environment statistics report 2018 draft · welcome to the latest issue of cepi’s environment...

Environment Statistics2018European pulp & paper

Introduction

Members of CEPI in 2018

Data Collection

Definitions

Data Quality

More InformationFor more information on statistics and the other CEPI reports, please contact:

Ariane Crèvecoeur – Statistics Manager – [email protected]

CEPI Environment Statistics 2018 Introduction

Welcome to the latest issue of CEPI’s Environment Statistics 2018 .

CEPI was founded in 1992 and annual statistics cover the period 1991 – 2018. CEPI represents 92% of the European* pulp and paper industry in terms of production.

The Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) is a Brussels-based non-profit making organisation, which represents the European pulp and paper industry towards the European Institutions. Through its member associations, CEPI also represents approximately 500 pulp, paper and board producing corporations across Europe, ranging from small and medium-sized enterprises, to multinationals (counting companies with a presence in more than one CEPI country only once).

CEPI © 2019 : please mention "CEPI statistics" as a source if you use some of the figures, tables or charts in one of your publications.

* Europe minus Russian Federation.

National Associations of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.However, the figures reported in this report don't include Hungary, Romania and Slovenia. Poland is included as from 2003.

This report mainly aggregates data from 2017 and 2018 voluntarily provided by CEPI member national associations.The data result from the answers to the questionnaires sent by CEPI to its members. The national associations supply the data, which they collect from their member mills/companies plus official sources where appropriate.

Responsibility for the collection and the management of the statistical data lies with the CEPI statistics department, which is constantly working to improve the quality of the data reported. In order to further increase the reliability and credibility of the data reported, CEPI has commissioned Deloitte to issue a limited assurance statement on the data quality rating that CEPI carried out on its core indicators in the statistics report. The detailed data quality rating and the limited assurance statement is available on http://www.cepi.org/members/statistics/annual-statistics

Notes and definitions related to the terms used in this report can be found on page 18.More information and details related to the definitions and descriptions of terms and categories used in theEuropean Pul and Paper Industry can be found in the CEPI booklet "Pulp and Paper Industry - Definitions and Concepts". http://www.cepi.org/topics/statistics

Environment Statistics 2018 Page 1

CEPI Environment Statistics 2018 Introduction

Executive Summary

Energy and Electricity Consumption

Emissions

Water

Residues

Note

Belgium, Slovakia and Sweden: Data has not been received and has been estimated by CEPI.These estimations account for 17% of total CEPI pulp and paper production.

The industry has become more self-sufficient. Today, 95.5% of electricity is produced on-site in paper mills using the energy-efficient Combined Heat and Power (CHP) method (88% in 1991). In 2018, the specific electricity consumption has decreased by 1.9% compared to 2017, but has decreased by 24.5% compared to 1991.

Mills' specific energy consumption has fallen by 10.2% since 2010, and decreased by 20.4% since 1991.Specific fuels consumption has decreased by 14.9% since 1991, while the percentage of biomass utilisation has increased. In 2018, 60% of the fuels consumption in paper & board mills is bioenergy, compared to 44% in 1991.

Direct CO2 emissions produced by the pulp and paper industry in CEPI countries fell from 37.8 Mt in 2010 to 31.8 Mt in 2018. Since 1991, the specific direct CO2 emissions per kilotonne of product have fallen by 45.1%.In the same time, specific SO2 and Dust emissions have decreased by respectively 93% and 90%, and Nox emissions by 52%.The specific indirect CO2 emissions, from net bought electricity, have also decreased by 50.5% compared to 1991.Regarding the water emissions, both specific COD and AOX emissions have been reduced respectively by 77% and 95% compared to 1991.

