environmental analysis of pulp and paper mills

7/23/2019 Environmental Analysis of Pulp and Paper Mills

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Fkracxdrab \qn| dkb \d|ax Efnn

Bx+ Dja|drf ]+ XabbvD}}omfdra \xoga}}ox. R`d|dx Qkfwax}frv

Dbiqkmr ]mfakrf}rR`d|dx Makrxa gox Fkbq}rxfdn Xa}adxm` ' Bawano|eakr

(RMFXB&


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Fkracxdrab |qn| dkb |d|ax efnn9 owaxwfas

\qn|fkc Xds edraxfdn |xoma}}fkc (}roxfkc. bahdxjfkc. sd}`fkc.

m`f||fkc ' }mxaakfkc&. |qn|fkc (|xa`vbxonv}f}. |qn|fkc.hnosfkc&. dkb |qn| sd}`fkc (}mxaakfkc. mnadkfkc 'sd}`fkc&

Eam`dkfmdn. ràxeo%eam`dkfmdn dkb màefmdn (jxdgr ox}obd& |qn|fkc

Màefmdn (s fra nftqox& mok}qe|rfok. akaxcv(anamrxfmdn/}rade& ' sdrax fkrak}fwa |xoma}}. dkbhndmj nftqox cakaxdrfok

Màefmdn xamowaxv |ndkr Mokmakrxdrfkc hndmj nftqox. hqxkfkc hndmj nftqox d} gqan.

cxaak nftqox |xobqmrfok gxoe }eanr. s`fra nftqox|xobqmrfok gxoe cxaak nftqox mdq}rfmfyfkc. mdnmfkdrfokog nfea }nqbca

Màefmdn xamowaxv fk rà goxe og s`fra nftqox. akaxcv(}rade& |xobqmrfok. cd}aoq} aef}}fok} cakaxdrfok.goqn mokbak}dra cakaxdrfok.


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Hnadm`fkc |ndkr Màefmdn hnadm fkc q}fkc m`noxfka. m`noxfka bfopfba.

`v|o. opvcak (oyoka&. |axopfba. mdq}rfm. arm+ Sdrax dkb akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}}. cakaxdra} hnadm`

aggnqakr sfr` monoqx dkb m`noxfkdrab oxcdkfmmoe|oqkb}

D}}omfdrab sfr` màefmdn |ndkr} (m`noxfka bfopfba. `v|o.}qngqxoq} dmfb. m`fnnab sdrax. arm+&

\d|ax efnn @vbxo|qn|fkc (}amokbdxv gfhax&. hnadm`fkc dkb bafkjfkc.

}romj |xa|dxdrfok (dbbfrfwa}. gfnnax} dkb }fyfkcmàefmdn}&. gfhax edr |xa|dxdrfok. basdraxfkc dkb

bxvfkc (}qxgdma }fyfkc dkb modrfkc& Dbbfrfwa}/gfnnax} dkb }fyfkc dkb modrfkc màefmdn

mok}qe|rfok. sdrax dkb akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}}.cakaxdra} s`fra sdrax

Fkracxdrab |qn| dkb |d|ax efnn9 owaxwfas


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Jxdgr \qn|fkc


5/143


6/143

M`f||ax} ]mxaak}

M`f|}

}fno Bfca}rax} Hnos rdkj

Bq}r}mxaak

Bq}rò||ax

Xam`f||ax

\xaàdraxSHN rdkj

S`franftqox rdkj Mvmnoka

Hnosax

Mokbak}dra|or}

s`franftqox

ro hnos

rdkj

wakr} rohnos rdkj

nftqfb robfca}rax

|qxcab dfx

N\/E\}rade

|xoma}} sdraxgox gnq}`fkc

SHN

N\/E\}rade

}rademokbak}dra

nftqoxxaiamr} dmma|r}

xaiamr}

soob bq}r

xaiamr}

m`f|}

Sd}`fkc 'sfkkosfkc

Bahdxjfkc ]roxdca Rxdk}|oxr 'mokwavdkmagqan ofn

xds edraxfdn|xoma}}sdrax

màefmdn}|xdv}

bxdfkdcasdrax

|xoma}}sdrax

hdxj aggnqakr

aggnqakr

|xoma}}

sdrax

aggnqakr bq}r ' kof}a|xohnae}

dfx|onnqrfok

kof}a|onnqrfok

dfx|onnqrfok

dfx ' kof}a|onnqrfok |xohnae}

Soob hd}ab \qn|fkc qkfr


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]roxdca. @dkbnfkc dkb \xa|dxdrfok ogXds%edraxfdn} gox \qn|fkc

Rxdk}|oxrdrfok dkb nomdn `dkbnfkc og xds edraxfdn}fkwonwa}

Mok}qe|rfok og gqan ofn dkb anamrxfmdn akaxcv Dqroeohfna ap`dq}r aef}}fok} dkb nomdn dfx |onnqrfok

|xohnae} Kof}a |onnqrfok D}}omfdrab sfr` dmmfbakrdn xf}j}

Xds edraxfdn }roxdca f} d}}omfdrab sfr` D||nfmdrfok og xds edraxfdn |xa}axwfkc m`aefmdn }|xdv}

Q}a og sdrax gox qkbaxsdrax }roxdca Aggnqakr cakaxdrfok gxoe qkbaxsdrax }roxdca ]roxe sdrax xqk ogg gxoe }roxdca }fra No}} og xds edraxfdn ok }roxdca

D}}omfdrab gfxa dydxb}


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]roxdca. @dkbnfkc dkb \xa|dxdrfok og

Xds%edraxfdn} gox \qn|fkc

Bahdxjfkc Anamrxfmdn akaxcv mok}qe|rfok fk eam`dkfmdn bahdxjfkc Sdrax mok}qe|rfok fk sar bahdxjfkc

Aggnqakr cakaxdrfok gxoe sar bahdxjfkc Bxv ox sar hdxj cakaxdrfok

Sd}`fkc dkb sfkkosfkc Anamrxfmdn akaxcv mok}qe|rfok fk hor` sd}`fkc dkb

sfkkosfkc Sdrax mok}qe|rfok fk sd}`fkc Aggnqakr cakaxdrfok gxoe sd}`fkc Bq}r |onnqrfok gxoe sfkkosfkc Kof}a |onnqrfok gxoe sfkkosfkc


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]roxdca. @dkbnfkc dkb \xa|dxdrfok og

Xds%edraxfdn} gox \qn|fkc M`f||fkc ox mxq}`fkc dkb mqrrfkc

Anamrxfmdn akaxcv mok}qe|rfok Bq}r |onnqrfok

Kof}a |onnqrfok Gfxa `dydxb d}}omfdrab sfr` m`f||fkc

]mxaakfkc og m`f|} Anamrxfmdn akaxcv mok}qe|rfok

Soob bq}r cakaxdrfok Bq}r |onnqrfok Kof}a |onnqrfok Gfxa `dydxb d}}omfdrab sfr` }mxaakfkc


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Bfca}rax

\xa%ad

rax Bfca}rax

\xa%

`

adrax

Nftqfb}a|dxdrox

Hnosax

|qxcab cd}

}rade

nftqox

nftqox

s`fra nftqox

SHN dkb/ox sdrax

|xa|dxabxds edraxfdn

nftqox

wakr cd}a}

nftqox

nftqox}drqxdrabE\ }rade

}rademokbak}dra

Bfca}rax\xa%

àdrax

wakrcd}a}

nftqox

nftqox

òr sdrax

s`fra nftqox' SHN

\@ nftqox '\@ sd}` nftqox

bfca}rax\xa%

àdrax

wakr cd}a}

nftqox

nftqox}drqxdrabE\ }rade

}rademokbak}dra

D+ H+

B+M+

D+ \xa`vbxonv}f}H+ \@ nftqox bxdfkfkcM+ ]qngdra moojfkcB+ Bfca}rax nodbfkc

Jxdgr |qn|fkc |xoma}}(apmnqba} hnosfkc dkb hnos àdr xamowaxv o|axdrfok}&


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Bfca}rax\xa%

àdrax

}rade

nftqox

nftqox

Hnos rdkj

Mvmnoka}a|dxdrox

\xfedxvmokbak}ox

]amokbdxvmokbak}ox

Mokbak}dragfnrax

@adrapm`dkcax

@or mokbak}dra}amrfok

Monb mokbak}dra}amrfok

|xoma}} sdrax

òr |xoma}} sdrax

wakr og kok%mokbak}fhna}

òrmokbak}dra

monb mokbak}dra

monbmokbak}dra

SHN

|qn| hnosfkc dkbxahnosfkc

hnoswd|oqx}

hnosk |qn|gox |xoma}}fkc

wd|oqx}' mokbak}dra

|xoma}} sdrax gox|qn| sd}` bosk

xamowaxab|qn|

mokbak}drahnos bosk

\qn| Hnosfkc dkb Hnos @adr Xamowaxv ]v}rae


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Jxdgr \qn|fkc

Moojfkc/|qn|fkc

Bo}fkc og dkr`xdtqfkoka gox mdrdnv}fkc rà |qn|fkc |xoma}} ]rade mok}qe|rfok fk rà àdr apm`dkcax og rà bfca}rax Cakaxdrfok og }rade mokbak}dra dr rà apraxkdn àdr apm`dkcax Cakaxdrfok og wakr cd}a} xfm` fk xabqmab }qcdx moe|oqkb}

Hnosfkc og |qn|

Cakaxdrfok og wakr cd}a} xfm` fk xabqmab }qcdx moe|oqkb} Xanad}a og hnos wd|oqx} gxoe rà hnos rdkj Bfxamr }rade fkiamrfok gox gdmfnfrdrfkc xahnos Hndmj nftqox gxoe rà }a|dxdra hnosfkc og nftqox dkb |qn|

Hnos àdr xamowaxv Akrxdfkab gfhax }a|dxdrab dr mvmnoka }a|dxdrox Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox mfxmqndrfkc goqn mokbak}dra r`xoqc`

bfxamr mokrdmr mokbak}ax} dkb àdr apm`dkcax} Kok%mokbak}fhna cd}a} ogg rà mokbak}ax}

Apma}} goqn mokbak}dra owaxgnos} og mokbak}dra dmmqeqndrfokrdkj


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]rokarxd|}

Hnos rdkj

BB sd}`gfnrxdrardkj

QH mà}r%4

\xf+Makrxf%

mnadkax}

QH mà}r%8

\xf+|xa}}+}mxaak

BBsd}àx

\xa}}qxajkorrax

\qn|r`fmjakax

R`fmjakaxGfn+ rdkj

QH @BrosaxWfhxdroxv}mxaak

]|fnn rdkj

]dkb rxd|

Wdmqqe

|qe| ]adn|or

Wdmqqe

|qe|

Makrxfgqcdn

}a|dxdrox

]adn|or

Makrxfgqcdn

}a|dxdrox

]am+|xa}}+}mxaak

Wfhxdroxv

}mxaak

Raxr+Makrxf

mnadkax

]am+Makrxf%mnadkax

Gfhaxefyax

Tqdxr+mnadkax

@8]O2Bo}fkc

rdkj

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

xaiamr}

dmma|r}

jkor}

SHN SHN

SHN

?

?

òrsdrax/QHBJ sdrax

?

wakr

gode

nftqfb

wakr

?

4

4+ SHN romàefmdn xamowaxv |ndkrhnos rdkj. bfca}rax.

|xa}}qxa jkorrax. arm+

xaiamr}

xaiamr}

QHBJsdrax

QHBJsdrax

jkor}

dmma|r}

dmma|

r}

dmma|r}

QHBJsdrax

dmma|

r}

dmma|

r}

d

mma|

r}

dmma|

r}

xaiamr}efnn sdrax

QHBJ sdrax

QHBJ sdrax

QHBJ sdrax

efnn sdrax

QHBJ sdraxgox xaq}a$

efnn sdrax@8]O2

qkhnadmàb|qn|

hnosk |qn|

\qn| |xoma}}fkc


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Hnos rdkj Iqkj rxd|\xffedxv}mxaak

Hxosk}romjSd}`ax%4

]amokbdxv

}mxaak

Wfhxdroxv}mxaak

]romj m`a}r

@B

mnadkax

]dkb rxd|

dmma|r}

xaiamr}dmma|r}

SHNgox bfnqrfok

SHN

jkor} xaiamrab

xaiamr}

dmma|r}

SHNHN nadj}

gxoe H]S HN gxoe}|fnn }qe|}

xaiamr}

dmma|r}SHN

hnosk|qn|

bfca}raxwakr}

hnos wd|oqx}

\qn| }mxaakfkc


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H]S %4

]adn rdkj

H]S %8

]adn rdkj

H]S %=

]adn rdkj

H]S %2

]adn rdkj

Gode rosaxHN gfnrax

Gfnraxab

HN rdkjSHN gox

}adnfkc |qx|o}a}

48

hnosk

|qn|

sd}àb

|qn|

4+ SHN gox bfnqrfok dkb mok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr |qx|o}a} fk

|qn|fkc dkb qkhnadmàb |qn| |xoma}}fkc |qx|o}a}

8+ SHN ro màefmdn xamowaxv |ndkr

òr |xoma}} sdrax

gode

gode gode

SHN

gode

wakr cd}a}

Eqnrf}rdca Moqkrax%mqxxakr Hxosk ]romj Sd}`fkc%


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\qn| \xoma}}fkc

\qn| }mxaakfkc Anamrxfmdn |osax gox |qe|fkc rà |qn| r`xoqc` rà }mxaak} dkb

gox xordrfkc ox wfhxdrfkc rà }mxaak} Godefkc dkb nftqox }|drrfkc |xohnae} dr rà wfhxdroxv }mxaak} Rxde| edraxfdn cakaxdrab dr rà |xa}}qxa }mxaak} Q}a og sdrax$ gox |qn| }rxade} bfnqrfok dkb anqrxfrfok Jkor} cakaxdrab gxoe rà }mxaakfkc

\qn| sd}`fkc Q}a og sdrax gox |qn| sd}`fkc fk rà xa|qn|ax. fk rà

bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} dkb fk rà wdr. dkb dn}o gox mnadkfkcrà }mxaak |ndra og bxqe sd}àx}

Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox rà |qe|fkc dkb mfxmqndrfok og|qn|/nftqox dkb gox xordrfkc rà bxqe Hdb oboqx} dkb goqn }eann} gxoe rà bxqe sd}àx} Godefkc |xohnae} dr rà }adn rdkj Hndmj nftqox cakaxdrfok gxoe rà |qn| sd}`fkc


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\qn| \xoma}}fkc

\qn| mnadkfkc Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox |qe|fkc rà |qn| r`xoqc` rà eqnrf}rdca

makrxf%mnadkax} Anqrxfdrfok gnqfb q}a fk rà }romj }dwax og @B mnadkax Sdrax q}a gox |qn| bfnqrfok ro gdmfnfrdra makrxf%mnadkfkc Xaiamr} (`fc` bak}frv |dxrfmna}& cakaxdrfok dr @B mnadkax Xaiamr} (cxfr& dr rà eqnrf}rdca makrxf%mnadkax

