, helping to identify oversights regarding impacts. The consultation must be preceded by the provision of information on the project to the affected communities; often via a written short booklet accompanied by an invitation to attend a workshop/information session. It is important to provide enough lead time (at least 3 weeks) for communities to attend such sessions. 45. GoP’s process has similar steps.

5. Preparation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 46. STEP 6: The preparation of the EMP is one of the two most important outputs of an environmental assessment. The EMP must be practical, specific and systematic, such that it can easily be converted to mitigative and monitoring actions which:

(i) Proponents and contractors can undertake; (ii) People assigned monitoring tasks can easily complete; and (iii) Can be translated or simply referenced as environmental clauses in contract

specifications. 47. Therefore each mitigative measure needs to be matched with a monitoring activity. 48. Good EMPs not only identify the source of the impact, the effect on the biophysical environment and the monitoring action to be taken, but also where, how often, when and who should implement each mitigative and monitoring action and who is responsible. This is the same for both EIAs and IEEs. 49. With a record of impact source, impacts and location, the EIA/IEE team should at this point systematically record each predicted impact occurrence, define an appropriate mitigative action that either prevents the impact or reduces it a level acceptable under national standards or international best practice, and then specifies when, where and who should implement and supervise each action. 50. The PMU is required to review and update the EMP as soon as the contractor has been appointed and the mobilization date is established.

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51. GoP’s process has similar steps.

6. Assessing Institutional Capacity for EMP Implementation

52. STEP 7: involves the identification of the agencies and units at the national and provincial level that will likely be involved in the management, implementation and supervision of the mitigation and monitoring actions from preconstruction through the operating period. The EMP should identify the lead implementing and supervising agencies and their provincial counterparts involved in all mitigation and monitoring actions. The assessment, using mostly the interview approach, should be short and focused, identifying needs based on obvious gaps, such as lack of experience in any international-level assessments or lack of experience with preparation and implementation of EMPs. Careful interviews will almost always result in those needing assistance identifying what they need most. Finally appropriate capacity building actions addressing both longer term and short term requirements, in relation to realistic budgetary limits need to be specified and costed. 53. Since the contractors play such an important role in EMP implementation, they must not be left out of the analysis and a general approach to strengthening their safeguards skills must be included in the analysis, and recommended actions. 54. GoP’s process has similar related to the capacity and training needs of the project management entities.

7. Estimating Mitigation, Monitoring and Training Costs 55. STEP 8 involves costing of each of the mitigative and monitoring actions as well as the institutional capacity building. Costing details must be systematic and include rates and unit costs and an indication of actions that, while referred to as environmental, are normally found in other budget items, for example slope stabilization, re-vegetation, fuel handling and storage protocols and work camp waste management; therefore reducing the risk of double counting. This estimation is done by using the EMP columns that identify the mitigative action and associated monitoring task, then estimating the cost to undertake each. It is important to separate capital or one-time expenses to reoccurring costs, such as compliance monitoring during the construction period. 56. Costing of mitigation and monitoring is undertaken under the GoP's environmental assessment process.

8. Reporting 57. STEP 9. While listed as the last EA step, the preparation of the EA document should begin at the very start of the work, with the completion of a detailed Table of Contents (based on the mandatory content defined in the ADB’s SPS (2009) (Annex 1 & 2) or as specified in the relevant national standards. Having a clear vision of what must go into the EA document, helps with the collection and analysis of the appropriate information. . 58. GoP requirements explain in great detail the reporting requirements, and what constitutes successful reporting. It also provides details on the report review process.

