environmental and economic implications of phasing out solid fuels used for cooking in china eric d....

Environmental and Economic Implications of Phasing Out Solid Fuels Used for Cooking in China

Eric D. LarsonResearch Engineer/Associated FacultyPrinceton Environmental InstitutePrinceton University, USA

Mitigation of Air Pollution and Climate Change in China17-19 October 2004Oslo: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Outline

• Indoor air pollution

• Global warming

• Challenge of replacing solid cooking fuels

• Prospects for increasing LPG use

• Prospects for dimethyl ether (DME)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

Town gas Natural gas LPG Kerosene(wick stove)

Coalbriquettes

(metal stove)

Honeycombcoal (metal,improved)

Honeycombcoal (metal

stove)

Coal powder(metal stove)

Fuelwood(Indian metal

stove)

Brushwood(Indian metal

stove)

PIC

to

air

(g

ram

s/M

J o

f h

ea

t to

po

t)Pollution from Cooking Stoves/Fuels

(measured emissions to room air from flue-less stoves in China)

PIC = Products of Incomplete Combustion

Source: Zhang, J., Smith, K.R., et al., 2000, “Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: a database for emission factors,” Atmos. Environ. 34: 4537-4549.

As cited by Reddy, Williams, Johansson, 1997, Energy After Rio, UNDP, New York.

Approximate Total Global Human Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution

Global Warming Potentials of Combustion Products (relative to CO2)

Source: Bond, Venkataraman, and Masera, 2004, “Global atmospheric impacts of residential fuels,” Energy for Sustainable Development, VIII(3): 115-126

Global Warming Commitment of Cooking Fuels/Technologies (estimates)


20-year GWP 100-year GWP

global warming commitment, kg CO2-equivalent per GJ delivered to pot

(from biomass, if biomass obtained by deforestation)

(cooling impact)

Indicative Change in Radiative Impact Compared with Traditional Fuels


Averages taken from previous GWC estimates: Traditional stoves = average of 3 “traditional” cases; Improved stoves = average of 3 “improved” cases; Charcoal = average of 2 “charcoal” cases; Clean fossil fuels = average of kerosene, LPG, and natural gas.

“Solving” the Problem

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5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

Town gas Natural gas LPG Kerosene(wick stove)

Coalbriquettes

(metal stove)

Honeycombcoal (metal,improved)

Honeycombcoal (metal

stove)

Coal powder(metal stove)

Fuelwood(Indian metal

stove)

Brushwood(Indian metal

stove)

PIC

to

air

(g

ram

s/M

J o

f h

ea

t to

po

t)Pollution from Cooking Stoves/Fuels

(measured emissions to room air from flue-less stoves in China)

PIC = Products of Incomplete Combustion

Source: Zhang, J., Smith, K.R., et al., 2000, “Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: a database for emission factors,” Atmos. Environ. 34: 4537-4549.

Efficiencies of Cooking Stoves/Fuels(from standardized meal cooking tests)

Source: Dutt, G. S., and N. H. Ravindranath, 1993, “Bioenergy: direct applications in cooking,” Renewable Energy, H. Kelly, T.B. Johansson, A.K.N. Reddy, and R.H. Williams (eds.), Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 653-697.

How “easily” can the dirty cooking problem be solved?

• Goldemberg et al. (2004) indicate that 2.6 billion people cook with solid fuels today worldwide. They estimate 35 kg/capita/year of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) could meet basic cooking needs.

• 35 kg LPG x 46 MJ/kg = 1.61 GJ/year/cap.• 1.61 GJ/yr/cap x 2.6 billion = 4.2 billion GJ/year (or

100 million toe, 143 million tce).• This is 1% of global commercial energy use in 2003. • The corresponding figure for China is 2.6%.

What is the value of clean cooking fuel?

WB* has estimated rural indoor air pollution costs $4 - $11 billion/year.

This is $22 - $63/GJ of fuel required.

Retail price of LPG in rural China is 50-60 Yuan RMB for a 15 kg bottle. (US$8.8 to $10.6/GJ).

Coal, Biomass LPG

Producer Gas

* Johnson, Liu, Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, China’s Environment in the New Century, World Bank, 1997.

Barriers to Cleaner Cooking• “Natural” progression up the “energy ladder” (dung/crop residues

fuelwood charcoal kerosene LPG NG/electricity) follows increasing incomes – very slow process.

• Low/zero private cost for biomass/coal use. External costs (e.g., health damages) not reflected in private price of solid fuels, so difficult to compete with cleaner fuels that carry higher private cost.