Bamjax sd}`fkc dkb |qn| r`fmjakfkc Q}a og sdrax gox |qn| sd}`fkc fk rà bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax}

dkb gox mnadkfkc rà }mxaak |ndra og bxqe sd}àx} Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox rà |qe|fkc dkb mfxmqndrfok og

|qn|/sdrax dkb gox rà xordrfok og bxqe Bamjax sd}`sdrax cakaxdrfok


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@adrax}amrfok

Gnd}`fkc}amrfok

Mokbak}dranac

Mokbak}dra|or

mokbak}dra)1

gnd}àbwd|oqx})=

mokbak}dra gxoeoràx aggamr}

kok%mokbak}dhnacd}a})2

Hndmj nftqox

mokmakrxdrabhndmj nftqox)4

àdrfkceabfqe)8

)4 coa} ro kapr aggamr gox gqxràx mokmakrxdrfkc

)8 q}qdnnv N\ }rade fk 4}r aggamr ox gnd}àbwd|oqx} gxoe oràx aggamr} ox GMA

)= q}ab d} àdrfkc eabfqe fk }oea oràx aggamrox }akr ro rà }qxgdma mokbak}ox

)2 }qmjab oqr sfr` rà àn| og d }rade aiamrox

)1 bxdfkab oqr d} goqn mokbak}dra ox xaq}abd} òr sdrax

Rv|fmdn Aggamr og d Eqnrf|na Aggamr Awd|oxdrfok ]v}rae


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\xamoonax

]qxgdmamokbak}ox

]adn |or

\xfedxv]radeaiamrox

Fkrax moonax

]amokbdxv]radeaiamrox

Dgrax moonax

gnd}àb wd|oqx} dkbkok%mokbak}dhna cd}a}

goqn mokbak}dra

moonfkcsdrax

moonfkcsdrax

kok%mokbak+cd}a}

E\ }rade

E\ }rade

sdrax

sdrax

sdraxkok%mokb+cd}a}mokbak}dra

mokbak}dra

mokbak}dra

wakr og kok%Mokbak}dhna cd}a}

]màedrfm og d Gnd}àb Wd|oqx} dkb Kok%mokbak}dhna Cd}a}@dkbnfkc ]v}rae (GWKC @dkbnfkc ]v}rae&


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Wd|oqx}a|dxdroxog GMA%8

@adrapm`dkca

xog GMA%4

N\}rade

}rade mokb+

goqn mokbak}draro EAA }v}rae%=

}aef%mokm+hndmj nftqox

wakr gox kok%mokb+ cd}a}


@adrapm`dkca

xog GMA%4

N\}rade

}rade mokb+



@adrapm`dkca

xog GMA%4

N\}rade

}rade mokb+


ro RHN}roxdca rdkj

goqn mokbak}dra roEAA }v}rae%4 ' 8

goqn mokbak}draro EAA }v}rae%2

hndmj nftqox hndmj nftqox

]m`aedrfm og d goxmab mfxmqndrfok awd|oxdrfok }v}rae


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Mnadkfkc og Hndmj Nftqoxmokmakrxdrfkc gdmfnfrfa}

F}ondrfkc rà gdmfnfrv gox mnadkfkc Bxdfkfkc rà hndmj nftqox |xa}akr fkro SHN }roxdca rdkj Gnq}`fkc rà gdmfnfrv sfr` sdrax dkb rdjfkc gnq}`fkc} d} SHN Mfxmqndrfkc or sdrax sfr` mnadkfkc màefmdn} (KdO@/ @8]O2/

efprqxa og @8]O2 ' }obfqe }qngdra& r`xoqc` rà gdmfnfrv dkbgfkdnnv bxdfkfkc mfxmqndrfkc }onqrfok ro rà SHN }roxdca rdkj

O|akfkc rà gdmfnfrv. moonfkc dkb mnadkfkc rà fkraxfox sfr`sdrax iar}. dkb bxdfkfkc oqr rà sd}` sdrax d} sd}rasdrax

Mno}fkc rà gdmfnfrv dkb gfnnfkc sfr` |xoma}} sdrax dkb jaa|fkc fr

xadbv gox rdjfkc fkro nfka (sdrax f} bxdfkab oqr |xfox ro q}a$& Sdrax gox gnq}`fkc dkb mnadkfkc og rà gdmfnfrv @or sdrax gox edjfkc rà mnadkfkc màefmdn }onqrfok \xoma}} sdrax gox rà mnadkab gdmfnfrv gfnnfkc Sd}rasdrax cakaxdrfok gxoe rà mnadkfkc o|axdrfok}


24/143

SHN Mokmakrxdrfkc ]amrfok

Mokmakrxdrfkc fk eqnrf|na aggamr awd|oxdrox fkwonwa} hndmj nftqox |xaàdrfkc |xfox ro |d}}fkc r`xoqc`

EAA 8 ox eoxa aggamr} mokkamrab fk }axfa} dxa q}ab

]rade/goqn wd|oqx} dxa q}ab fk rà adrfkc }amrfok ok }ànn}fba ]rade/goqn mokbak}dra f} cakaxdrab Akrxdfkab nftqox f} }a|dxdrab fk rà wd|oqx }a|dxdrox Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox mfxmqndrfkc rà nftqox

Goxmab mfxmqndrfok awd|oxdrox N| }rade f} q}ab gox àdrfkc rà ]MHN ]rade mokbak}dra cakaxdrab dr rà ]MHN Goqn wd|oqx} gxoe rà gnd}`fkc og }q|ax àdrab nftqox Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox mfxmqndrfkc rà nftqox


25/143

SHN Mokmakrxdrfkc ]amrfok

Goqn wd|oqx} dkb kok%mokbak}dhna cd}a} `dkbnfkc }v}rae @dkbna} goqn wd|oqx} gxoe rà 4}r aggamr dkb kok%mokbak}dhna

cd}a} dmmqeqndrfkc ok }ànn }fba og àdrfkc }amrfok} og dnnaggamr}

Fkmnqba} d |xamoonax ($&. }qxgdma mokbak}ax(}&. dkb }radeaiamrox} sfr` moonax} ograk wdmqqe |qe|} xa|ndma }radeaiamrox}

Q}a og mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax fk }qxgdma mokbak}ax ok rqha}fba

Q}a og sdrax gox }|xdv moonfkc fk rà |xamoonax dkb fk ràmoonax} d}}omfdrab sfr` }rade aiamrox}

]rade mok}qe|rfok fk rà }rade aiamrox} Goqn mokbak}dra cakaxdrfok dr rà }qxgdma mokbak}ax Mokbak}dra cakaxdrfok dr rà moonax} d}}omfdrab sfr` rà

}rade aiamrox} Kok%mokbak}dhna cd}a} wakrab dr rà moonax og nd}r }rade


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]q|axàdrax

Gqxkdma

Amokoefyax

]radebxqe

Eqb bxqe

A]\

Badaxdrfok

rdkj

}rade

hofnax gaab sdrax

wakr

}rade gox}oor hnosfkc

}rade ro ràrqxhfka àdbax

GB gdk

Dfx|xa%

àdrax

FB gdk

]rdmj

HN|xa%

àdrax

Efpfkcrdkj

D}`rkdj

A]\ d}`

A]\ d}`

RHN

RHN

RHN

RHN

}dnr mdja

E\ }rade

moehq}rfok dfx

raxr+

}am++

|xfe+

mokb+

E\ }rade

mokb+

ò||ax d}`

ò||axd}`

SSN

ro SHN}roxdca rdkj

]eanrBf}}onwfk

crdkj

wakr}radeSSN

cxaak nftqox

}eanr

Soob '

gqxkdma ofn

hv|d}}

wakrab }rade

\xoma}} gnos bfdcxde og d xamowaxv hofnax


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Màefmdn Xamowaxv Hofnax

\xa|dxdrfok dkb nodbfkc og hndmj nftqox }onfb} gox moehq}rfokfk rà hofnax gqxkdma Dbbfrfok }dnr mdja (Kd8]O2& dkb efpfkc og xamowaxab d}` ]rade mok}qe|rfok gox àdrfkc rà hndmj nftqox ]rade mokbak}dra cakaxdrfok gxoe àdrfkc rà hndmj nftqox

Akaxcv gox |qe|fkc dkb nodbfkc hndmj nftqox }onfb} ro ràhofnax gqxkdma

]q||nv og moehq}rfok dfx Akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà GB gdk}

]rade mok}qe|rfok gox |xaàdrfkc rà moehq}rfok dfx ]rade mokbak}dra cakaxdrfok gxoe moehq}rfok dfx |xaàdrfkcGaab sdrax }q||nv dkb }rade cakaxdrfok

Hofnax hnosbosk sdrax cakaxdrfok


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Gnqa cd}a} dkb ràfx rxadreakr dkb bf}|o}dn Akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà A]\ Akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà FB gdk Cakaxdrfok og d}` dr rà A]\ dkb fk rà ò||ax} og hofnax.

amokoefyax. dfx |xaàdrax. arm+ Ap`dq}r cd}a} aefrrab fkro dreo}|àxa r`xoqc` }rdmj

Cxaak nftqox |xobqmrfok gxoe }eanr Sdrax gox }eanr bf}}onwfkc Sdrax ox mfxmqndrfkc sdrax gox moonfkc rà }|oqr mokwavfkc

}eanr ]rade gox }`qrraxfkc rà }eanr }rxade gdnnfkc fkro }eanrbf}}onwfkc rdkj

Akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà `fc` wonqea xamfxmqndrfok |qe| Wakr wd|oqx} og rà bf}}onwfkc rdkj

Ap|no}fok xf}j} d}}omfdrab sfr` }eanr bf}}onwfkc



29/143

]rdxrq| dkb }`qr bosk o|axdrfok} og xamowaxv hofnax Gqxkdma ofn mok}qe|rfok bqxfkc }rdxrq| d} gqan Soob mok}qe|rfok gox fkfrfdrfkc rà hqxkfkc |xoma}} ]rade wakrab bqxfkc }rdxrq| rfnn ba}fxab |xa}}qxa ' rae|+

xadmàb

Gqxkdma ofn moehq}rfok fk |ndma og HN }onfb} bqxfkc }`qrbosk

]rade wakrab bqxfkc }`qr bosk okma rae|+ ' |xa}+ bxo|}hanos

Sdrax q}a gox mnadkfkc rà hofnax fkraxfox}

Sd}rasdrax cakaxdrfok gxoe rà mnadkfkcEdfkrakdkma dkb aeaxcakmv }frqdrfok} edkdcaeakr

@fc` |xa}}qxa }rade mok}qe|rfok fk }oor hnosfkc Sdraxsdnn rqha nadj} ' xf}j og ap|no}fwa efprqxa og }eanr '

sdrax

Xf}j og RHN bfnqrfok og sfr` sdrax gxoe rqha nadj} fk hofnax


h r nf


30/143

C/N}mxaakfk

c

NES%4

C/N

mndxfgfax

C/N

}roxdca

C/N\xa%

àdrfkc

Bxqe

}ndmjax}

Rxoeean}mxaak

Cxfrmnd}}fgfax

Mdq}rfmfyax}( 8

qkfr}&

Xamdq}r+mfyax}

S/Nmndxfgfax}

S/N }rox+rdkj}

cxaak nftqox (C/N&

Bxac}efpax

sd}àx

NESefpax

NES%8

NESefpax

NES%=

SSN

Xordxvbxqegfnrax

]adn |fr

Mvmnoka}a|dxdro

xWdmqqe

|qe|

Wdmqqe\nqea

|fr

@orsdraxrdkj

Xahqxkrnfea hfk

}mxaakfkc} bxac}

òrsdrax

sd}àb bxac}

N\ }rade

goqn mokbak}dra|xoma}} sdrax

hqxkr nfea

}roka' cxdwan

cxfr

òr sdraxN\ }rade wakr}

S`franftqox

Nfea eqbSN ro |qn| efnn

dfx

dfxgfnrxdra

basdraxab

nfea eqb gfnrxdra

}adnfkc 'moonfkc sdrax

|xoma}}sdrax

|xoma}}sdrax

òr sdrax

nfea eqb

owaxgnos}owaxgnos}

SSN goxxaq}a òr sdrax

\xoma}} gnos bfdcxde og d mdq}rfmfyfkc qkfr

f


31/143

Xordxvwdmqqe

bxqe gfnrax

]adn |fr

Mvmnoka}a|dxdrox

Wdmqqe|qe|

Wdmqqe|nqea |fr

sd}`abnfea eqb

sdrax goxbf}|ndmaeakr}`osax

sdrax gox}mxaak |ndramnadkfkc

moe|xa}}ab dfxgox }mxaak |ndra

Mnadkfkc $gfnrxdra

akrxdfkabgfnrxdra

dfx

sdrax gox cndkb}adnfkc ' moonfkc

dfx wakr

cndkb }adnfkc' moonfkc sdrax

gfnrxdra d}}adn |fr owaxgnos}

dfx

basdraxabnfea eqb

\xoma}} gnos bfdcxde og nfea eqb basdraxfkc }v}rae


32/143

Mdq}rfmfyfkc

Cxaak nftqox |xoma}}fkc dkb bxac} sd}`fkc ]rade gox àdrfkc rà cxaak nftqox @or sdrax gox sd}`fkc rà bxac} Bxac} gxoe rà }mxaakfkc dkb mndxfgfmdrfok og cxaak nftqox

Nfea }ndmjfkc dkb cxaak nftqox mdq}rfmfyfkc ]roka} dkb oràx fe|qxfrfa} gxoe }ndmjab }nqxxv }mxaakfkc @or sdrax gox sd}`fkc rà cxfr fk rà cxfr mnd}}fgfax Cxfr }a|dxdrab gxoe rà }ndmjab }nqxxv dr cxfr mnd}}fgfax

]rade fkiamrfok fk rà mdq}rfmfyfkc rdkj} ]|fnndca og nfea Nfea gox mdq}rfmfyfkc


33/143

Mdq}rfmfyfkc

Nfea eqb sd}`fkc @or sdrax gox nfea eqb sd}`fkc Nfea eqb sd}`sdrax (SSN& gxoe rà eqb sd}`fkc ]rade gox cakaxdrfkc òr sdrax gxoe |xoma}} sdrax

Nfea eqb basdraxfkc @or sdrax q}a fk rà bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} og xordxv wdmqqe

basdraxfkc bxqe Sdrax gox cndkb }adnfkc dkb cndkb moonfkc og rà wdmqqe

|qe|

Cndkb }adnfkc dkb cndkb moonfkc sd}rasdrax Moe|xa}}ab dfx gox mnadkfkc rà }mxaak |ndra ]adn |fr owaxgnos} og rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe kof}a |onnqrfok gxoe rà xordxv bxqe dkb gxoe rà wdmqqe

|qe|


34/143


35/143

Mdnmfkdrfok fk nfeajfnk

Gqxkdma ofn (ox cd}& gox gfxfkc fk rà nfea jfnk }rade gox |xaàdrfkc rà gqxkdma ofn ]rade mokbak}dra gxoe gqxkdma ofn àdrfkc

Akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà GB dkb FB gdk} @or |xobqmr nfea (;61