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V. Consultation, Information Disclosure, and Grievance Redress Mechanism

A. Consultation and Information Disclosure 59. The EA team, in collaboration with the project Executing Agency, needs to present the project, its location and timetable for implementation, an overview of the EA process, and any findings on impacts and benefits. These findings must be defined as tentative or interim, indicating that participants’ input can still be applied to project planning and design. The participants should be explicitly invited (not instructed) to provide comments and corrections to what is presented. Adequate and convenient contact information for use by participants should be provided. 60. For a category A project consultation is required at least twice during the EIA: (i) first as part of the scoping stage to define the project and to get feedback on options, and (ii) fter the draft EMP has been prepared. 61. Public consultations for full EIAs include newspaper advertisement(s) in the regional and national news papers at least one month before the session(s) is to take place. The announcement should provide a brief project description, location and specific contact data (including telephone numbers). Sometimes, a project website is created containing more details on the project and a link provided in the announcement. 62. For category B projects, nearly all conditions as defined above are the same except only 1 consultation session is needed., there is no newspaper advertisement, and no written invitations (a list of potential attendees and contact should be made). Often, the consultation session takes place at the time when the EMP is being prepared. 63. Consultation sessions must have minutes and attendance sheets prepared and included as part of the environmental assessment documentation.

B. Grievance Redress Mechanism

64. ADB requires that the Project Executing Agency (Ministry of Railways) establish and maintain a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns and grievances about its delivery of environmental safeguards at the project level, as defined in the assessment documents (primarily the EMPs). The grievance redress mechanism should be scaled to the risks and impacts of the project. It should address affected people's concerns and complaints using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and easy to access. 65. To that end the Executing Agency, in cooperation with the Punjab Province and impacted areas, will establish an environmental issues’ specific Grievance Redress Committee(s) (GRCs). At the provincial level these will be comprised of the head of the environmental planning department and two members, one being a woman and one being identified as the point of contact for any grievance claim. A local government representative for district specific issues shall also be included in the GRCs. The Pakistani environmental guidelines describe procedures for the appointment of Environmental Monitoring Committees. The roles of such committees would have to be further described to take the ADB requirements into consideration.

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VI. Monitoring and Reporting

A. Monitoring 66. Monitoring is required during all three stages of a project, i.e. planning, rehabilitation and operation to record the mitigative actions taken and the resulting effects designed to either avoid or reduce predicted impacts. The preparation and oversight of any monitoring work is the responsibility of the Executing Agency and its consultant. 67. Monitoring during the planning stage usually takes place twice; once to incorporate mitigative measures in the planning process and then at the end of that stage to monitor compliance. Works’ monitoring takes place at regular intervals throughout the project period, usually quarterly, with bi-annual monitoring reports. 68. Operating period monitoring is dependent on the types and duration if impacts identified during the environmental assessment, but usually are completed annually for three years, for a variable time period. Some of the monitoring during both the implementation and operating periods will require sample collection as well as field measurements

B. Reporting 69. The best approach to reporting is to use the EMPs mitigation and monitoring tables, collapse these into one table showing the mitigative measures and monitoring requirements; then add columns to record actions taken, dates and results observed. This plus some text would form the monitoring reports. 70. Well prepared EMPs present the impacts mitigative actions and monitoring requirements throughout the project, including not only what needs to be monitored but where and for what duration. 71. During the planning stage the Executing Agency will be required to prepare a planning stage monitoring checklist confirming all the items listed in the EMP. 72. Prior to the mobilization of the contractor(s) the EMP’s construction period mitigation and monitoring tasks need to be converted into a construction period action plan by the contractor, working in cooperation with the PMU. This plan then forms the basis of the construction period mitigation and monitoring task list and can be used as a monitoring checklist. Major responsibility for implementation of these actions will rest with the contractor(s), supervised by the Executing and Implementing Agencies or the PMU. Interim monitoring reports are to be complete every 6 months, but monitoring checklists every 3 months. 73. Within 4 months of the end of the construction period the Executing Agency or its PMU should instruct the contractor(s) to prepare the construction period environmental mitigation and monitoring summary. This report needs to be handed to the operating unit of the Project. 74. The railway operator, likely PR, will use this report and the items defined under Operating Period in the EMP, to develop its monitoring activity, and file bi-annual reports (short checklists usually no more than 2-3 pages). 75. The ADB requires that monitoring reports should be submitted 2 times per year during the construction period and also twice a year for three Project operating years.