The total volume of water consumed by the European pulp and paper industry has decreased substancially since 1991. In 2018, the industry has consumed more than 50% less than in 1991, in terms of volume. The specific amount of water consumed (m³ per tonne of product) has decreased by 72%. The total volume of fresh water abstracted has been reduced by 19% since 1991, while the specific amount has decreased by 44%.In 2018, the CEPI pulp and paper industry abstracted approximately 3.5 billion m³ with 88% coming from surface water and 10% from groundwater. Of the total abstracted 93% were returned to surface water supplies.

Since 2000, the specific amount of residues landfilled has decreased by 63%, from 32 kg/tonne of product to 11.7 kg/t in 2018. The percentage of residues sent to landfill fell from 18.5% in 2000 to 8.7% in 2018.


Introduction 1

Key Figures 4

Key Figures on Environment and Energy 4

Evolution of Environmental Impacts in CEPI Countries 5

Electricity 6

Electricity Consumption 6

Combined Heat and Power 7

Energy 8

Energy Consumption 8

Energy Consumption - Biomass 9

Water 10

Water Profile 10

Water Intake & Consumption 11

Effluents Treatment 12

Emissions 13

Water Emissions 13

Air Emissions 14

Residues 15

Total Residues 15

Residues Landfilled 16

Sludges 17

Definitions 18

Introduction Table of Content


1991 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/1991

Production ('000 Tonnes)

Paper & Board 62 846 87 487 96 625 93 449 90 121 90 064 -0.1 43.3

Market Pulp 9 125 11 204 13 019 12 636 14 171 14 398 1.6 57.8

Total Production 71 971 98 691 109 644 106 084 104 292 104 462 0.2 45.1

Energy Consumption ('000 TJ)

Fuels Consumption 930 1 141 1 269 1 282 1 156 1 149 -0.6 23.6

Net Bought Electricity 206 247 228 203 166 163 -1.7 -20.6

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1 136 1 388 1 497 1 485 1 322 1 313 -0.7 15.6

Specific Primary Energy Consumption (TJ/kt)

15.78 14.07 13.65 14.00 12.68 12.56 -0.9 -20.4

Electricity Consumption (GWh)

Electricity Consumption 86 597 110 504 113 810 113 153 96 545 94 879 -1.7 9.6

% of Electricity Produced through

CHP2 88.0% 90.4% 94.4% 95.4% 95.5% 95.5% 0.0 7.6

Specific Electricity Consumption (GWh/kt)

1.20 1.12 1.04 1.07 0.93 0.91 -1.9 -24.5

Air Emissions4

Direct CO2 Emissions3

Absolute (Mega Tonnes) 39.0 41.9 43.2 37.8 32.2 31.8 -1.4 -18.6

Specific (kt CO2 / kt) 0.54 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.30 0.30 -1.5 -45.1

Indirect CO2 Emissions

Absolute (Mega Tonnes) 13.9 14.3 12.5 11.6 10.1 10.0 -0.8 -28.1

Specific (kt CO2 / kt) 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 -0.9 -50.5

Specific SO2 Emissions (t SO2 / kt of product)

1.32 0.40 0.32 0.24 0.13 0.09 -28.3 -92.8

Specific NOx Emissions (t NOx / kt of product)

1.31 0.90 0.83 0.85 0.67 0.63 -5.1 -51.7

Water Emissions (kg/t)5

Specific Phosphorus Emissions n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.013 0.012 0.011 -2.9 n.a.

Specific COD Emissions 23.36 9.08 6.60 6.32 5.41 5.32 -1.6 -77.2

Specific AOX Emissions 0.433 0.049 0.030 0.030 0.022 0.021 -5.0 -95.1

1 Excluding Hungary , Romania & Slovenia - excluding Poland before 2003 .2 compared to total on-site electricity generation3 Including all CEPI countries from 20054 Air Emissions: CO 2 - NOX (Azote Oxydes) - SO 2