36/143

Sd}ra efkfefydrfok ead}qxa}

]roxdca dkb `dkbnfkc dkb |xa|dxdrfok og xds edraxfdn ]oqxma xds edraxfdn} nomdnnv. efkfefya fkwakroxv dkb |xdmrfma

gfx}r xamafwab gfx}r q}ab ]roxa ok nfkab fe|axwfoq} }qxgdma. }acxacdra xqk ogg gox |xo|ax

rxadreakr dkb bf}|o}dn Fk md}a og qkbaxsdrax }roxdca r`a }roxdca sdrax xatqfxa}

rxadreakr Xaq}a og hdxj dkb soob bq}r (d} gqan$& Xamvmna dkb xaq}a r`a sd}`sdrax dkb sarbahdxjfkc sdrax

Mokrxon bq}r |onnqrfok gxoe sfkkosfkc Mokrxon kof}a |onnqrfok }|amfdnnv gxoe m`f||fkc Gfxa gfc`rfkc gdmfnfrfa} dkb |xawakrfok og gfxa dmmfbakr}


37/143


\qn|fkc

Efkfefya bfxamr fkiamrfok q}a og }rade (efkfefya xahnos}& dkbxamowax àdr gxoe }rade mokbak}dra cakaxdrab dr apraxkdnàdr apm`dkcax}

Xamowax àdr gxoe hnos wd|oqx}. xoqra wakr wd|oqx} og ràbfca}rax} r`xoqc` r`f} }v}rae. dkb bfxamr kok%mokbak}dhna

cd}a} fkro rà xamowaxv hofnax gqxkdma Rxadreakr og \@ nftqox (nos |@. fc` rae|+. dkb fc` }rxakcr`

sd}rasdrax sfr` mxq}r goxefkc mokrdefkdkr}& dkb \@ sd}`nftqox

kaqrxdnfydrfok sfr` nfea dr anawdrab rae|axdrqxa ro cakaxdra

}nqbca (mdk ha hqxkr d} gqan& dkdaxohfm bfca}rfok dkb hfocd} cakaxdrfok

Xaq}a goqn mokbak}dra dkb fr} àdr mokrakr fg kaabab dgrax |xa%rxadreakr (ràxeo|`fnfm dkdaxohfm bfca}rfok&


38/143


\qn| |xoma}}fkc Xa|qn| sd}àb jkor} ox q}a ràe d} gqan Efkfef}a sdrax q}a fk |qn| sd}`fkc dkb cakaxdra SHN og

`fcàx mok}f}rakmv

Dwofb q}a og sdrax fk }mxaak |ndra mnadkfkc Q}a hndmj nftqox gox |qn| bfnqrfok dkb anqrxfrfok }rdxrfkc gxoe

xahnosfkc ro sd}`fkc

Efkfefya sd}rasdrax cakaxdrfok gxoe bamjax sd}`fkc ogmnadkab |qn|

Q}a gox |qn| mok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr }|amfdnnv bqxfkc mnadkfkc Fk rà dh}akma og màefmdn xamowaxv |ndkr SHN (`fcàx |@.

`fc` }rxakcr`. `fc` RB] dkb òr sd}rasdrax& xatqfxa}rxadreakr


39/143


SHN mokmakrxdrfkc ]acxacdra goqn mokbak}dra gxoe }rade mokbak}dra dkb xaq}a rà

goqn mokbak}dra dr dnn |o}}fhna |ndma} @dwa }a|dxdra mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax }v}rae gox rà bfxamr

mokrdmr mokbak}ax} d}}omfdrab sfr` rà }rade aiamrox} dkbxaq}a rà rosax hnosbosk sdrax d} coob tqdnfrv goqnmokbak}dra

Xoqra kok%mokbak}dhna cd}a} og rà }rade aiamrox }v}rae fkrorà gqxkdma og rà xamowaxv hofnax

Efkfefya sdrax q}a fk rà awd|oxdrox} }amrfok (sadj s`franftqox. SSN. edv ha q}ab fk |ndma og |xoma}} sdrax}|amfdnnv fg ap|amrab ro bfnqra rà hndmj nftqox

Mdk }rade aiamrox} ha xa|ndmab hv wdmqqe |qe|} o|axdrab ok}rade $


40/143


Monnamr rà }rade mokbak}dra cakaxdrab dr bfggaxakr |ndma}dkb }q||nv d} hofnax gaab sdrax

Goxmab mfxmqndrfok awd|oxdrox

RHN |xaàdrfkc Moehq}rfok dfx |xaàdrfkc dr xamowaxv hofnax Gqxkdma ofn |xaadrfkc dr nfea jfnk

Xamowax àdr/sdrax gxoe xamowaxv hofnax hnosboskEfkfefya rà gxatqakmv og }rdxrq|} dkb }`qrbosk}Mokbak}a rà }rade wakrab oqr bqxfkc }rdxrq| dkb }`qrbosk

o|axdrfok} ro xamowax sdrax

f f f f


41/143


Efkfefya s`fra nftqox bfnqrfok dkb SSN cakaxdrfok r`xoqc`mok}axwdrfwa q}a og (òr& sdrax dkb/ox }rade bfxamrnv

Bxqe }ndmjax dkb cxfr mnd}}fgfax Bxac} sd}`fkc dkb xamdq}rfmfyfkc Bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} og nfea eqb basdraxfkc (xordxv

wdmqqe bxqe basdraxfkc qkfr ]mxqhhfkc og nfeajfnk ap`dq}r

Q}a og goqn mokbak}dra fk |ndma og òr sdrax cakaxdrab gxoe|xoma}} sdrax r`xoqc` fkiamrfkc }rade

Q}a òr sdrax cakaxdrab fk hnos àdr xamowaxv }v}rae$Xaq}a dnn rà sadj s`fra nftqox

Fk xamowaxv hofnax gox bf}}onwfkc }eanr Fk rà SHN mokmakrxdrfkc }amrfok gox mnadkfkc |qx|o}a}

|xowfbab rà sd}`sdrax f} rdjak fkro sadj hndmj nftqoxXamowax bq}r gxoe nfeajfnk ap`dq}r dkb xamvmna ro rà jfnk


42/143

\qn| Hnadm`fkc Qkfr


43/143

Hnadm`fkc

M`noxfka hnadm`fkcM`noxfka%m`noxfka bfopfba hnadm`fkc (AMG&M`noxfka bfopfba hnadm`fkc@v|o hnadm`fkc

RMGOpvcak hnadm`fkcOyoka hnadm`fkc\axopfba hnadm`fkc

Hfo ox akyvea hnadm`fkcDnjdnf aprxdmrfokDnjdnf%opvcak aprxdmrfok


44/143

Hnadm`fkc }rdca Efnn%4 Efnn%8 Efnn%= Efnn%2

Opvcak banfckfgfmdrfok Oyoka banfckfgfmdrfok Akyvedrfm rxadreakr og|qn|

M`noxfka hnadm`fkc 4 Mn8 MnO8 hnadm`fkc 4 4 4Aprxdmrfok 8 Opfbdrfwa aprxdmrfok Opfbdrfwa |axopfbaaprxdmrfok

8 8 8

MnO8 hnadm`fkc 2 =. 2 1

@v|o m`noxfra hnadm`fkc = =. 2 =. 2\axopfba hnadm`fkc 1

Oxbax og hnadm` }rdca} f} }`osk hv kdrqxdn kqehax} }rdxrfkc gxoe 4(kr kqehax fkbfmdra} kr }rdca fk r`a hnadm`fkc }atqakma&

Hnadm`fkc ]atqakma Dbo|rab


45/143

\o}r hnadm` o|axdrfok}MakrxfmnadkfkcR`fmjakfkc dkb sd}`fkc

]axwfma} dkb }q||oxr dmrfwfrfa}/o|axdrfok} og ràhnadm` |ndkr

M`fnnab sdrax |ndkr

Ok%}fra |xobqmrfok ogM`noxfka bfopfba]obfqe/mdnmfqe `v|om`noxfra]qngqx bfopfbaOpvcakOyoka

@dkbnfkc og `dydxboq} màefmdn} q}ab fk rà hnadm` |ndkrM`noxfka. }obfqe m`noxdra. }qngqxfm dmfb. ear`dkon. arm+`dkbnfkc og gqea}. wakr cd}a} dkb gode

Hnadm` \ndkr

Cakaxfm hnadm` }rdca


46/143


Gdmfnfrfa} dkb atqf|eakr @adrax efpax ro xf}a |qn| rae|+ hv }rade fkiamrfok

EM efpax ro efp hnadm` màefmdn} sfr` |qn| ]rdkb |f|a. |qe| dkb |f|fkc % gox nfgrfkc eabfqe ro `fc`

mok}f}rakmv |qn| ro xadmrfok rosax} Xadmrfok rosax (afràx q|%gnos ox bosk%gnos rv|a. ox

bosk%gnos rv|a sfr` dk fkfrfdn nac og q|%gnos rqha& \qn| sd}àx (xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx& fkmnqba} wdr.

xordxv wdmqqe bxqe. xa|qn|ax. bxo| hdxoearxfm nac}adnab fk }adn |fr. dkb |qe|} dkb |f|fkc

]adn |fr owaxgnos} (hdmjsdrax& f} xaq}ab fk9 xa|qn|ax og rà |xawfoq} }rdca oqrnar og rà hnadm` rosax gox |qn| bfnqrfok dkb |qe|fkc wdr og rà }dea hnadm` }rdca bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax hdkj} og rà bxqe sd}àx}

=Hnadm`fkc màefmdn}


47/143

@adraxefpax

]rdkb |f|a' |qe|

EM efpax Hnadm`fkcrosax

Xordxvwdmqqe

bxqesd}àx

]adn rdkj

Xa|qn|ax

ro xa|qn|ax og |xawfoq}}rdca ' ro oràx|ofkr} gox xaq}a

Hnadm` aggnqakr

Hdmj sdrax gxoekapr hnadm`fkc }rdca

4+

8+

Hnadm`fkc màefmdn}

=+

2+

1+

c

}rade

\qn| gxoe

xa|qn|ax og|xawfoq} }rdca

\qn| ro rà kapr}rdca og hnadm`fkc

Gfnrxdragox wdr

bfnqrfok

Hdmjsdraxgox }adnfkc

4+ Sdrax gox rà bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax hdkj} (|xoma}} sdrax.òr sdrax. goqn mokbak}dra ox hdmjsdrax og rà }dea

}rdca ox }oea oràx }rdca og hnadm`fkc&8+ Sdrax dkb moe|xa}}ab dfx fk rà }òsax} eadkr gox

mnadkfkc rà }mxaak |ndra og rà xordxv bxqe=+ Wakr gqea} ro ha monnamrab rxadrab dkb bf}|o}ab2+ Gqea} ro ha monnamrab rxadrab dkb bf}|o}ab sfr` rà àn|

og dk akmno}fkc òob dkb wakrfndrfok }v}rae1+ Gode ro rà gode monnamrfok dkb `dkbnfkc }v}rae

Rv|fmdn hnadm` }rdca


48/143


Hnadm` màefmdn} dxa bo}ab dr xa|qn|ax dkb EM efpax Sdrax f} xatqfxab gox

\qn| bfnqrfok fk xa|qn|ax

]adnfkc dkb gdmfnfrdrfkc |qe|fkc dr rà }rdkb|f|a dkb |qe| \qn| bfnqrfok gox gdmfnfrdrfkc |qe|fkc gxoe rà xadmrfok rosax Wdr |qn| bfnqrfok fk xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx Bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} og rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx \axgoxdrab }mxaak |ndra mnadkfkc og rà xordxv bxqe sdrax

]rade mok}qe|rfok gox bfxamr àdrfkc og |qn| fk rà àdraxefpax


49/143

Cakaxfm hnadm` }rdca Gqea}. wd|oqx} dkb gode gxoe

Xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx (monnamrab hv òob& Xadmrfok rosax

]adn |fr og rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}iax @dkbnab hv dmrfwa wakrfndrfok }v}rae }q||oxrab mvmnokfm

}a|dxdrox }mxqhhax. arm+

]adn |fr owaxgnos} Eo}rnv xaq}ab afràx fk rà }dea hnadm` }rdca ox fk rà

q|}rxade hnadm` }rdca gox |qn| bfnqrfok Xa}r f} bxdfkab oqr d} sd}rasdrax

Wakr cd}a}


50/143

Gode rdkj ]mxqhhax

Ef}ranfefkdrox

]adn |fr

Hnosax

]qe|

Wakr og sd}àx dkb}adn |fr og A/O }rdca

Wakr og hnadm`Bamjax sd}àx

Hdmjsdrax og A/O}rdca gox }|xdv

Gode gxoe }adn |fr}og M/B. B4 dkb B8

hnadm` }rdca}

Aggnqakr ro bxdfk

Wakr cd}a}

Mvmnoka}a|dxdr

ox

Owaxgnos}ro bxdfk

Wakr cd}a} dkb gqea}og M/B. B4 dkb B8 }rdca

rosax} ' sd}àx}

cd}a}

]O8

}mxqhhfkc}onqrfok

Nftqfb/hdmjsdrax

]màedrfm bfdcxde og dk dmrfwa wakrfndrfok }v}rae


51/143

Dmrfwa wakrfndrfok }v}rae og d hnadm` |ndkrgox `dkbnfkc gqea}. wakr cd}a} dkb gode

Bxqe sd}àx} dxa |xowfbab sfr` oob} Gqea} dkb gode gxoe }adn |fr} og bfggaxakr hnadm` }rdca}

dxa monnamrab fkro gode rdkj} Hdmjsdrax og aprxdmrfok }rdca ox sdrax f} }|xdvab fk gode

rdkj} gox gode hxadjfkc Wakr cd}a} gxoe rà xadmrfok rosax} dkb bxqe sd}àx} dxa

monnamrab r`xoqc` mvmnoka }a|dxdrox} MnO8 mokrdfkfkc cd}a} dxa }mxqhhab sfr` ]O8 }onqrfok

Nftqfb }a|dxdrab fk gode rdkj}. owaxgnos} og rà }adn |frd}}omfdrab sfr` mvmnoka }a|dxdrox dkb }mxqhhfkc nftqoxdxa bf}mdxbab d} sd}rasdrax

Wakr cd}a} dxa qnrfedranv wakrab oqr sfr` d hnosax


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M`noxfka (dkb Mn8%MnO8& hnadm`fkc

Q}qdnnv gfx}r }rdca og hnadm`fkc dkb ograk m`noxfka f}|dxrfdnnv }qh}rfrqrab hv m`noxfka bfopfba