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Appendix I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It

is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are

adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential

impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site

Protected Area

Wetland

Mangrove

Estuarine

Buffer zone of protected area

Special area for protecting biodiversity

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape by embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by project, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks increased local air pollution due to rock crushing,

cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt processing?

risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health

and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation during project construction and operation?

noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living in right-of-way?

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

hazardous driving conditions where construction interferes with pre-existing infrastructure?

poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction

camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?

creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials?

increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic volume?

increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the project?

social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks community safety risks due to both accidental and

natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Yes No REMARKS

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)

Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (eg., increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub0-grade).

Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects

of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

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Appendix II: Environments, Hazards and Climate Change

Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change Example Impact on Transportation

Infrastructure Arid/Semi-Arid and Desert Environment

Low erratic rainfall of up to 500 mm rainfall per annum with periodic droughts and high rainfall variability. Low vegetative cover. Resilient ecosystems and complex pastoral and systems, but medium certainty that 10–20% of dry lands degraded; 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected increase in drought duration and severity under climate change. Increased mobilization of sand dunes and other soils as vegetation cover declines; likely overall decrease in agricultural productivity, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Reduced availability of water for compaction during construction, increased sand on reduce safety, alignment may need to be reviewed where, for example, agriculturally productive zones are shifting.

Humid and Sub-Humid Plains, Foothills and Hill Country

More than 500 mm precipitation/yr. Resilient ecosystems and complex human pastoral and cropping systems. 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected increase in droughts, heat waves and floods; increased erosion of loess-mantled landscapes by wind and water; increased gully erosion; landslides likely on steeper slopes. Likely overall decrease in agricultural productivity and compromised food production from variability, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Increased incidence of forest and agriculture-based insect infestations. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Increased landslides and mudflows disrupt networks, Increased moisture content in the subsurface can result in increased penetration of water into the fill, which may also collapse, Reduced effectiveness of drainage which results in a reduction in the bearing capacity of the soils which become saturated

River Valleys/ Deltas and Estuaries and Other Low-Lying Coastal Areas

River basins, deltas and estuaries in low-lying areas are vulnerable to riverine floods, storm surges associated with tropical cyclones/typhoons and sea level rise; natural (and human-induced) subsidence resulting from sediment compaction and ground water extraction; liquefaction of soft sediments as result of earthquake ground shaking. Tsunami possible/likely on some coasts. Lowland agri-business and subsistence farming in these regions at significant risk.

Same as above

Small Islands

Small islands generally have land areas of less than 10,000km2 in area, though Papua New Guinea and Timor with much larger land areas are commonly included in lists of small island developing states. Low-lying islands are especially vulnerable to storm surge, tsunami and sea-level rise and, frequently, coastal erosion, with coral reefs threatened by ocean warming in some areas. Sea level rise is likely to threaten the limited ground water resources. High islands often experience high rainfall intensities, frequent landslides and tectonic environments in which landslides and earthquakes are not uncommon with (occasional) volcanic eruptions. Small islands may have low adaptive capacity and high adaptation costs relative to GDP.

Increased salinity increases corrosion of materials which can break-down, Alignment is eroded by increased wave action, Increased flooding from overtopping of sea-water over facility or salt-water intrusion in to groundwater,

Mountain Ecosystems

Accelerated glacial melting, rockfalls/landslides and glacial lake outburst floods, leading to increased debris flows, river bank erosion and floods and more extensive outwash plains and, possibly, more frequent wind erosion in intermontane valleys. Enhanced snow melt and fluctuating stream flows may produce seasonal floods and droughts. Melting of permafrost in some environments. Faunal and floral species migration. Earthquakes, landslides and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Damage to infrastructure from landslides and mudflows, permafrost melting causes damage to facilities, glacial lake outbursts wash out river-crossings.

Volcanic Recently active volcanoes (erupted in last 10,000 years – see www.volcano.si.edu). Often fertile Damage and loss of railways, insecurity for

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Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change Example Impact on Transportation

Infrastructure Environments soils with intensive agriculture and landslides on steep slopes. Subject to earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions including pyroclastic flows and mudflows/lahars and/or gas emissions and occasionally widespread ash fall.

works crew and maintenance

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Appendix III: Potential Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures Estimated Cost, $US Location Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

I. Rehabilitation Phase

1. Air Quality

Dust and emissions generated from machinery and vehicles, movement of trucks and trains to transport materials. Gaseous emissions from vehicles operating during the rehabilitation works.