5 Water Emissions: COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) - AOX

Key Figures1 on Environment and Energy

Key Figures


Indexes (1991 = 100) 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

Production of Market Pulp and Paper & Board

100.0 115.2 137.1 152.3 147.4 144.9 145.1 0.2

Primary Energy Consumption 100.0 97.3 89.1 86.5 88.7 80.3 79.6 -0.9

Electricity consumption 100.0 96.3 93.1 86.4 88.7 77.0 75.5 -1.9

CO2 Emissions 100.0 92.2 78.3 71.5 64.7 55.8 54.9 -1.5

NOX Emissions 100.0 84.8 68.9 63.6 64.9 51.0 48.3 -5.1

Water Intake 100.0 80.6 64.0 58.5 57.8 55.4 55.8 0.8

COD Emissions 100.0 60.8 38.9 28.2 27.0 23.1 22.8 -1.6

SO2 Emissions 100.0 60.4 30.5 24.0 18.5 10.0 7.2 -28.3

AOX Emissions 100.0 22.0 11.2 7.0 6.9 5.1 4.9 -5.0

Evolution of Environmental Impacts in CEPI Countries

Key Figures

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

Ind

ex o

f S

pec

ific

Val

ue

(199

1=10

0)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Ind

ex o

f S

pec

ific

Val

ue

(200

5=10

0)

Production of Market Pulp and Paper Primary Energy Consumption Electricity consumption

CO2 NOX Water Intake

COD SO2 AOX


GWh 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

Electricity Produced on Site 29 416 36 058 41 930 50 462 56 780 50 359 49 485 -1.7

of which from CHP1 25 873 32 161 37 884 47 637 54 188 48 089 47 266 -1.7

% of Electricity Produced

through CHP2 88.0 89.2 90.4 94.4 95.4 95.5 95.5 0.0

Purchased Electricity from the Grid 59 045 62 501 72 255 72 815 67 567 58 033 57 150 -1.5

Sold Electricity 1 864 2 561 3 681 9 468 11 193 11 846 11 755 -0.8

Total Electricity Consumption 86 597 95 998 110 504 113 810 113 153 96 545 94 879 -1.7

Specific Electricity Consumption (GWh/kt)

1.20 1.16 1.12 1.04 1.07 0.93 0.91 -1.9

Net Bought Electricity3 57 181 59 940 68 573 63 347 56 374 46 186 45 394 -1.7

Specific Net Bought Electricity (GWh/ kt of product)

0.79 0.72 0.69 0.58 0.53 0.44 0.43 -1.9

1CHP = Combined Heat and Power2 Compared to total electricity produced on-site3 Net bought electricity = purchased electricity - sold electricity

Electricity Consumption

Sources of Electricity Consumption

Electricity Electricity Consumption

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

'000 GWh

Electricity Produced on Site ... ... of which through CHP Net Bought Electricity

66.0%

34.0%

47.8%

52.2%


Share of Electricity Produced through CHP compared to Total Electricity Production

Electricity

Specific Electricity Consumption

Combined Heat & Power

88.0

89.2

90.4

94.4

95.4

95.3

96.4 96.1 96.0 96.2 96.095.5 95.5

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

%

1.20 1.16

1.121.04 1.07

1.03 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95

0.93 0.91

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

GWh per kt of products


'000 TJ 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/1991

Gas 260 348 405 489 490 384 381 -0.8 46.8

Fuel Oil 129 132 91 67 38 19 17 -7.5 -86.6

Coal 114 86 59 48 53 39 35 -9.4 -69.2

Other Fossil Fuels 10 12 19 20 15 12 13 13.4 30.6

Biomass 413 475 563 636 678 687 689 0.4 66.8

Other 1 4 4 4 9 9 15 13 -14.9 269.8

Total Fuels Consumption 930 1 057 1 141 1 269 1 282 1 156 1 149 -0.6 23.6

Net Bought Electricity2 206 216 247 228 203 166 163 -1.7 -20.6

Total Energy Consumption 1 136 1 272 1 388 1 497 1 485 1 322 1 313 -0.7 15.6

Specific Energy Consumption (TJ/kt)