Mdxxfab oqr dr 8+1%=+1! |qn| mok}f}rakmv

Gox |qn| bfnqrfok m`noxfka hnadm` hdmjsdrax f} |xagaxxab(àn|} fk edfkrdfkfkc nosax |@. >8& hqr `fcàx

rae|axdrqxa bf}moqxdca} rà q}aM`noxfka hnadm`fkc f} aporàxefm dkb `fcàx rae|axdrqxa

fk rà |xa}akma og xa}fbqdn m`noxfka f} ba}rxqmrfwa romannqno}a

|@ ;8 f} ba}rxqmrfwa ro mannqno}a

M`noxfka bf}}onwab fk sdrax f} efpab sfr` |qn| dr EMefpax

Fg MnO8 q}ab fr f} bo}ab dàdb og m`noxfka


53/143

M`noxfka (dkb Mn8%MnO8& hnadm`fkc

Mokrxfhqra} oxcdkfm dnfba} 4

MnO8 fk |ndma og Mn8 goxe na}} og m`noxfkdrab oxcdkfmmoe|oqkb} (0

MnO8 f} eoxa |osaxgqn hnadm`fkc dcakr r`dk Mn8 (8+7=rfea} ok ed}} hd}f} dkb 8+1 rfea} ok eona hd}f}&

MnO8 `d} na}}ax m`noxfka r`dk Mn8 (iq}r 1

MnO8 fk |ndma og Mn8 (|dxrfdn }qh}rfrqrfok& xabqma} monoqxbf}m`dxca dkb m`noxogoxe aef}}fok

Dr 41! }qh}rfrqrfok m`noxogoxe aef}}fok f} xabqmab ro


54/143

M`noxfka (dkb Mn8%MnO8& Hnadm`fkc

Gqea} aedkdrfkc gxoe hnadm` rosax dkb xordxvwdmqqe bxqe sd}àx dxa `dydxboq}

kaab} monnamrfok dkb }mxqhhfkc (sfr` }qngqxoq} dmfb$&

Mn8 cd} (d `dydxboq} cd}& f} }roxab ok%}fra dkb q}ab

MnO8 f} qk}rdhna dkb moxxo}fwa dkb |orakrfdnnvap|no}fwa

|xobqmab ok%}fra gxoe }obfqe m`noxdra

|xobqmrfok fkwonwa} q}a og ear`dkon. ]O8. arm+

Moxxo}fwfrv og MnO8 fe|dfx} aggoxr} fk rà bfxamrfok ogmàefmdn xamowaxv. dkb xamvmnfkc dkb xaq}a ogsdrax


55/143

D md}a og Mn8%MnO8 hnadm`fkc

Mok}f}rakmv og hxosk }romj |qn| f} dbiq}rab sfr`hdmjsdrax og Mn8%MnO8 hnadm`fkc ox sfr` |xoma}} sdrax

Bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} og xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx q}a Sdxe sdrax Hdmjsdrax og MnO8 hnadm`fkc%4 hdmjsdrax Hdmjsdrax og opfbdrfwa dnjdnf aprxdmrfok }rdca

\axgoxdrab }mxaak |ndra og rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àxf} mnadkab hv òr sdrax


56/143

\axgoxeab ok 44%42! mok}f}rakmv |qn| dr 3


57/143

MnO8 hnadm`fkc

Hdmjsdrax gxoe rà hnadm`fkc f} xaq}ab q}qdnnv dgraxkaqrxdnfydrfok sfr` ]O8 Fk md}a og eqnrf}rdca MnO8 hnadm`fkc moqkrax mqxxakr gnos

og hdmjsdrax ro bf}|ndmaeakr }òsax} f} |o}}fhna oràxsf}a òr sdrax f} |xagaxxab fk rà nd}r }rdca og MnO8 hnadm`fkc òrsdrax f} q}ab

MnO8 }rdca hdmjsdrax mdk ha xaq}ab ok bf}|ndmaeakr}òsax} fk

Mn8%MnO8 hnadm`fkc }rdca

aprxdmrfok }rdca og hnadm`fkc \axgoxdrab }mxaak |ndra} mdk ha mnadkab sfr` moe|xa}}ab

dfx (òr sdrax mnadkfkc f} dn}o |o}}fhna&


58/143

@v|om`noxfra hnadm`fkc

Mdxxfab oqr =1 ro 2


59/143

Dnjdnf aprxdmrfok dkb opfbdrfwa dnjdnfaprxdmrfok

Eadkr gox xaeowdn og m`noxfkdrab dkb opfbfyab nfckfkgxoe |qn| hv }onqhfnfydrfok

\axgoxeab ok eabfqe mok}f}rakmv |qn| (48%41!& dr7


60/143

Dnjdnf aprxdmrfok dkb opfbdrfwa dnjdnfaprxdmrfok

Opfbdrfwa dnjdnf aprxdmrfok (q}a og opvcak dnokc sfr`dnjdnf opvcak f} bo}ab fkro `or |qn| dgrax dnjdnf

bo}fkc& f} |xagaxxab Ograk }ednn deoqkr og `vbxocak |axopfba f} dn}o

bo}ab (Opfbdrfwa |axopfba aprxdmrfok& Opfbdrfwa dnjdnf aprxdmrfok

Ak`dkma} aprxdmrfok dkb |qn| banfckfgfmdrfok (r`q} xabqmam`noxfka bo}a kaabab&

Xabqma} DOP cakaxdrfok dkb monoqx bf}m`dxca

A/O gfnrxdra ) Mokrfkqab fk Gfcqxa 2+8+=h


61/143

EM efpax

]rdkb|f|a

' |qe|

@Bqkhnadm`

|qn|rosax

M/Brosax

M/Bsd}àx

M/Bgfnrxdra

}adn rdkj

@adraxefpax

]rdkb|f|a

' |qe|

EM efpax

A/O |xa%rqha

A/O rosax

A/Osd}àx

A/Ogfnrxdra

}adn rdkj

@adraxefpax

]rdkb|f|a

' |qe|

EM efpax

MnO8

%4

rosax

Sd}àbHxosk }romj

\xoma}}sdrax

MnO8

M/B gfnrxdra

M`noxfka

gqea}

gfnrxdragox wdr bfn+

M/Bgfnrxdra

M/B gfnrxdra Hdmjsdraxro bxdfk

B4 gfnrxdraA/O gfnrxdra

Sdxe sdrax

@or sdrax

gqea}

godeKdO@ '

A/O gfnrxdra

}rade

opvcak

A/O gfnrxdra

B4 gfnrxdra

@or sdrax

\xoma}}sdrax ' dfx

gqea}

Hdmjsdraxro bxdfk

gode

}rade

KdO@

A/O gfnrxdra


MnO8

\qn| roMnO8%4 sd}àx)

gqea}

B4 gfnrxdra

sdxe sdrax

]màedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde og d hnadm` |ndkr

c

B8 gfnrxdragqea}

) M rf b g Gf 2 8 =


62/143

MnO8%4sd}àx

MnO8%

4gfnrxdra}adn rdkj

@adraxefpax

]rdkb|f|a

' |qe|

EM efpax

MnO8%8rosax

MnO8%8sd}àx

MnO8%

8gfnrxdra}adn rdkj

]romjmà}r

=%}ra|makr+

mnadkfkc

Hnadm`bamjax

Gfnrxdra}adn rdkj

]rdkb|f|a

' |qe|

Hnadmàb@B rosax

\qn| gxoeMnO8%4 rosax)

B8 gfnrxdra

@or sdrax

dfxgqea}

Hdmjsdraxro bxdfk

gode

KdO@


B4 gfnrxdra

]O8

B4 gfnrxdra

}rade

MnO8

gqea}

HB gfnrxdra

dfxgqea}

\xoma}} sdrax

Hdmjsdraxro bxdfk

godegfnrxdragox wdr bfn+

B8 gfnrxdra

B8 gfnrxdra

]O8

@or sdrax

HBgfnrxdra

xaiamr}

HB gfnrxdra

gqea}|qn|


|xoma}} sdraxHB

gfnrxdraO@ rdkj

HB gfnrxdra

HB gfnrxdra goxmakrxfmnadkfkc

\qn| ro |d|axedm`fka}

]màedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde d hnadm` |ndkr

) Mokrfkqab gxoe Gfcqxa 2+8+=d


63/143

Apde|na hnadm` |ndkr

Hnadm` }atqakma ae|novab f} M/B. A/O. B. B Makrxfmnadkfkc dkb hnadmàb |qn| sd}`fkc fk d bamjax dxa dn}o

|dxr og rà hnadm` |ndkr Sdrax f} mok}axwab dkb sd}rasdrax cakaxdrfok f} efkfefyab

R`xoqc` aprak}fwa xamvmnfkc dkb xaq}a og hdmjsdrax} R`xoqc` q}a og moe|xa}}ab dfx gox rà mnadkfkc og rà |axgoxdrab

}mxaak |ndra} og rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx} ]a|dxdra }v}rae moe|xf}fkc og oob} ro rà xordxv wdmqqe bxqe

sd}àx}. bqmrfkc. rdkj} sfr` gode hxadjfkc }òsax}. mvmnoka}a|dxdrox}. }mxqhhax}. hnosax}. arm+. f} q}ab gox `dkbnfkc ràgqea}. wakr cd}a} dkb gode

Sd}ra edkdcaeakr }rxdracfa}


64/143


Eowfkc gxoe m`noxfka hnadm`fkc AMG hnadm`fkc r`xoqc` M/Bhnadm`fkc (q}fkc MnO8 fk |ndma og Mn8&

Xabqma} oxcdko m`noxfka mokrakr og sd}rasdrax} dkb monoqxmokrakr

Sd}rasdrax (}|amfdnnv aprxdmrfok }rdca aggnqakr& mdk hamoeagfr gox }akbfkc ro màefmdn xamowaxv

Eowfkc gxoe AMG ro RMG

Q}fkc opvcak. oyoka. |axopfba. arm+ Cofkc gox hfo%hnadm`fkc (fkmnqbfkc akyvea hnadm`fkc& Ko oxcdko m`noxfka} fk rà sd}rasdrax} Sd}rasdrax} (}|amfdnnv aprxdmrfok }rdca aggnqakr& hamoea gfr

gox }akbfkc ro màefmdn xamowaxv

Harrax |qn| basdraxfkc harsaak }qmma}}fwa hnadm` }rdca} roefkfefya sd}rasdrax dkb mok}axwa hnadm`fkc màefmdn}

Cofkc gox hfo|qn|fkc dkb akyvedrfm/hfo hnadm`fkc goxefkfefyfkc màefmdn mok}qe|rfok

S r r r r f


65/143


Sd}rasdrax} cakaxdrab fkmnqba

]adn |fr owaxgnos} (kor xaq}ab d} hdmjsdrax}& gxoe bfggaxakrhnadm` }rdca} Moqkrax gnos og hdmjsdrax} dkb xaq}a efkfefya} cakaxdrfok Moqnb ha }acxacdrab fkro dk dmfbfm }rxade dkb dk dnjdnfka }rxade ]acxacdrfok og aprxdmrfok }rdca aggnqakr gox |xarxadreakr ]akb rà sd}rasdrax fg |o}}fhna ro màefmdn xamowaxv qkfr Sd}rasdrax xfm` fk monoqx. m`noxfkdrab oxcdkfm moe|oqkb} dkb

oxcdkfm edrrax (HOB/MOB& \`v}fmo%màefmdn (fkmnqbfkc anamrxognommqndrfok& |xarxadreakr

Hfonocfmdn |xarxadreakr (gqkcdn ram`konocv/evmoram`konocv oxhdmraxfdn ram`konocv&

Efpfkc rà |xarxadrab sdrax sfr` oràx sd}rasdrax} og rà |qn|dkb |d|ax efnn} gox rxadreakr dkb bf}|o}dn

}nqxxv roxamowaxv


66/143

Cakaxdroxmxv}rdnnfyax

Cakaxdroxxahofnax

@vbxo%mnoka

]dnrmdja

gfnrax

xamowaxv

Gfnrxdra}a|dxdr

ox

Aiamrox

efnn sdrax

hdxoearxfmnac fkro bxdfk

@8]O2

gfnrax

@8]O2

rdkj

@8]O2

@adrfkcrdkj

Bf}}onwfkc

rdkj

M`noxfraO@rdkj

Gfnrax

}obfqe m`noxfra

`orsdrax

`orsdrax

sdrax

owaxgnos} gfnrax

Ear`dkon

}rox+rdkj

ear`dkon

bfnqrfok

sdrax

Cakaxdroxbqe| rdkj

MoonaxDh}ox|r

fokrosax

]radeaiamroxE\ }rade

Aiamroxmoonax

gfnraxab dfxm`fnnabsdrax

MnO8]rox+rdkj

MnO8 }onqrfok

ro hnadm`fkc

Wakr}mxqhha

x

m`fnnabsdrax

ogg cd}a}

]adn |fr

SN}mxqhha

x

owa

xgno

s}

wakr cd}a}

s`franftqox (SN&

}nqxxv roxamowaxv

oggcd}a}

aeaxcakmvsdrax

oggcd}a}

nfc`r}

gfnrxdra

mnadx }onqrfok

N\ }rade

Dfxaiamrox}v}rae

mokbak}dragox bf}}onwfkc

m`noxfra

aiamrab sdrax dkbkok%mokbak}dhna

cd}a}

|xoma}}sdrax

moonfkc sdrax

moonfkcsdrax

wakr

hdxoearxfmnac ro bxdfk

M`noxfka bfopfba |xobqmrfok qkfr

M`noxfka bfopfba qkfr


67/143

]obfqe m`noxdra. ear`dkon dkb }qngqxfm dmfb }q||nfab rorà cakaxdrox%mxv}rdnnfyax gox MnO8 |xobqmrfok

@or sdrax gox bf}}onwfkc }obfqe m`noxdra dkb sdrax goxbfnqrfkc ear`dkon ]rade fk rà cakaxdrox xahofnax gox àdrfkc xadmrfok efpax E\ }rade fk }rade aiamrox d}}omfdrab sfr` MnO8

dh}ox|rfok rosax Moonfkc sdrax fk mokrdmr aiamrox moonax} og }rade aiamrox.