Dust control measures such as spraying of work sites and stock piles; covering vehicles and trains transporting materials, proper maintenance of equipment, fuel efficiency, and minimizing idling of machinery

Included in Environment

Protection Investment Table

Rehabilitation Sites and vicinities

Rehabilitation Period

Contractor Punjab-EPA

2. Water and wastewater

TSS, COD, BOD, and petroleum resulting from workers camps; staff living quarters; washing of equipment and vehicles

Workers camps located away from water bodies and agricultural lands; wastewater from equipment and vehicle washing treated biologically.



Work sites; staff quarters

Rehabilitation period

Contractor

Punjab-EPA, Ministry of Water

and Power, Department of

Irrigation

3. Noise and Vibration

Noise from works and use of heavy equipment and vehicles including locomotives

Scheduling operation to efficiently complete works close to residential areas, use of machinery silencers; use of new and well-maintained equipment and vehicles.



Rehabilitation works’ sites;

access roads; surrounding areas



4. Soil and Materials

Earth moving; sediment concentration in surface run-off

Vegetation and stabilization



Rehabilitation works’ sites;

earthmoving and disposal sites


Contractor

Punjab-EPA, Department of

Irrigation, Forestry

Department

5. Hazardous Materials & Waste Management

Workers and staff daily living, lubricant and oil leaks from machinery resulting in lubricants and chemicals, debris and waste; domestic waste

Solid waste management plan and proper transport and disposal in designated areas and landfill sites. Maintaining equipment in good conditions to avoid leaks of oils and lubricants, and performing maintenance operations in designated sealed areas. Proper storage of oils, lubricants, and chemicals for machinery. Training and kits for handling any spills or waste of hazardous materials.



Rehabilitation works’

sites; workers camp; staff Quarters



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II. Operation Phase

1. Air Quality

SOx, NOx, Total Suspended Particles, and fuel emissions resulting from locomotives

Improving the fuel efficiency of operation, keeping equipment and locomotives in good operational conditions, use of solar water heaters in supplying hot water to stations and depots



Rail corridor; stations, depots,

living quarters and surrounding vicinity

Operation stage Pakistan Railways

Punjab-EPA

2. Water and wastewater

TSS, COD, BOD, petroleum resulting from staff living; passenger areas; offices; washing of locomotives and trains

Water saving and reuse and recycling adopted. Sewage and wastewater treated by anaerobic biological filter tank (water tight septic tanks)



Staff quarters;

office buildings; stations; depots


Punjab-EPA

3. Noise and Vibration

Noise from train whistling, wheel-track friction, stations

Locomotive operators instructed to prevent whistling when passing near villages during night time; green belts as sound barriers near villages; erection of noise barriers in the form of walls at certain areas



Various locations

along the line; stations


Punjab-EPA

4. Soil and Materials

Stability of sub-base and embankments

Maintenance of vegetation and soil stabilization areas for the creating of wind breakers



Along the alignment


Punjab-EPA

5. Hazardous Materials & Waste Management

Lubricants and chemicals, spoils; domestic waste resulting from locomotives hauling bulk liquids, staff daily living; waiting passengers; traveling passengers

Proper handling and equipment for the haulage of bulk liquids especially oils and flammable substances. Training and kits for handling any spills or waste of hazardous materials.



Staff quarters;

stations; depots; office buildings;

Trains


Punjab-EPA

6. Safety

Random crossing of pedestrians and livestock along the alignment near residential areas

Utilization of pedestrian facilities (bridges) and specific crossing points for cattle. Also, utilization of modern gate systems and erection of walls along the alignment to serve as noise barriers and curb random crossing



Near residential areas along the alignment and

known crossing points


Punjab-EPA

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Appendix IV: Environmental Monitoring Plan Monitoring Parameters

Location and Frequency of Parameter Measurement Location Time Frame Responsibility

1. Air Quality

Monitoring parameter: TSP, NOx, SOx, PM, CO and visible dust using sticky pad measurements. Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual. Monitoring Standard: Local construction by-laws, international best management practice, air quality standards.