15.78 15.35 14.07 13.65 14.00 12.68 12.56 -0.9 -20.4

Fraction of Biomass in Total Fuels Consumption

44.4% 45.0% 49.3% 50.1% 52.9% 59.4% 60.0% 0.6 15.5

1 Waste of waste: rejects from recycling operations (not from pulping) used as fuel (bought or produced on the site)2 Net bought electricity has been converted from GWh into TJ using the ratio 1GWh=3.6TJ

Energy Consumption

Total Energy Consumption by Source

Energy Energy Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

'000 TJ

Gas Fuel Oil Coal Other Fossil Fuels Biomass Other Fuels Net Bought Electricity

29.0%

52.5%

12.5%

22.9%

36.4%

18.1%


Fuels Consumption by source in 2018

Fraction of Biomass in Total Fuels Consumption

Energy Energy Consumption - Biomass

Gas 33.2%

Fuel Oil 1.5%

Coal 3.1%

Other Fossil Fuels 1.2%

Biomass 60.0%

Other Fuels1.1%

44.4 45.0

49.3 50.152.9

55.1 55.8

57.0 57.6 57.7 58.5 59.4 60.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

%


1 Water consumption has been partly estimated by CEPI

Million m³

Water Profile in 2018

Water Water Profile

93% of Water Returned

From Municipal Water

From Surface Water

From Groundwater

Water in Wood

Pulp & Paper Mills Water in Market Pulp and Recycled FibreWater in Other

Purchased Materials

Wat

er In

take

Wat

er C

on

ten

t in

Pu

rch

ased

Mat

eria

lW

ater

Eff

luen

ts

Evaporation Water in Products Sold

Water in Solid Residuals

Wat

er C

on

sum

pti

on

1

3 102

30 349

50

7

To Surface Water

3 200

227

To Municipal & Others

90

13

14

4


million m³ 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

Total Freshwater Abstracted: 4 375 4 063 3 839 3 896 3 649 3 448 3 481 1.0

from Groundwater 575 518 515 410 338 348 349 0.3

from Surface Water 3 737 3 481 3 290 3 455 3 213 3 071 3 102 1.0

from Municipal & Others 63 63 34 32 98 30 30 3.2

Water Content in Purchased Materials and Products

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 76 61 61 1.0

Total Water Intake 4 375 4 063 3 839 3 896 3 725 3 509 3 543 1.0

Water Returned (effluents) 3 760 3 578 3 404 3 522 3 379 3 209 3 290 2.5

Water Consumption 615 485 436 375 346 300 253 -15.6

Specific Water Consumption(m²/ t of product)