}dnr mdja gfnrax dkb cakaxdrox xahofnax M`fnnab sdrax gox dh}oxhfkc rà ogg cd}a}

gfx}r q}ab gox }mxqhhfkc rà ogg cd}a} gxoe MnO8 }onqrfok

}roxdca rdkj dkb ràk q}ab fk rà dh}ox|rfok rosax Mfxmqndrfkc òr sdrax gox àdrfkc rà }obfqe m`noxdra Mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax gox moonfkc rà ogg cd}a} gxoe

cakaxdrox%mxv}rdnnfyax


68/143

M`noxfka bfopfba qkfr

Wakr cd}a} gxoe

}rade aiamrox moonax }amokb }rdca }mxqhhfkc og MnO8 }onqrfok rdkj ogg cd}a} dfx aiamrox d}}omfdrab sfr` rà }obfqe }qngdra gfnrax dfx aiamrox d}}omfdrab sfr` rà cakaxdrox xahofnax

S`fra nftqox gox rà }amokb }rdca }mxqhhfkc og ogg cd}a}gxoe rà MnO8 }onqrfok }roxdca rdkj ]obfqe }qngdra mxv}rdn }nqxxv ro rà màefmdn xamowaxv qkfr ]amokb }rdca }mxqhhfkc }onqrfok ro rà màefmdn xamowaxv Sd}rasdrax owaxgnos} gxoe rà }adn |fr} og

dfx aiamrox d}}omfdrab sfr` rà }obfqe }qngdra gfnrax dfx aiamrox d}}omfdrab sfr` rà cakaxdrox xahofnax

]obfqe m`noxdra. MnO8 dxa `dydxboq} }qh}rdkma}

@ r

nfea mokbak}dra}


69/143

Nfea}ndmjax Mnd}}fgfax

Cxfr}arrnfkc

rdkj@v|orosax%8 @v|orosax%4

@v|o}qe|%8

@v|o}qe|%4

@v|o}rox+ rdkj

Nfea hfk@or

sdraxrdkj

òr sdraxcxfr cxfr

apma}} og EON

EON

mfxmqndrfok

mfxmqndrfok

]kfgg cd}a} 'm`noxfka nfka |qxcfkc}

Ogg cd}a} rodreo}|àxa

@v|o rohnadm`fkc

d+ Mdnmfqe `v|o |ndkr og Hard \qn| dkb \d|ax Efnn

Dnjdnfrdkj

NftqfbM`noxfka

hqnnar

M`noxfkaawd|oxd

rox

@v|orosax

@v|o}qe|

@v|o}rox+rdkj

1

\xoma}} sdraxMdq}rfm rohnadm`fkc

]ade goxIdmjar àdrfkc

]rade mokb+

@v|o ro hnadm`fkc

h+ ]obfqe `v|o |ndkr og Dn|`d \qn| Efnn

Mdnmfqe dkb }obfqe @v|om`noxfra qkfr}


70/143

@v|om`noxfra qkfr}

Nftqfb m`noxfka ox }kfgg cd}a} dkb m`noxfka nfka |qxcfkc}dkb }obfqe `vbxopfba ox nfea mok}qe|rfok

@or sdrax gox nfea }ndmjfkc (dkb gox rà }mxaakfkc dkbmnd}}fgfmdrfok& og nfea ox |xoma}} sdrax gox |xa|dxfkcmdq}rfm }onqrfok

]rade ox òr sdrax gox rà idmjar àdrfkc og rà m`noxfkaawd|oxdrox

Cxfr dkb }roka} gxoe rà }ndmjfkc nfea

bacxfrrfkc/mnd}}fgfmdrfok Wakr cd}a} gxoe rà dh}o|xrfok rosax}

}qngqx


71/143

]qngqxeanrfkc

rdkj

]qngqxgqxkdma

Ap`dq}rcd}a}

moonax

]O8 dh}+

rosax

]O8

]roxdcardkj

N\ }rade

mokbak}dranftqfb

}qngqxbfa}an ofn

}eanr 'xa}fbqa}

Moehq}rfok

dfx hnosaxmoehq}rfok dfx

moonfkc sdrax

moonfkc sdrax

|xoma}} sdrax wakr cd}a}

]O8 }onqrfok ro hnadm`fkc

moonfkcsdrax

moonfkcsdrax

\xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde og }qngqx bfopfba qkfr


72/143

]qngqx bfopfba qkfr

]qngqx bfopfba f} |xobqmab r`xoqc` hqxkfkc eonrak }qngqx fkapma}} dfx fk d gqxkdma qkbax mokrxonnab mokbfrfok} ]qngqx bfopfba og rà gqxkdma ap`dq}r f} dh}oxhab fk sdrax dkb

}q||nfab d} }qngqxoq} dmfb N\ }rade f} q}ab gox rà }qngqx eanrfkc dkb }rade mokbak}dra f}

cakaxdrab Bfa}an ofn d} gqan fk rà gqxkdma bqxfkc }rdxrq| ]eanr dkb xa}fbqa} edv ha cakaxdrab dr rà gqxkdma Moonfkc sdrax f} q}ab gox idmjar moonfkc og rà gqxkdma dkb gox

moonfkc rà gqxkdma ap`dq}r \xoma}} sdrax gox dh}oxhfkc rà }qngqx bfopfba Wakr cd}a} (apdq}r cd}a} dgrax dh}ox|rfok xaeowdn og ]O8& gxoe

rà dh}ox|rfok rosax

dreo}|àxfm dfx


73/143

Dfxmoe|xa}}

ox

Dfxxamafwax

Eonamqndx}fawa

Opvcakmoe|xa}}

ox

Opvcak}roxdca

rdkj

Eonamqndx}fawa

|xa}}qxfyabdfx

kfrxocak cd} xanad}a

ok ba|xa}}qxfydrfok

Opvcak ro hnadm`fkc

\xoma}} gnos bfdcxde og kok%mxvocakfm opvcak |xobqmrfok qkfr


74/143

Kok%mxvocakfm opvcak qkfr

Anamrxfmdn akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}} Moe|xa}}ox} dxa q}ab gox |xobqmfkc moe|xa}}ab dfx \xobqmab gxoe moe|xa}}ab bxv dfx r`xoqc` db}ox|rfok ok

eonamqndx }fawa} Eonamqndx }fawa} db}oxh kfrxocak qkbax fc` |xa}}qxa nadwfkc

ha`fkb opvcak Qkbax nos |xa}}qxa rà db}oxhab kfrxocak f} ba}oxhab gxoe rà

eonamqndx }fawa} Moonfkc sdrax f} kaabab fk fkraxmoonax} dkb dgrax moonax} gox

moonfkc rà moe|xa}}ab dfx Kof}a |onnqrfok gxoe moe|xa}}ox} Q}a og nqhxfmdrfkc ofn dkb cakaxdrfok og `dydxboq} sd}ra fk rà

goxe og bf}mdxbab nqhxfmdrfkc ofn


75/143

]amokbdxv gfhax |xoma}}fkc

@fc` mok}f}rakmv |qn|fkc@fc` mok}f}rakmv |qn|fkc


76/143

Barxd}`fkc ' @B mnadkfkc

Modx}a |xa}}qxa }mxaakfkc

Gnordrfok

Makrxfmnadkfkc

Gfka |xa}}qxa }mxaakfkc

R`fmjakfkc ' basdraxfkc

Bf}|ax}fok ' opfbdrfwa hnadm`fkc

Gnordrfok

R`fmjakfkc

Xabqmrfwa hnadm`fkc

Barxd}`fkc ' @B mnadkfkc

Modx}a |xa}}qxa }mxaakfkc

Gfka |xa}}qxa }mxaakfkc

Makrxfmnadkfkc

R`fmjakfkc ' basdraxfkc

@fc` mok}f}rakmv xagfkfkc

+ \xoma}}màea og rà|}fnok \d|axEfnn

+ %\xoma}} }màea og rà |d|ax efnn g rà Banrd \d|ax Efnnxoma}} gnos }màea} gox sd}ra |d|ax |qn|fkc dkb |xoma}}fk

Bf}fkracxdrfok og sd}ra |d|ax/hodxb fkro gfhax

ed}}/ |qn| }romjXaeowdn og mokrdefkdkr} fkmnqbfkc |xfkr/fkj

Hnadm`fkc dkb monoqx }rxf||fkc og rà |qn|


77/143

]amokbdxv gfhax |xoma}}fkc9Dmrfwfrfa} dkb o|axdrfok}

@vbxd|qn|fkc ]mxaakfkc Mnadkfkc

Gxdmrfokdrfok Bf}|ax}fok dkb jkadbfkc Xagfkfkc Gnordrfok

Sd}`fkc dkb r`fmjakfkc Hnadm`fkc dkb monoqx }rxf||fkc

]CD\%4r j

]CD\%4bo}fkc]CD\%4


78/143

KdO@rdkj

KdO@bo}fkcrdkj

@vbxo%|qn|ax

Mokrdefkap

Bqe|rosax

@8O8rdkj

@8O8bo}fkcrdkj

]CD\%8

rdkj

]CD\%8

bo}fkcrdkj

rdkjbo}fkcrdkj

Kd8]fO=

rdkj

Kd8]fO=

bo}fkcrdkj

Sdxesdrax

rdkj

]ndr

mokwavox

@Bmnadkax

Kd8]fO=

KdO@

@vbxocak|axopfba

]CD\%8

]CD\ 4

ro gnordrfok%4

ro gnordrfok%8

ro gnordrfok%4

ro gnordrfok%8

ro bf}|axcax

ro bf}|axcax

ro bf}|axcax

ro xabqmrfwahnadm`fkc

}rade

sdxesdrax gxoe

òrsdrax rdkj

mnadx gfnrxdragxoe BG%4

GS gox}adnfkc GS gox}adnfkc

sd}ra|d|ax

bf}mdxbab |d|axdkb |dmjdcfkc sd}ra

}mxaakfkc}

}romj gxoe}rdxr/}ro| mà}r

hv|d}}

}romj ro]|amrxo}mxaak)

xaiamr}

mnadx gfnrxdragxoe BG%4

GS goxgnq}`fkc

]màedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde og d sd}ra |d|ax|qn|fkc dkb |xoma}}fkc qkfr

]romj) ]romj))]CD\ 4

|qn|ax%4|qn|ax%8 Mnxg+


79/143

]|amrxo}mxaak

(|xfedxv&

Dmma|r}rdkj

Gnordrfok%4(|xfedxv&

Makrxfmnadkfkc

]rdca%4

Waxrfmna}mxaak

(|xfedxv&

]|amrxo}mxaak

(}amokbdxv&

Wakrfkcmvmnoka

Makrxfmnadkfkc

]rdca%8

Xaiamr}rdkj

Xaiamr}rdkj

Gode rdkj

Makrxfmnad

kfkc]rdca%=

Waxrfmna

}mxaak(}amokbdxv&

Gnordrfok%4(}amokbdx

v&

Makrxfmnadkfkc

]rdca%2

Xaiamr}rdkj

Makrxfmnadkfkc

]rdca%1Efkf}oxrax

]romj]CD\%4

]CD\%8

Mnbg+ mnoqbv gfnrxdra gxoe bf}m gfnrax%4Mnxg+ mnadx gfnrxdra gxoe bf}m gfnrax%4@X àdwfax xaiamr}NX nfc`rax xaiamr}

NX @X

Mnxg+

Mnxg+Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

NX

@X

xaiamr} gxoegnordrfok%8

aggnqakrro }asax

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

Mnxg+

NX @X

NX @X

Xaiamr} }rxade

Xaiamr} }rxade

dmma|r}

]màedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde gox sd}ra |d|ax

|qn|fkc dkb |xoma}}fkc qkfr (mokrb++&

/]rdxr }ro|

mà}r

hv|d}}ab hnadmàb }romj

%hv|d}}ab r`fmjakab }romj og BG 8

ro bqe| rosax%og `vbxo |qn|ax


80/143

Bf}m

%gfnrax 4

%EM |qe| 4% }rdkb

rqha

]mxas|xa}}

@adrfkc}mxas

bf}|axcax

Hnadm`fkcrdkj

Hqggaxrdkj

@or sdraxrdkj

Mnadx

+gfnrrdkj

Mnoqbv

+gfnrrdkj

mà}r

)romj

))romj

+%Mnxg 4

}rade

+%Mnxg 8

ro |qn|ax gox xaq}a

ro sdxe sdrax rdkjog rà |qn|ax

+%Mnxg 4

GS gox }adnfkc

GS gox }adnfkc

GS gox }adnfkc

+%Mnbg 8

:KdO@ @8O8 ' Kd ]fO=

}rade+%Mnxg 4 gox }òsax

mnoqbv gfnrxdra goxxaq}a ok q|}rxade }fba

mnadx gfnrxdra gox xaq}aok q|}rxade }fba

v|

GS gox }adnfkc

GS gxa}`sdrax+% %Mnbg 4 mnoqbv gfnrxdra gxoe BG 4+% %Mnxg 4 mnadx gfnrxdra gxoe BG 4+% %Mnbg 8 mnoqbv gfnrxdra gxoe BG 8+% %Mnxg 8 mnadx gfnrxdra gxoe BG 8

% %BG 4 bf}m gfnrax 4% %BG 8 bf}m gfnrax 8

màedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde gox sd}ra( + +&d|ax |qn|fkc dkb |xoma}}fkc qkfr mokrb

Mnxg+%8

ro }rdxr/}ro| mà}r

}obfqe vbxo}qngfra }obfqe hf}qngfra


81/143

Gnordrfok%8

Bf}mgfnrax%8

EM|qe|%8% }rdkb

|f|a

Hnadm`fkc

|f|a

]roxdcarosax

Mnadxgfnrx+rdkj

Mnoqbvgfnrx+rdkj

@vbxo}qngfra

bo}fkcrdkj

Hf}qngfrabo}fkcrdkj

}romj

]romj)

Mnbg+%8

]CD\%4

]CD\%8

ro }rdxr/}ro| m`a}r

xaiamr} rowakrab mvmnoka

Mnxg+%8

Mnxg+%8Mnbg+%8

GS gox }adnfkc

Mnbg+%8gox gnq}`fkc

}fno%8 sdraxog Bamjax




mnoqbv gfnrxdra goxxaq}a ok q|}rxade }fba

mnadx gfnrxdra gox xaq}aok q|}rxade }fba

Mnbg+%8 mnoqbv gfnrxdra gxoe BG%8

Mnxg+%8 mnadx gfnrxdra gxoe BG%8BG%8 bf}m gfnrax%8GS gxad}` sdrax]fno%8 sdrax og Bamjax f} gxoe |d|axedm`fka dxad

]m`aedrfm |xoma}} dkb edraxfdn gnos bfdcxde gox sd}ra |d|ax

|qn|fkc dkb |xoma}}fkc qkfr (mokrb++&

@vbxd|qn|fkc


82/143

@vbxd|qn|fkc

Eadkr gox bf}fkracxdrfok og sd}ra |d|ax/hodxb fkro gfhax

ed}}/|qn| }romj Gdmfnfrdra} xaeowdn og mokrdefkdkr} @fc` mok}f}rakmv (48!& hdrm` |qn|ax} dxa q}ab Fkwonwa} }nq}`fkc sd}ra |d|ax dr `fc` rae|axdrqxa fk rà

|xa}akma og màefmdn}

]rade fkiamrfok gox xdf}fkc rae|axdrqxa Sdrax f} kaabab gox mok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr} bqxfkc }nq}`fkc

dkb bqxfkc }mxaakfkc Mdq}rfm gox |@ dbiq}reakr dkb gdmfnfrdrfkc }nq}`fkc @vbxocak |axopfba. |axopfba }rdhfnfyfkc màefmdn}. }obfqe

}fnfmdra. arm+. gox |xawakrfkc dnjdnf bdxjakfkc dkb gdmfnfrdrfkcbafkjfkc

]qxgdmrdkr} gox bf}|ax}fkc sdp Anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox |osaxfkc rà xordx og rà |qn|ax