• Cooking is women’s domain, but women are not generally the decision makers regarding cooking fuels.

• Dirty fuels are not politically consequential. (In recent Indian elections, roads, water, and electricity were swing issues. Cooking fuel was not.)

• Governments of industrialized countries may not appreciate the links between dirty fuels in developing countries and impacts on their own countries.

• Most energy-related development assistance over the past 30 years has focused on electrification, and this continues to be the case.

• Where heating is done with solid fuels, adopting clean cooking fuel will only partially improve the situation.

Fuel Options for Cleaner Cooking in China

• Fossil-derived fuels – Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG

– Town gas (gasified coal)

– Natural gas

– Kerosene

– Dimethyl ether (from coal)

– Electricity

• Biomass-derived fuels– Producer gas

– Biogas

– Dimethyl ether

– Ethanol/ethanol gel

– Electricity

LPG CONSUMPTION IN 1999(Top 20 Developing Country Consumers)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

China

Mex

icoBra

zil

South

Kor

eaIn

dia

Saudi

Arabia

Venez

uela

Egypt

Iran

Thaila

nd

Algeria

Mala

ysia

Argen

tina

Iraq

Taiw

an

Mor

occo

Philipp

ines

Chile

Indo

nesia

Colom

bia

Tota

l Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

1000

t)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1000 t

kg per capita

Source: Annual Statistical Review of LP Gas, LP Gas Association, Paris.

LPG Use in Developing Countries

Source: Annual Statistical Review of LP Gas, LP Gas Association, Paris.

CHINA LPG SOURCES

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

10

00

t

ImportedDomestic Production

Average annual consumption growth of 15.7% per year, 1995-2001

(including some from imported crude oil)

China’s LPG Sources

Supplying 800 million people with 35 kg/cap/yr of LPG would require 28 million tons of LPG (double current consumption). Much of the additional supply would need to be imported.

中国原油和油品进口增长情况Chinese Oil Imports since 1988

Crude oil

原油

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1988 1993 1998 2003

百万吨

Mln

t

其它国家 Others

前苏联 FSU

苏丹 Sudan

安哥拉 Angola

越南 Vietnam

印度尼西亚 Indonesia

苏丹 Yemen

阿曼 Oman

沙特阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia

伊朗 Iran

Refined products/LPG油品和液化气

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1988 1993 1998 2003

百万吨

Mln

t

液化气 LPG

其它 Other Products

石脑油 Naphtha

汽油 Gasoline

航空煤油 Jet

柴油 Gas oil

燃料油 Fuel oil

Source: Tony Cui (BP China), personal communication, July 2004.

液化气与原油价格比较LPG and Crude Oil Prices

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

油价

, 美元

/ 桶 O

il,

US

D/b

bl

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

丙烷

, 美元

/ 吨

Pro

pan

e, U

SD

/t

原油 Crude oil

沙特丙烷 Saudi CP

预计Proj

Source: Tony Cui (BP China), personal communication, July 2004.

DME (CH3OCH3) is Similar to LPG

• DME used today as ozone-safe aerosol propellant. Current global production is ~150,000 tons/year (from methanol).

• DME is also a good diesel-engine fuel: high cetane #, no sulfur, no C-C bonds so no soot, lower NOx emissions.

• New DME manufacturing capacity under construction/planned: – From nat. gas: 110,000 t/y (Sichuan, China, 2005 on-line); 800,000 t/y (Iran, 2006 on-line)

– From coal: 840,000 t/y project approved (Ningxia, China, construction not yet started)

Source: Larson and Yang, 2004, “Dimethyl Ether (DME) from Coal as a Household Cooking Fuel in China,” Energy for Sustainable Development, VIII(3): 115-126

Making DME from Coal

• Gasify coal in O2/H2O to produce synthesis gas “syngas” (mostly CO, H2).• Increase H/C ratio (from ~0.8 for coal to ~ 3 for DME) via water gas shift

reaction (CO + H2O H2 + CO2).

• Remove acid gases (H2S and CO2) from syngas.

• Convert syngas to DME in a slurry-phase synthesis reactor.

• Separate DME product from unconverted syngas.

• Produce exportable electricity with unconverted syngas.