8.5 5.9 4.4 3.4 2.5 2.9 2.4 -15.7

million m³ 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

Used for Process 3 079 2 909 2 758 2 532 2 340 2 286 2 224 -2.7

Used for Cooling 1 296 1 154 1 081 1 364 1 385 1 223 1 319 7.8

Total Water Utilisation 4 375 4 063 3 839 3 896 3 725 3 509 3 543 1.0

Water Utilisation by Application

Water Utilisation by Application in 2018Water Intake by Source in 2018

Water

Water Intake by Source

Water Intake

From Groundwater

9.8%

From Surface Water87.6%

Water Content in Purchased Materials and

Products1.7%

From Municipal &

Others0.9%

Used for Process62.8%

Used for Cooling37.2%


million m³ 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

River and Lakes 2 466 2 325 2 222 2 115 2 293 2 096 2 187 4.4

Transitional Waters 48 44 43 64 50 39 34 -13.6

Coastal, Sea and Ocean 1 053 1 038 942 1 066 917 976 979 0.3

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plans

193 171 197 277 119 99 90 -9.2

Total Water Effluents 3 760 3 578 3 404 3 522 3 379 3 209 3 290 2.5

million m³ 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

Primary Treatment 1 140 907 663 239 317 278 260 -6.4

Secondary Treatment 2 200 2 180 1 997 2 030 1 607 1 436 1 425 -0.8

Tertiary Treatment 155 164 249 344 201 259 258 -0.2

No Treatment * 265 327 495 908 1 255 1 237 1 347 8.9

Total Water Effluents 3 760 3 578 3 404 3 522 3 379 3 209 3 290 2.5

*Including non-polluted water

Water Water Effluents

Water Effluents by Destination

Water Effluents by Treatment

Water Effluents by Destination in 2018 Water Effluents by Treatment in 2018

River and Lakes66.5%

Coastal, Sea and ocean

29.8%

Municipal wastewater

treatment plans2.7%

Transitional Waters

(estuaries)1.0%

Primary Treatment

7.9%

Secondary Treatment

43.3%Tertiary

Treatment7.9%

No treatment *40.9%


'000 Tonnes 1991 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/1991

Phosphorus

Phosphorus Emissions1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 280 1 135 1 105 -2.7 n.a.

Specific P Emissions(kg / t of product)

n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.013 0.012 0.011 -2.9 n.a.

Chemical Oxygen Demand

COD Emissions 1 681 896 723 670 564 556 -1.5 -66.9

Specific COD Emissions(kg / t of product)

23.36 9.08 6.60 6.32 5.41 5.32 -1.6 -77.2

Adsorbable Organic Halides

AOX Emissions 31.183 4.803 3.311 3.184 2.323 2.211 -4.8 -92.9

Specific AOX Emissions(kg / t of product)

0.433 0.049 0.030 0.030 0.022 0.021 -5.0 -95.1

1 Phosphorus Emissions: Spain is not included.

Emissions Water Emissions

Water Emissions

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

Index (1991=100)

Production of Paper and Market Pulp COD Emissions AOX Emissions

+1.4%

-4.0%

-9.3%


'000 Tonnes 1991 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/1991

Direct CO2 Emissions1

Absolute (ktCO2) 39 049 41 938 43 238 37 833 32 215 31 779 -1.4 -18.6

Specific (t CO2 / t of product)

0.54 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.30 0.30 -1.5 -45.1

Indirect CO2 Emissions2

Net Bought Electricity (GWh) 57 181 68 573 63 347 56 374 46 186 45 394 -1.7 -20.6

Electricity Emissions Factors3

(million t CO2/GWh)243 209 197 206 218 220

Absolute Emissions (ktCO2) 13 884 14 330 12 469 11 586 10 054 9 978 -0.8 -28.1

Specific Emissions(t CO2 / t of product)

0.19 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 -0.9 -50.5

SO2 Emissions

Absolute (tSO2) 94 854 39 671 34 614 25 872 13 787 9 904 -28.2 -89.6

Specific (kgSO2 / t of product)

1.32 0.40 0.32 0.24 0.13 0.09 -28.3 -92.8

NOx Emissions

Absolute (tNOx) 94 054 88 809 91 154 90 027 69 451 65 994 -5.0 -29.8

Specific (kgNOx / t of product)

1.31 0.90 0.83 0.85 0.67 0.63 -5.1 -51.7

Dust Emissions (PM10)

Specific (kg / t of product) 0.80 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.08 -11.5 -89.6

1 Includes all CEPI countries from 20052 Indirect CO2 emissions are calculated as net bought electricity divided by the electricity emission factor specific for each country.