83/143

@vbxd|qn|fkc

Aprxdmrfok og gfhxoq} ed}} r`xoqc` d }mxaak dgrax dbiq}rfkcmok}f}rakmv

]mxaakfkc edv ha boka fk d barxd}`fkc }mxaak Xaiamr} nagr ha`fkb dxa sd}àb sfr` sdrax |xfox ro bf}|o}dn

gox xamowaxfkc q}agqn gfhax Sd}`sdrax gxoe xaiamr} sd}`fkc dxa q}ab dbiq}rfkc |qn|

mok}f}rakmv

\nd}rfm}. |onvar`vnaka. eardn. arm+ mdk ha xamowaxab gxoexaiamr}

Sdrax gox cndkb moonfkc dkb }adnfkc og rà xordx Fg mfxmqndrfkc ofn f} q}ab gox rà |qx|o}a ràk rà ofn f} moonab

hv sdrax

qk}nq}àb gfhax


84/143

Xds edraxfdnnodbfkc}v}rae

Rxfbvka|qn|ax

Rxoeean}mxaak

Rxoeean|fr

Ofn rdkj Ofn moonfkcrdkj

xds%edraxfdn

|dmjdcfkc sd}ra(eardn sfxa&

xaiamrab xds%edraxfdn

}nq}àb |qn|ro bqe| mà}r

|xoma}} sdrax

moonfkc sdrax

}rade

|xoma}} sdrax

hdmjsdrax

Mokwavox}v}rae

Edkqdn}oxrfkc

@Mn

KdO@

sdrax bxf||fkc}|nd}rfm} ' |onvar`vnaka eardn

Xaiamr}

mfxmqndrfkcofn

gfnrxdra

xaiamr}dmma|r}

ofn ofn

]màedrfm bfdcxde og rà rxfbvka |qn|ax dkb d}}omfdrab qkfr}


85/143

\qn| mnadkfkc

@B mnadkax} dkb makrxfmnadkax} dxa q}ab @B mnadkax} dxa q}ab ro mnadk `fcàx mok}f}rakmv |qn|(8+1!& dkb xaeowa `fc` bak}frv fe|qxfrfa}

Sdrax f} q}ab gox mok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr dkb gox anqrxfrfok Xaiamr} dxa bxdfkab oqr dnokc sfr` sdrax

]mxaakfkc rà xaiamr} ok d }fba `fnn }mxaak xamowax} rà sdrax Makrxfgqcdn mnadkax} dxa q}ab ro xaeowa afràx àdwfax ox

nfc`rax mokrdefkdkr} gxoe |qn| og


86/143

\xf+Makrxf

mnadkax}

\xf+makrxf%

mnadkaxxaiamr}rdkj

]am+makrxf

mnadkax

]am+makrxf%mnadkaxxaiamr}rdkj

Rax+Makrxf

mnadkax

\xf+makrxf%

mnadkaxgaabRdkj

dmma|r}

dmma|r}

xaiamr}

xaiamr}

dmma|r}

}romj }fnosdrax

owaxgnos} ro]romj }fno

gfnrxdra gxoecxdwfrv r`fmjakax

|qn| }mxaakab fkME }mxaak (r`fk }romj&

makrxfmnadkab |qn|ro cxdwfrv r`fmjakax

gfnrxdra

}romj }fno sdrax(hdmjsdrax&

]fba `fnn}mxaak

xaiamr}

bxdfkab oqr sdrax

]m`aedrfm bfdcxde og d =% }rdca makrxf%mnadkfkc }v}rae

\qn| }mxaakfkc


87/143

Q}ab ro xaeowa ndxcax }fya mokrdefkdkr}Rxoeean }mxaak}. |xa}}qxa }mxaak}. }mxas }mxaak}. wfhxdroxv

}mxaak}. }fba `fnn }mxaak}. arm+ dxa q}abRxoeean }mxaak} xaeowa mokrdefkdkr} gxoe `fcàx mok}f}rakmv

|qn| (1!&\xa}}qxa }mxaak} gox modx}a }mxaakfkc |qe| dr `fcàx

mok}f}rakmv (8+1!& dkb gox gfka }mxaakfkc |qn| dr nosaxmok}f}rakmv (4!&

Mox}a }mxaak} dxa coob gox gfhax gndja} xaeowdn àdwfaxmodx}a edraxfdn f} dn}o xaeowab fk rxde| eardn rxd|}

Gfka }mxaak} dxa coob gox }rfmjfa} xaeowdnWfhxdroxv }mxaak} dkb }mxas }mxaak} dxa q}ab d} xaiamr} }oxrax

gox xamowaxfkc q}agqn gfhax]fba `fnn }mxaak} dxa q}ab gox bxdfkfkc oqr sdrax gxoe xaiamr}

Sdrax f} mok}qeab fkMok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr}Mok}f}rakmv edfkrakdkma fk |xa}}qxa }mxaak}

Wfhxdroxv }mxaak} ro sd}` xaiamr} gox q}agqn gfhax xamowaxv

}romj }fnosdrax

efnn sdrax

dmma|r} robqe| mà}r


88/143

ME}mxaak(r`fmj}romj&

Mok}rdkrnawan hop

\xf+ ME}mxaak(r`fk

}romj&

Hanmox}mxaak

Wfhxdroxv}mxaak}

(8kqehax}&

Hanmoxgaab mà}r Bagndmox

xaiamr}

efnn sdrax

\xf+ ME}mxaakxaiamr}mà}r

}romj }fnosdrax

xaiamr}

xaiamr}

}romj }fnosdrax

]am+ ME}mxaak(r`fk

}romj&

Wfhxdroxv}mxaak(r`fk

}romj&

dmma|r}

xaiamr}

}romj }fnosdrax

}romj }fno sdrax

Efnn sdrax

dmma|r}

|

dmma|r} ro`vbxo%|qn|ax

|qn| owaxgnos}ro bqe| mà}r

xaiamr} rorxfbvka |qn|ax

}mxaakab |qn|ro makrxf%mnadkfkc

gfnrxdra ogcxdwfrv r`fmjakax

}romj mnadkabfk @B mnadkax

xaiamr}

]màedrfm bfdcxde og |qn| }mxaakfkc }v}rae}

Gnordrfok


89/143

Gnordrfok

Bafkjfkc gnordrfok dkb Bf}}onwab dfx gnordrfok dxa ae|novab

Bafkjfkc gnordrfok Akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}} mdxxfab oqr dr


90/143

GnordrfokBf}}onwab dfx gnordrfok Ae|novab gox xamowaxfkc gfka} dkb gfhax gxoe sd}rasdrax \dxr og rà oqr|qr }rxade f} }q|ax }drqxdrab sfr` moe|xa}}ab dfx

dkb fkiamrab fkro gnordrfok mann efmxo}mo|fm dfx hqhhna} dxa |xobqmab fk rà gnordrfok mann Dfx hqhhna} drrdm` ro rà gfka} dkb gfhax og sd}rasdrax dkb edja

ràe ro gnodr

Rà xamowaxab gfhax f} ohrdfkab d} gnodrfkc }mqe ndrax s`fm` f}xaeowab hv }jfeefkc


91/143

Gnordrfok

qkfr

]mqerdkj

\xa}}qxfy

abefp

m`dehax

waxv bfnqra }romj(hdmjsdrax&

mndxfgfabhdmjsdrax

moe|xa}}abdfx

xanfag cd}a} wakr cd}a}

gnommqndrfkc dcakr

xamowaxabgfhax ' gfka}

Bf}}onwab dfx gnordrfok }v}rae (Jxogrd qkfr& ae|novabgox gfhax dkb gfka} xamowaxv

\qn| sd}`fkc. r`fmjakfkc dkb basdraxfkc


92/143

Sd}`fkc f} eadkr ro xaeowa bf}}onwab. monnofbdn dkb bf}|ax}abmokrdefkdkr}

Eqnrf}rdca sd}`fkc mdk ak`dkma rà sd}`fkc aggfmfakmv @fc` rae|axdrqxa. dnraxab |@. dkb bo}fkc og }vkràrfm

}qxgdmrdkr}. |ò}|`dra}. arm+ edv ak`dkma sd}`fkc aggfmfakmv Dmfb sd}` fe|xowa} }rfmjv |dxrfmna} xaeowdn Dndjnfka sd}` ak`dkma} `vbxo|`vnfm oxcdkfm edraxfdn}

xaeowdn R`fmjakfkc dkb basdraxfkc dxa eadkr ro fkmxad}a rà |qn|

mok}f}rakmv R`fmjakfkc xdf}a} mok}f}rakmv ro eobaxdra nawan} ({1!& Basdraxfkc xdf}a} rà mok}f}rakmv ro `fcàx nawan} (q|ro =

Sd}`fkc. r`fmjakfkc dkb basdraxfkc cakaxdra} sd}rasdrax dkbr`f} mdk ha xaq}ab afràx bfxamrnv ox dgrax ba}fxab |xarxadreakr

Xaq}a mdk mdq}a moxx}fok. ba|o}frfok. }mdnfkc nfja |xohnae} Mdk `dwa hfonocfmdn dmrfwfrv dkb edja @8O8 nfja màefmdn}

fkaggamrfwa Mdk `dwa monnofbdn dkb bf}|ax}ab mokrdefkdkr}


93/143


Cxdwfrv r`fmjakax}. xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx}/r`fmjakax}. bf}mgfnrax}. hanr sd}àx}. }mxas |xa}}a}. rsfk xonn basdraxfkc |xa}}a}(RXB\&. }fba `fnn }mxaak}. arm+ mdk ha q}ab

Cxdwfrv r`famjakax} dkb xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx}9 ]fefndx ro xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx} dkb xdf}a mok}f}rakmv gxoe

>4! ro ;=+1! Xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx} r`fmjak ro 4

cakaxdrab


94/143


Hanr sd}àx/r`fmjakax Gab sfr` harsaak cxoowab xonnax} dkb sfxa àn| fk basdraxfkc Sdrax f} kaabab gox sfxa mnadkfkc

]mxas |xa}} R`fmjak |qn| gxoe 8%4

Rsfk xonn basdraxfkc |xa}} \qn| f} |d}}ab harsaak rso xordrfkc xonnax} |xa}}ab dcdfk}r

adm` oràx `vbxdqnfmdnnv Sdrax f} q}ab fk rà `vbxdqnfm }v}rae gox |xa}}fkc rà xonnax} Sdrax f} kaabab gox mnadkfkc rà xonnax} dkb bomrox hndba}

\xf+owaxgnos}

gfnrxdra roME }mxaak (r`fk }romj&


95/143

CxdwfrvR`fmjak

ax

RXB\gaabmà}r

RXB\

]romj}fno

makrxf%mnadkax

gaabRdkj

makrxf%mnadkab|qn|

gfnrxdraefnn sdrax

gfnrxdra

}romj ]fnosdrax gox Xaq}a

Owaxgnos}

ro }asax

efnn sdrax }romj }fnosdrax

efnn sdrax

o|rfokdn

}òsax sdraxro bxdfk

BB

xagfkaxgaabmà}r

@fc`mok}f}ra

kmvxagfkax

Ofnmoonfkc}v}rae

efnn sdrax

ofn moonfkcsdraxofn

ofn

wdmqqe|nqea sdrax

edm`fkahdmjsdrax

efnn sdrax

BB

xagfkaxgaabmà}r

xagfkab }romj rohnakbfkc mà}r

gfnrxdra ro \xf+makrxf%mnadkax

]màedrfm bfdcxde og rà r`fmjakfkc dkb basdraxfkc }v}rae

f / f f


96/143

Jkadbfkc dkb/ox bf}|ax}fok

Eadkr gox bf}|ax}fok og fkj |dxrfmna} dkb }rfmjfa} dkbdwofbfkc }|amjv d||adxdkma og |qn| sfròqr ràfxxaeowdn

@an|} fk rà xanad}a og |xfkr gxoe gfhax dkb fk efkfefyfkc ràkaab gox xagfkfkc

Nos }|aab bf}|ax}fok qkfr} (bf}|axcax}& dxa jkadbax} Akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}} dkb q}a} |xa}}qxfyab }v}rae} Mdxxfab oqr dr `fc` mok}f}rakmv (;41!& dkb `fc`

rae|axdrqxa (q|ro 481 dkb awak 41


97/143

Xagfkfkc

\qn| f} |d}}ab xdbfdnnv harsaak rso xordrfkc bf}m} Akaxcv fkrak}fwa |xoma}} dkb boka dr `fc` mok}f}rakmv Xatqfxa} mfxmqndrfkc ofn gox cndkb moonfkc

Mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax f} xatqfxab gox moonfkc r`a ofn

D}}omfdrab sfr` kof}a dkb wfhxdrfok |xohnae} Na}} q}ab fk }amokbdxv gfhax |xoma}}fkc

Owaxwfas og mokmaxk} dkb ead}qxa} gox


98/143

Owaxwfas og mokmaxk} dkb ead}qxa} goxsd}ra efkfefydrfok

Sdrax q}a gox Mok}f}rakmv dbiq}reakr} dr bfggaxakr |xoma}}a} fkmnqbfkc fk rà

`vbxd|qn|ax Sd}`fkc rà |qn| }romj ok sd}àx} Mnadkfkc rà |axgoxdrab }mxaak |ndra} og cxdwfrv r`fmjakax} dkb

xordxv wdmqqe bxqe sd}àx} Dr rà rsfk xonn basdraxfkc |xa}} (RXB\& gox rà xonnax} dkb

bomrox hndba mnadkfkc Sdrax q}a fk rà `vbxdqnfm }v}rae og rà RXB\ @B mnadkax dkb |xa}}qxa }mxaak} gox anqrxfrfok dkb mok}f}rakmv

edfkrakdkma Dr rxoeean }mxaak dkb wfhxdroxv }mxaak} gox rà sd}` xamowaxv

og q}agqn gfhax ]rade q}a fk rà `vbxd|qn|ax dkb fk rà sd}`fkc (fg kaabab&



99/143


Mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax gox moonfkc rà mfxmqndrfkc ofn dr`vbxd|qn|ax dkb xagfkaxAnamrxfmdn akaxcv fk `vbxd|qn|ax. RXB\. xagfkax. dkb oràx edm`fkaxv gox |qe|fkc rà }romj r`xoqc` wdxfoq} qkfr} gox }q||nvfkc dfx gox gnordrfokQ}a og Dnjdnf. dmfb dkb wdxfoq} oràx màefmdn} (`vbxocak |axopfba.

bafkjfkc dcakr}. }obfqe }fnfmdra& dr rà `vbxd|qn|ax

Dmfb/dnjdnf. }qxgdmrdkr}. |ò}|`dra}. arm+. fk rà |qn| sd}`fkc Dnjdnf. `vbxocak |axopfba dkb }obfqe }fnfmdra dr bf}|axcax @vbxo}qngfra dkb hf}qngfra gox xabqmrfwa hnadm`fkc Bafkjfkc dcakr}. }od|. mdnmfqe }dnr. arm+. dr gnordrfok


100/143


sd}ra efkfefydrfok Sd}rasdrax cakaxdrfok gxoe rà |qn| sd}`fkc. r`fmjakfkc

dkb basdraxfkc Xaq}a rà sd}rasdrax dgrax kama}}dxv |xarxadreakr fg

kaabab rà |xarxadreakr edv xatqfxa Xaeowdn og monnofbdn dkb bf}|ax}ab mokrdefkdkr} Mokrxon og hfonocfmdn dmrfwfrv Mokbfrfokfkc og sdrax ro mokrxon moxxo}fok. ba|o}frfok dkb