Near populated areas, namely Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad,

and Lalamusa.

Rehabilitation and operation

Phase EPA and/or independent monitor

2. Water and Wastewater

Monitoring parameter: TSS, COD, BOD, DO, pH, oil, phenol Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual. Monitoring Standard: Water and Sanitation Code of, Water quality standards.

Effluent outlets and WW collection points; local drinking water supply and irrigation, sources; important water bodies feeding agricultural

areas along the alignment.


Phase

EPA and/or independent monitor in cooperation with Department of

Irrigation

3. Noise

Monitoring parameter: dB. Monitoring frequency: Quarterly. Monitoring Standard: International Best Management Practices and or WHO Noise Level Standards.

Near populated areas, namely Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, and Lalamusa and other populated

areas.



4. Solid Waste Monitoring parameter: Slag, domestic refuse, metallic scraps, and sludge. Monitoring frequency: Annual

Disposal sites. Rehabilitation and operation

Phase

EPA and/or independent monitor and the local municipalities

5. Hazardous Liquid Waste

Monitoring parameter: Visual inspection and soil sampling if needed. Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual.

Main handling stations and locomotive maintenance locations.



6. Soil Erosion and Movement

Monitoring parameter: Visual inspection Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual.

Entire railway line and inspection of vegetation sites.



7. Public Safety Monitoring parameter: Signs, culverts, public safety records Monitoring frequency: Annual.

Entire railway line. Rehabilitation and operation

Phase

8. Induced Socioeconomic

Benefits

Monitoring parameter: Increased shipment of local products; increased number of tourists; increased local revenue; and increased income of locals. Monitoring frequency: Year 2, 5 and 10 of railway operation.

Near populated areas, namely Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad,

and Lalamusa. Operation

9. Community Participation

Monitoring parameter: Number of participants. Monitoring frequency: Semi-annually.

Near populated areas, namely Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, and Lalamusa and other populated

areas.

Note: TSP: Total Suspended Particles, NOx: Nitrogen Oxides, Sox: Sulphur Oxides, PM: Particulate Matter, CO: Carbon Monoxide, TSS: Total Suspended Solids, COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand, BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, pH: acidity/basicity

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Appendix V: Environment Protection Investment – Project 1

Item Unit Quantity

Unit cost Unit cost Cost Cost PRS (Mill) (US$) PRS (Mill) (US$)

A. Design Designing soil erosion comprehensive plan

lump sum 1.275 15,000 1.275 $15,000

Sub-total $15,000

B. Mitigation

1. Air Quality and Noise

Dust suppressants Lump sum 3.825 $45,000

Noise Barriers (also for safety) meter 3,200 0.02 55.25 $848,000

Sub-total 59.07 mill $695,000

2. Water

Biological wastewater treatment systems at main stations Location 10 0.85 10,000.00 8.5 $100,000

Irrigation system at stations Location 10 9,975 4,500.00 2.9325 $34,500

Sub-total 11.43 mill $134,500

3. Ecology

Procurement of seedlings Lump sum 1070 0.000425 $5.00 0.43095 $5,070

Implementation of soil and land cover protection works

lump sum 27.2 $320,000

Sub-total 27.63095 $325,070

4. Waste

Used oil storage tank pieces 10 0.2125 2,500 $25,500

Sub-total $25,500

C. Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring Consultancy 10.2 $120,000

Procurement of Monitoring Equipment 5.95 $70,000

Sub-total: 16.15 $190,000

D. Capacity Building

Training in environmental monitoring 12.75 $150,000

Training in environmental management lump sum 12.75 $150,000

Sub-total: 25.5 $300,000 D. Environmental Impact Assessment Studies

EIA for Project 2 12.75 $150,000

EIA for Project 3 12.75 $150,000

Sub-total: 25.5 $300,000

Grand Total: $2,183,070

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