In 2004By activity: • 24 GWth chemicals

• 23 GWth power

• 14 GWth synfuelsBy region: • 9 GWth China

• 10 GWth N America

• 19 GWth W Europe

• 23 GWth Rest of worldBy feedstock:• 27 GWth pet. residuals

• 27 GWth coal

• 6 GWth natural gas

• 1 GWth biomass

Growing Global Gasification Capacity Will Reach 61 GWth in 2004

Source: Dale Simbeck, SFA Pacific Inc., Mountain View, California.

• Basic overall reactions:

• Commercial status:

Methanol

Dimethyl ether

Fischer-Tropsch liquids

322 OHCHHCO

233233 COOCHCHHCO

222 H O- C2HCO H -

TYPICAL CONDITIONS:P = 25-100 atm.T = 200-300oC

Synthesis gas(CO + H2)

Cooling water

SteamCatalystpowderslurriedin oil

Disengagementzone

TYPICAL REACTION CONDITIONS:P = 50-100 atmospheresT = 200-300oC

Fuel product (vapor)+ unreacted syngas

catalystCO

H2

CH3OCH3CH3OHCnH2n+2(depending on catalyst)


Cooling water


Disengagementzone

TYPICAL REACTION CONDITIONS:P = 50-100 atmospheresT = 200-300oC


catalystCO

H2


Methanol

Dimethyl ether


322 OHCHHCO

233233 COOCHCHHCO

222 H O- C2HCO H -


Cooling water


Disengagementzone


catalystCO

H2


Methanol

Dimethyl ether


322 OHCHHCO

233233 COOCHCHHCO

222 H O- C2HCO H -

Methanol

Dimethyl ether


322 OHCHHCO 322 OHCHHCO

233233 COOCHCHHCO 233233 COOCHCHHCO

222 H O- C2HCO H - 222 H O- C2HCO H -


Cooling water


Disengagementzone


catalystCO

H2


Slurry-Phase Synthesis of Liquids

Fischer-Tropsch MeOH DME

Commercial units in operation

Demonstrated at commercial scale

Demonstrated at pilot-plant scale

China, Japan, USA

Liquid-phase reactors have much higher one-pass conversion of CO+H2 to liquids than traditional gas-phase reactors, e.g., liquid-phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has ~80% one-pass conversion, compared to <40% for traditional technology.

Energy Balance for DME from Coal

Bituminous coal typical of Yanzhou area, Shandong Province (dry weight %)

C 63.7

H 4.3

O 6.8

S 4.0

N 1.1

Ash 20.2

Moisture (as rec’d) 7.1

HHV (MJ/kg as rec’d) 24.54

LHV (MJ/kg, as rec’d) 23.49

Energy Balance Summary*

Coal feed (MW) 2203

DME (MW) 600

Net electricity (MW) 490

Gasifier

Rectisol

clean syngas

Quench

to stack

OxygenProduction

vent

air quenchedgas

1390°C75 bar

Liquid PhaseSynthesis

Reactor

steam

Grinding, Slurrying

coal

water

H2S

Cooler

Flashunconverted

syngas

Expander

boiler feed water

SyngasPre-heater

MP steam

~Steamturbine

synthesis product

methanol

O2 (95%)

Scrubberquenchwater

scrubberwater

SourWGS

Coolersyngas bypass

CO2

RecycleCompressor

Distillation

Flash

liquid

cond.

Boiler

~

DME

Gas Turbine

~

air

LP Steam

* Source: “VENT” case in Celik, F. Larson, E.D., and Williams, R.H., 2004, “Transportation Fuel from Coal with Low CO2 Emissions,” Proceedings of the 7th

International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, held Sept. 2004 (proceedings forthcoming).


Estimated Retail Cost/Price of DME from Coal in China

LPG, DME Retail Price Comparisons


Windfall profits

potential

Summary/Conclusions• Environmental/health problems associated with cooking/heating

with solid fuels are significant in China.• From a societal perspective, the cooking problem can be solved

cost-effectively and without significant global energy impacts.• Major institutional, financial, political, social, and other barriers

exist, however. (I have not addressed these in this talk!)• LPG is attractive for China, but concerns over energy security

and crude-oil linked price may limit future expansion potential.• DME from coal (with co-production of electricity) is an attractive

additional option.– DME could be made in large quantities in many areas of China, including

in some of the poorest Western provinces.– Low costs compared to prospective future LPG prices.– Total coal use for cooking and electricity could be reduced by about 25%

compared to cooking directly with solid coal and generating the electricity from a stand-alone coal-IGCC power plant.

– CO2 capture and storage during DME production may be long term option.

environmental and economic implications of phasing out solid fuels used for cooking in china eric d....

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