}mdnfkc Xamowax q}agqn gfhax |xfox ro bf}m`dxca d} sd}rasdrax

Gxor`/}mqe ndvax gxoe gnordrfok mann} Xamowax q}agqn gfhax

Kof}a dkb wfhxdrfok |xohnae} gxoe bf}m xagfkax} arm+



101/143


\dmjdcfkc sd}ra gxoe qkhdnfkc sd}ra |d|ax/hodxbSd}ra }oxrab oqr gxoe rà fk|qr sd}ra |d|ax/hodxbCakaxdrfok og xaiamr} dr `vbxd|qn|ax. |xa}}qxa }mxaak}. @B

mnadkax dkb makrxfmnadkaxQ}agqn gfhax xamowaxv r`xoqc` sd}`fkc gxoe rà xaiamr} og`vbxd|qn|ax. |xa}}qxa }mxaak} dkb makrxfmnadkax}

Xamowaxv og |nd}rfm}. |onvar`vnaka dkb eardn gxoe `vbxd|qn|axxaiamr}

Xamowaxv og eardn gxoe rà @B mnadkax xaiamr}Wonqea xabqmrfok og rà hqnjv xaiamr} og `vbxd|qn|ax rogdmfnfrdra }roxdca. rxdk}|oxr dkb bf}|o}dnHdmjsdrax xamowaxv gxoe rà xaiamr} r`xoqc` }mxaakfkc ok }fba

`fnn }mxaak}


102/143

\d|ax Edjfkc

\ E jf


103/143

\d|ax Edjfkc

\d|ax edjfkc mdk ha mok}fbaxab ro fkmnqba ]romj |xa|dxdrfok (|xa|dxdrfok og |d|ax gqxkf}` gxoe gfhax ed}}& \xoma}}fkc og gfhax ed}} ro fe|xowa fr} |d|ax goxedrfok

|xo|axrfa} Dbbfrfok og bfggaxakr dbbfrfwa} dkb |xoma}} mokrxon màefmdn}

D||xodm` }v}rae ro |d|ax edm`fka (|xa|dxfkc bfnqrab |d|axgqxkf}`& Sar%akb o|axdrfok} (}|xadbfkc bfnqrab |d|ax gqxkf}` d} d r`fk

gfne. basdraxfkc ok |d|ax goxeax dkb ohrdfkfkc |qn|edr/|d|ax sah&

Bxv%akb o|axdrfok} (bxvfkc rà |d|ax sah ro xabqma eof}rqxamokrakr dkb |xoma}}fkc rà bxfab |d|ax fkro gfkdn |d|ax&

Ogg edm`fka o|axdrfok} |xoma}}fkc bxfab |d|ax fkro gfkf}àb|xobqmr

]romj |xa|dxdrfok


104/143

| |

Fkraxgdma harsaak |qn| efnn} dkb |d|ax edm`fka} Rxdk}goxe} gfhax ed}} fkro |d|ax gqxkf}` xqk ok |d|ax edm`fka

ro |xobqma |d|ax ox |d|ax hodxb Wfxcfk gfhax ox }amokbdxv gfhax dkb hnadm` ox qkhnadmàb |qn|

f} q}ab Bxfab ox basdraxab |qn| ox |qn| }àar} ohrdfkab gxoe oràx

efnn} f} dn}o q}ab

Edv fkmnqba vbxd|qn|fkc. gxdmrfokdrfok. hadrfkc dkb xagfkfkc.mnadkfkc dkb }mxaakfkc dkb hnakbfkc o|axdrfok}

@vbxd|qn|fkc q}a og bxfab dkb basdraxab |qn| dkb }àar |qn|dkb q}a og hxoja fkwonwa} `vbxd|qn|fkc

Gxdmrfokdrfok bfwf}fok og nos mok}f}rakmv gaab }romj fkro 8 ox eoxa gfhaxnakcr` mnd}}a}

q}a} eqnrf}rdca |xa}}qxfyab gxdmrfokdrox}


105/143

]romj |xa|dxdrfok

Hadrfkc dkb xagfkfkc Eadkr gox fe|dxrfkc o|rfeqe |d|ax edjfkc |xo|axrfa} ro |qn| %

]amokbdxv gfhax edv kor xatqfxa \xdmrfmab fk rso }rdca}

]rdca%49 ro o|rfefya }rxakcr` bawano|eakr (|axgoxeab okxandrfwanv `fc` mok}f}rkamv |qn|& ]rdca%8 (edm`fka xagfkfkc&9 ro dm`fawa mokrxon owax gxaaka}}

og |qn| (|axgoxeab |xfox ro }akbfkc |qn| ro `adb hop&

Xagfkfkc }`oxrak} gfhax nakcr` dkb goxe} gfka} r`dr xabqma

bxdfkdhfnfrv og |qn| @ondkbax hadrax}. mokfmdn xagfkax}. bf}m xagfkax}. mokfmdn bf}mxagfkax}. arm+ dxa q}ab


106/143

]romj |xa|dxdrfokHnakbfkc Efpfkc og bfggaxakr }romj} fk ba}fxab |xo|oxrfok} Dbbfrfok og kok%gfhxoq} moe|okakr} dbbfrfwa} dkb |xoma}}

mokrxon màefmdn} Ba|akb} ok rà gfhax }romj q}ab dkb rà |xobqmr edkqgdmrqxab

\axgoxeab afràx fk fkba|akbakr hnakbfkc mà}r}. ox fk edm`fkamà}r} bfxamrnv

Dbbfrfwa} dkb màefmdn} edv ha dbbab dr hnakbfkc mà}r}.edm`fka mà}r} ox dàdb og àdb hop ox fkro rà s`fra sdrax

Dbbfrfwa} dkb |xoma}} mokrxon màefmdn}


107/143

Dbbfrfwa}Sar%akb }fyfkc màefmdn} % eobfgfab xo}fk. FWDP (bf}|ax}ab

xo}fk goxeqndrfok&. sdp aeqn}fok}. }vkràrfm }fyfkc dcakr}.arm+Bxv }rxakcr` dbbfrfwa} % kdrqxdn dkb eobfgfab }rdxmà}. cqe}

dkb kok%}vkràrfm |onveax}. dkb |onvdmxvndefba}Sar }rxakcr` dbbfrfwa} % qxad%goxednba`vba. eandefka%

goxednba`vba. |onvdefba xa}fk}. arm+Gfnnax} % mndv (jdonfk. hakrokfra&. mdnmfqe mdxhokdra. rfrdkfqe

opfba. rdnm (edcka}fqe }fnfmdra&. arm+Bva}. |fceakr} dkb o|rfmdn hxfc`rakax}

\xoma}} mokrxon màefmdn}Dnqe ox |onvdnqefkqe m`noxfbaBxdfkdca dkb xarakrfok dfb}\frm` bf}|ax}dkr} nfja rdnmBagodeax}. }nfefmfba}. moxxo}fok fk`fhfrox}]fnfmdra} dkb Dmfb} dkb dnjdnfa} (gox dbiq}rfkc |@&

Hdehoo |qn|(nokc gfhax gxdmrfok&


108/143

\fr |qn|ax

@B mnadkax

ME }mxaakfkc Makrxf%mnadkfkc

Cxdwfrv r`fmjakfkc Rsfk xonn basdraxfkc |xa}}

Boqhna bf}m xagfkax

]`dxj |qn|ax

Wfxcfk }`aar |qn|(fe|oxrab&

@fc` mok}f}rakmv xagfkax

Boqhna bf}m xagfkax

Hnakbfkc

\dxrfdnnv |xoma}}ab

}amokbdxv gfhax

\xa|dxab }romjro r`a edm`fka]romj |xa|dxdrfok

H j


109/143

Hxoja }v}rae

Monnamrfok |xoma}}fkc dkb xamvmnfkc og |d|ax edm`fkahxoja Gfhax xamowaxab gxoe hdmjsdrax} r`xoqc` mndxfgfmdrfok. bf}m

gfnrxdrfok. jxogrd qkfr}. arm+. f} dn}o mok}fbaxab d} |dxr

Rso mdracoxfa} og hxoja (sar dkb bxv hxoja& Sar hxoja9 abca rxfe} og |d|ax edr dkb |qn| sah/ |d|ax edr

hxadj Bxv hxoja9 r`xadbfkc sd}ra. abca mqrrfkc} dkb |d|ax xaiamr}

Fkwonwa}

\qn|fkc og sar hxoja fk moqm` |fr} \qn|fkc og bxv hxoja fk qkbax r`a edm`fka |qn|ax (QRE& Mnadkfkc. bagndjfkc dkb }mxaakfkc Hxoja }roxdca dkb }q||nv gox hnakbfkc fkro gqxkf}`

gfhax xamowaxab gxoeedm`fka hdmjsdrax

(Bfgg b f gn r rf fr&

jkomjbosk} dkb rxfeefkc}og |qn| edr gxoe goqxbxfkfax

bxv xoja

|d|ax xaanxaiamr}


110/143

QRE \qn|axMoqm` |frXamowaxab

gfhax mà}r

Hxoja Bqe|Mà}r

Cxdwfrvr`fmjakax

@B Mnadkax Bagndjax Hxoja Mà}r

gfhax bxdfkfkc' owaxgnosfkcfkro rà }asax

}romj }fnosdrax

sdrax

gfnrxdra rohdmjsdrax

rdkj

|qn| bxdfkfkc

fkro }asax

sdrax

xaiamr}gxoe bfxr rdkj

(Bfggq}ab dfx gnordrfok qkfr& sdrax bxv xojagxoe edm`fka

xasfkbax hxoja

hxoja rohnakbfkc mà}r

Hxoja }v}rae


111/143

D||xodm` }v}rae ro rà |d|ax edm`fka

O|axdrfok} dkb dmrfwfrfa} harsaak rà edm`fka mà}r dkb rààdb hop

\qe|fkc og gqxkf}` dkb s`fra sdrax Earaxfkc dkb bfnqrfkc rà gqxkf}` Edm`fka xagfkfkc Gfka }mxaakfkc dkb makrxfmnadkfkc Bo}fkc og |xoma}} mokrxon màefmdn} dkb dbbfrfwa}

]v}rae} q}ab gox rà |xa|dxdrfok. }roxdca dkb bo}fkc og ràmàefmdn} dkb dbbfrfwa}

Q}a sdrax dkb dn}o }rade Cakaxdra sd}rasdrax gxoe rà bqe|fkc og xa}fbqdn màefmdn}

dkb gxoe rà mnadkfkc og rà }v}rae

Hnakbfkcmà}r

\DM }rox+rdkj

]axwfma|xoma}}sdrax dnqe

\DM

|xoma}}ab|q

n| hxoja |qn|

Bf}}onwfk

|xoma}}sdrax

}rad

e|xoma}} sdrax

bva}

dnqe}on


112/143

mà}r

Edm`fkamà}r

BB xagfkax

]rqgg hop

\xa}}qxa}mxaak

@adb hop

Bf}}onwfkc

rxdvBf}}onwfk

crdkj}qe|

Dnqe}rox+rdkj

rdkj crdkj

]roxdcardkj

]axwfmardkj

Bvaònbfkc

rdkj

xamowaxab bva

bxdfkaboqr bva

bva }onqrfok}on+

FWDP

owaxg

nos}

xaiamr}

xaiamr}dmma|r} ros`frasdrax

|xoma}} sdrax

Wfhxdroxv}mxaak

]onqhfnfyfkc

rdkj

Mok}r+sdrax

àdbrdkj

Moojfkcrxdv

}rdxm`|xoma}}sdrax

}rade

|xoma}} sdrax

}rdxm` }onk+

Bf}}onwfkc

rdkj

]roxdcardkj

BJ }ar |osbax

|xoma}} sdrax

gqxkf}` rogoqxbxfkfax

owaxgnos}ro s`frasdrax

D||xodm` }v}rae ro rà |d|ax edm`fka

Sar%akb o|axdrfok}


113/143

|

Eadkr gox

Goxedrfok og rà |d|ax sah Cxdwfrdrfokdn. wdmqqe d}}f}rab dkb |xa}} basdraxfkc og |d|axsah

Rso rv|a} og |d|ax sah goxeax} (goqxbxfkfax goxeax} dkbmvnfkbax goxeax}& dxa q}ab

Fk goqxbxfkfax goxeax} sfxa f} makrxdn |dxr D mokrfkqoq} sfxa hanr xqkkfkc gxoe hxad}r xonn ro moqm` xonn

dkb xarqxkfkc hdmj r`xoqc` sfxa rqxkfkc xonn dkb xarqxk xonn} @adb hop f} nomdrab dr rà hxad}r xonn dhowa rà sfxa

Sfxa |dxr f} bfwf}fhna fkro goqx yoka} Sah goxedrfok dkb gxaa bxdfkfkc yoea Wdmqqe d}}f}rab sah basdraxfkc yoka Sah rxdk}gax yoka Sfxa xarqxk yoka

|xoma}} sdrax}òsax

}rade@\ Efnn sdrax

}òsax fk Bdkbv

}rade

|xoma}} sdrax}òsax} fkmoqm` xonn jkomj bosk '

rxfe }òsax}

gqxkf}` gxoeàdb hop

|d|axsah

P


114/143

Gxaa bxdfkfkc yoka

Xarqxkfkcsfxa yoka

Wdmqqe basdraxfkcyoka

Moqm` |fr/sah rxdk}gax yoka

S`frasdraxrxdv ]adn \fr%4

Sfxa \fr

S`frasdrax}fno

Hdmjsdraxrdkj Jxogrd Qkfr

Mndxfgfabsdrax Rdkj

)

) Sdrax gxoe Rsfk moe|dxreakr hopa} dkb gxoe rà Bdkbv Xonn rxdv})) ]adn |fr%4 owaxgnos} dxa monnamrab fkro rà hdmjsdrax rdkj

))

abca Hnaabfkc} bxdcoqr}ogjkomjab

bo

sksah'rxfe}

moqm`xonnrxdvsdra

x

owaxgnos}ro }asax

owaxgnos}ro ]asax

sarrfkc}òsax}

@\ ' màe+}òsax}

bagodeax|xoma}} sdrax

gox gode hxadjfkc}òsax}

|xoma}} sdraxbqxfkc }rdxrq|

ro BBXgaab mà}r

gox xaq}a

|xoma}} sdrax

moe|xa}}abdfx

àdb hopowaxgnos}

|xa}}qxa}mxaak dmma|r}

ro gdk |qe|gox gqxkf}` bfn+

owaxgnos}

xamowaxabgfhax ' gfka}

|fmjq| xonnrxdv sdrax

ro moqm` |fr P

P

P Mokkamrab ro rà wdmqqe }v}rae

Goqxbxfkfax goxeax

Goqxbxfkfax


115/143

\d|ax sah goxedrfok dkb gxaa bxdfkfkc yoka Moe|xf}a} hxad}r xonn. àdb hop. sah goxedrfok hodxb.

`vbxogofn}. xordrfkc rdhna xonnax}. }rdrfokdxv bagnamrox}. sarhopa}. s`fra sdrax rxdv dkb s`fra sdrax }fno Sdrax }òsax iar} ha`fkb rà }nqfma o|akfkc og gnos }|xadbax og

àdb hop gox cakaxdrfkc rqxhqnakma dkb |xawakrfkc |xaedrqxagnomjfkc og gfhax

]nqfma iar abca} dxa hnab ogg gox dwofbfkc abca gdkkfkc @vbxogofn} dkb xordrfkc rdhna xonnax} dkb }rdrfokdxv bagnamrox}d}}f}r fk bxdfkfkc oqr sdrax gxoe |d|ax sah

Sar hopa} (wdmqqe d}}f}rab `vbxogofn}& sfr` hdxoearxfm nac}fkro s`fra sdrax rxdv ak`dkma rà sah basdraxfkc

S`fra sdrax (xfm` fk gfka}. gfnnax} dkb oràx màefmdn}& bxdfkfkcgxoe rà gxaa bxdfkfkc yoka dkb fkro sar hopa} f} monnamrabfkro s`fra sdrax rxdv dkb mokwavab ro s`fra sdrax }fno goxxaq}a

Bagodeax} dxa bo}ab fkro s`fra sdrax ro }q|xa}} godefkc dkb}rade f} fkiamrab fkro s`fra sdrax }fno àdrfkc rà ndrrax

Goqxbxfkfax


116/143

Wdmqqe d}}f}rab sah basdraxfkc yoka

@d} wdmqqe bxv hopa}. bdkbv xonn}. }adn |fr. dn}o sfxa |fr Wdmqqe bxv hopa} dxa mokkamrab ro edm`fka} wdmqqe }v}raer`xoqc` mvmnoka }a|dxdrox

Sdrax }a|dxdrab f} mokwavab ro }adn |fr r`xoqc` hdxoearxfmnac}

Bdkbv xonn f} |xowfbab owax rà sah ro d}}f}r fk basdraxfkc dkbfk edjfkc sdrax edxj}

@fc` |xa}}qxa }òsax} ro mnadk rà bdkbv xonn Mnadkfkc sdrax dkb sdrax mdxxfab goxsdxb hv bdkbv xonn f}

monnamrab fkro d rxdv dkb mokwavab ro sfxa |fr\d|ax sah rxdk}gax yoka Fkmnqba} moqm` xonn. nqe| hxadjax xonn. |fmj q| xonn. sfxa rqxkfkc

xonn. moqm` |fr dkb sfxa |fr Moqm` xonn d} }rdrfokdxv fc` wdmqqe }qmrfok hopa} mokkamrab

ro rà edm`fka} wdmqqe }v}rae @fc` |xa}}qxa sdrax }òsax} mnadk |axgoxdrab }ànn og rà xonn


117/143

\d|ax sah rxdk}gax yoka \fmjq| xonn dn}o `d} }rdrfokdxv `fc` wdmqqe }qmrfok hopa}

mokkamrab ro rà edm`fka} wdmqqe }v}rae @fc` |xa}}qxa sdrax }òsax} ro mnadk |axgoxdrab }ànn og rà

xonn @fc` |xa}}qxa sdrax iar} (}tqfxr}& ro rxfe |d|ax sah} }fba}

Nos wonqea sdrax }òsax} ro }nq}` dkb sd}` boskrxfeefkc} fkro rà moqm` |fr

@fc` wonqea sdrax }òsax} ro }nq}` dkb sd}` bosk gqnn

sfbr` sah fkro moqm` |fr fk rà awakr og sah hxadj @dkbnfkc og sar hxoja og moqm` |fr hv hxoja }v}rae

]rade }òsax} q|}rxade ro moqm` |fr ro àdr rà |d|ax sah

Goqxbxfkfax

Goqxbxfkfax


118/143

Sfxa xarqxk yoka Fkmnqba} sfxa xarqxk xonn. sfxa rqxkfkc xonn}. sfxa mnadkfkc

}òsax}. sfxa |fr dkb hdmjsdrax rdkj Sfxa rqxkfkc xonn}

@dwa bomrox hndba} dkb bahxf} monnamrfok rxdv} Sarrfkc} }òsax} gox jaa|fkc rà xonn} dkb rà hndba} mnadk

@fc` |xa}}qxa kaabna }òsax}. gnoob }òsax}. màefmdn }òsax}dkb awak }rade }òsax} gox mnadkfkc xarqxk sfxa Sd}rasdrax gxoe bfggaxakr }òsax} dkb owaxgnos} og 4}r

moe|dxreakr og hdmjsdrax rdkj fkro rà 8kb moe|dxreakr Hdmjsdrax 8kb moe|dxreakr ro }dwa dnn qkfr} gox gfhax xamowaxv

dkb xaq}a og rà hdmjsdrax Owaxgnos} og }adn |fr} og bxv wdmqqe hopa} dkb og s`fra sdrax

}fno fkro hdmjsdrax rdkj (4}r moe|dxreakr& \qe|ab ro edfkrdfk nawan fk s`fra sdrax }fno


119/143

Mvnfkbax goxeax}

Q}ab ro edkqgdmrqxa |dmjdca cxdba |d|ax (eqnrf|nv sah& Fbakrfmdn ro r`fmjakax (d xordrfkc bxqe }mxaak fk d wdr&

D }ogr xqhhax moqm` xonn ox d }qmrfok xonn ok rà bxqe }mxaak|fmj} q| dkb rxdk}gax} rà sah ro eowfkc ganr

Rv|a} og mvnfkbax goxeax} Bxv wdr goxeax}. }qmrfok goxeax} dkb |xa}}qxa goxeax} Ok%ro| goxeax} ox qkbax rà ganr goxeax} sah goxedrfok ok d

sfxa sxd||ab owax xordrfkc }qmrfok bxqe Qnrxd goxeax} d rv|a og ok%ro| goxeax} sfr` gfhax edr

}dkbsfrmàb harsaak ra bxqe }mxaak/sfxa dkb ganr Eobfgfab qnrxd goxeax} |dxr og sah goxedrfok ok goqxbxfkfax

dkb xa}r ok mvnfkbax goxeax harsaak sfxa dkb ganr

\xa}} basdraxfkc og |d|ax sah


120/143

@d} 8 eam`dkfmdn |xa}}a}. |xa}} ganr}. q`na hopa} dkb }adn |fr}

\xa}} xonn} dxa xordrfkc |axgoxdrab }ànn} dwfkc }rdrfokdxv `fc` wdmqqe }qmrfok hopa} mokkamrab ro ràwdmqqe }v}rae og rà edm`fka

Cxoowa}/hnfkb xama|rdmna} ro ònb rà sdrax xaeowab gxoesah

Bomrox hndba} dkb }|xdv} gox mnadkfkc rà |xa}} xonn }qxgdma

\xa}} ganr} }q||oxrfkc rà |d|ax sah dkb dmrfkc d} xama|rox goxrà sdrax }tqaayab oqr gxoe |d|ax sah

Kok%moe|xa}}fhna gdhxfm hanr edv ha }q||oxrfkc rà ganr @fc` |xa}}qxa }òsax}. màefmdn }òsax}. }rade }òsax} dkb

q`na hopa} ro mnadk dkb mokbfrfok rà xarqxkfkc ganr dkbxaeowa sdrax

Q`na hopa} dxa mokkamrab ro rà edm`fka} wdmqqe }v}raer`xoqc` mvmnoka }a|dxdrox}

Mvmnoka }a|xdrox} mokkamrab ro }adn |fr} r`xoqc` hdxoearxfm

nac}

rxdv sdraxro sfxa |fr

sarrfkc }òsaxsdxesdrax


121/143

\fmjq|/}qmrfok Xonn Hf|fk \xa}} =

xb \xa}}

Q`na Hopa}(8

kqehax}&

efnn sdrax}òsax}fk rà xonn

\xa}} Ganr

P

]adn \fr%8

Q`na Hop

Q`na Hop


|xoma}} sdrax

@\ }òsax

|xoma}} sdrax@\ }òsax

ro }asax

ro }asax

ro }asax

P

màefmdn}òsax

màefmdn}òsax

màefmdn}òsax

Monnamr+rxdv

ro }asax

|d|ax sah

ro sfxa |fr

Monnamr+rxdv


|d|ax sah robxfax }amrfok

|xoma}} sdrax@\ }òsax Monnamr+

rxdv

P Mokkamrab ro rà wdmqqe }v}rae

\xa}} basdraxfkc og |d|ax sah

Wdmqqe }v}rae og rà |d|ax edm`fka


122/143

Wdmqqe }v}rae og rà |d|ax edm`fka

Fkmnqba} d wdmqqe adbax mokkamrab ro ]rdrfokdxv }qmrfok hopa} og moqm` xonn dkb }qmrfok xonn} og

|xa}}a} Wdmqqe d}}f}rab bxv dkb sar hopa} og goqxbxfkfax} dkb Q`na

hopa} og |xa}} basdraxfkc }amrfok

Wdmqqe |qe|}. bf}m`dxca rxakm` dkb wdmqqe |nqea }qe| Wdmqqe |qe|} xatqfxa} anamrxfmdn akaxcv gox bxfwfkc dkb

sdrax gox }adnfkc Wdmqqe |qe|} dxa d}}omfdrab sfr` kof}a dkb wfhxdrfok

|xohnae} Sdrax owaxgnosfkc rà wdmqqe |nqea }qe| mdxxv sd}raàdr dkb f} mokrdefkdrab sfr` akrxdfkab edraxfdn} dkbsdrax og rà wdmqqe }v}rae


123/143


124/143

Bxv akb o|axdrfok}

Bxv akb o|axdrfok} fkmnqba \d|ax sah bxvfkc ]qxgdma }fyfkc ]qxgdma modrfkc

Mdnakbaxfkc Xaanfkc. }`aarfkc dkb hdnfkc\d|ax sah bxvfkc

Eadkr ro xabqma eof}rqxa ro >4

Bxvfkc edv ha rsfma ox eoxa rfea} (bxvfkc % }qxgdma}fyfkc/}qxgdma modrfkc % dcdfk bxvfkc&

Mvnfkbax bxvax}


125/143

v v

Eqnrf|na xordrfkc mvnfkbax} àdrab fkraxkdnnv r`xoqc`

fkiamrfkc }rade dxa q}ab+ Bxvax ganr} dxa q}ab ro }q||oxr dkb rfc`rnv onb rà |d|ax sah

dcdfk}r rà mvnfkbax bxvax }qxgdma Ganr} edv ha q}ab d} eqnrf|na |dfx} (og ro| dkb horroe ganr}& Fk md}a og }àar gnqrraxfkc dkb hxadjfkc |xohnae} }fkcna

}qx|akrfka ganr mokrfkqoq}nv }q||oxrfkc eowfkc sah f} q}ab Mokbak}dra rocaràx sfr` 41%8

oqr gxoe bxvax (ro dwofb dmmqeqndrfok og kok%mokbak}dhnacd}a}& }a|dxdra akrxdfkab }rade dkb xaq}a

Xaq}ab d} fk|qr }rade fk mvnfkbax} o|axdrab dr nosax |xa}}qxa(mvnfkbax} bfwfbab fkro cxoq|} o|axdrfkc dr bfggaxakr|xa}}qxa}&

Rdjak fkro ràxeo%moe|xa}}ox. efpab sfr` `fcàx |xa}}qxa}q|axàdrab }rade dkb dcdfk q}ab d} fk|qr }rade


126/143

Mvnfkbax bxvax}

Akrxdfkab }rade }a|dxdrab gxoe rà cxoq| og mvnfkbax} o|axdrabdr nosa}r |xa}}qxa f} mokbak}ab fk afràx d }qxgdma mokbak}axox fk d bfxamr mokrdmr mokbak}ax

Mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax f} xatqfxab

Mokbak}dra cakaxdrab dr }qxgdma mokbak}ax ox dr ràmokbak}dra }a|dxdrox} og mvnfkbax bxvax} f} xaq}ab d} hofnaxgaab sdrax

Mok}qe|rfwa q}a og sdrax fk rà bfxamr mokrdmr mokbak}ax Sdxe sdrax f} cakaxdrab dr rà bfxamr mokrdmr mokbak}ax

Kok%mokbak}dhna cd}a} og rà mokbak}ax} dxa wakrab oqr hv dwdmqqe |qe| s`fm` q}a} moonfkc sdrax gox cndkb }adnfkc

Ràxeomoe|xa

48 jc/me8}rade

7 jc/me8}rade


127/143

Bxfax}%

4 ro = Mnq \dmj

Bxfax}

43 ro8=

Bxfax}%

2 ro 3

Bxfax}%

0 ro 41

Bxfax}%

47

P V

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]4

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]=

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]8

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]2

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]4DMokbak}

ax

Mokbak}dra

}a|dxdrox

Wdmqqe|qe|

Sdxe

sdraxrdkj

@adr

apm`dkcax

Mokbak}dra

xam+% ]1

\d|ax eowfkc r`xoqc`

}}ox

mokbak}draro hofnax

Mokbak}draKok%mokbak}dhna}]rade ' Gnd}àb }rade

efnn sdraxsdxesdraxgox xaq}a

owaxgnos}ro }asax

sdrax

òrsdrax

ro }asax

Sdrax

- --

- Bxv hxoja f} q}qdnnv cakaxdrab dr rà}a |ofkr}

V Bxfab |d|ax ro |o|a xaan

P \d|ax edr gxoe |xa}}}amrfok gox bxvfkc

wakr

Mvnfkbax bxvax}

Dqpfnfdxv o|axdrfok}/dmrfwfrfa} d}}omfdrabsfr` rà mvnfkbax bxvfkc


128/143

sfr` rà mvnfkbax bxvfkc

@or bxv dfx }q||nv }v}rae Q}ab gox fe|xowfkc |omjar wakrfndrfok Hnosax} dkb xdbfdrox àdrax} dxa q}ab ro }q||nv òr dfx ]rade f} q}ab fk rà xdbfdrox àdrax dkb }rade mokbak}dra f}

cakaxdrab

@or `qefb dfx wakrfndrfok }v}rae Kaabab gox bxfwfkc oqr òr `qefb dfx dkb fe|xowa }rade

amokoev @adr xamowaxv dkb àdrfkc dfx og òr bxv dfx }v}rae f} |o}}fhna

Mfxmqndrfkc ofn nqhxfmdrfok ' moonfkc }v}rae

Xonnax} og mvnfkbax bxvax} kaab nqhxfmdrfok dkb moonfkc hvmfxmqndrfkc ofn Mfxmqndrfkc moonfkc sdrax f} kaabab gox rà moonfkc og rà

mfxmqndrfkc ofn

Dfx moonfkc }v}rae og edm`fka bxfwa}9 dfx hnosax} dxa q}ab

Dfxàdrfkc

fr

dehfakr dfx

}rade

dehfakr dfx

}nq}àb |qn| rohxoja bqe| mà}r


129/143

qkfr

@or dfxhnosax

mokbak}dra

òr dfx

Dfxhnosax

Hnosax}

òr `qefb dfx

wakrab oqròr `qefb dfx

Ofnmoonfkc}v}rae

Ofn}rox+rdkj

moonfkcsdrax

Bxvax} dxad

Xonnax}og

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environmental analysis of pulp and paper mills

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