Emissions Air Emissions

Air Emissions

3 Weighted average of electricity emission factors of CEPI countriesSources: International Environment Agency - European Commission DG Energy.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

Index (1991=100)

Production of Paper and Market Pulp Direct CO2 Emissions SO2 Emissions

NOx Emissions Dust Emissions (Specific)

+1.4%

-8.0%

-0.8%

-1.3%

-8.0%


'000 Tonnes 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/2000

Residues to Landfills 3 155 2 221 1 732 1 099 1 227 11.7 -61.1

Residues Incinerated with Energy Recovery

8 664 8 638 9 879 8 057 8 002 -0.7 -7.6

Residues Used on Land 3 826 2 564 2 323 1 619 1 656 2.3 -56.7

Residues Used in Other Industries and in the Process

1 426 4 832 3 959 3 350 3 185 -4.9 123.3

Total Residues 17 071 18 254 17 892 14 125 14 071 -0.4 -17.6

Specific Amount of Residues Landfilled (kg / t of product)

31.97 20.26 16.33 10.53 11.75 11.5 -63.3

% of residues landfilled1 18.5 12.2 9.7 7.8 8.7 0.9 -9.8

1 Compared to total residues produced

Residues

Residues

Residues by Destination

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Million Tonnes

Residues Used in Other Industries and in the Process Residues Used on Land

Residues Incinerated with Energy Recovery Residues to Landfills

18.9%

45.4%

15.7%

20.1%

22.6%

11.8%

56.9%

8.7%


Residues

Specific Amount of Residues Landfilled

Residues by Destination in 2018

31.97

20.26 18.93

17.48 17.7316.72 16.33

15.3214.46

13.4311.75

10.33 9.88 10.5311.75

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

kg / t of product

Residues to Landfills8.7%

Residues Incinerated with Energy Recovery

56.9%

Residues Used on Land11.8%

Residues Used in Other Industries and in the

Process22.6%


Sludges

'000 Tonnes 2000 2005 2010 2017 2018% change 2018/2017

% change 2018/2000

De-inking Sludges 1 999 2 922 2 588 1 423 1 101 -22.7 -44.9

Effluent Sludges 3 381 3 421 2 762 2 435 2 528 3.8 -25.2

Other Sludges 468 848 692 432 503 16.6 7.6

Total Sludges 5 847 7 192 6 043 4 290 4 132 -3.7 -29.3

Specific Amount of Sludges Produced(kg / t of product)

59.25 65.59 56.96 41.14 39.56 -3.8 -33.2

1 Split based on a sample representing 80% of total sludges produced.

Sludges

Sludges produced in 2018 Destination of Sludges in 20181

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Million Tonnes

De-inking Sludges Effluent Sludges Other Sludges

34.2%

57.8%

8.0%

12.2%

61.2%

26.6%

De-inking Sludges26.6%

Effluent Sludges61.2%

Other Sludges12.2%

Sludges to Landfills

4.9%

Sludges Incinerated with Energy Recovery

48.5%

Sludges Used on Land25.3%

Sludges Used in Other

Industries and in the Process

21.3%


Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX)

Biomass

Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Co-Generation (Combined Heat and Power - CHP)

Coal

Cooling Water

Electricity Emissions Factors

Electricity Produced on Site

Emissions

Definitions

Biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Includes bio-based products and lignin.

The definition of combined heat and power (CHP) or "cogeneration" implies that heat and electricity are produced simultaneously in one process. The overall efficiency of a CHP unit is used as a measure to determine whether the electricity generation is fully CHP or not. If the overall efficiency is above a threshold set at 75% (85% for steam condensing extraction turbines and combined cycle units), all the electricity generated is considered as CHP electricity.

Coal refers to a variety of solid, combustible, sedimentary, organic rocks that are composed mainly of carbon and varying amounts of other components such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and moisture. Coal is formed from vegetation that has been consolidated between other rock strata and altered by the combined effects of pressure and heat over millions of years. Many different classifications of coal are used around the world, reflecting a broad range of ages, compositions and properties.

Water used for cooling purposes (used to absorb and remove heat). Depending upon the mill, (non-contact) cooling water may be used for process needs. It includes the fresh water which feeds the cooling water circuit (e.g. water towers) and then it is either discharged or re-circulated after re-cooling or is used as warm water in the pulping process.

Electrical energy produced on the mill site from different primary sources such as: hydro power, steam boilers, CHPs, recovery boilers, etc.

COD is the amount of chemically oxidisable organic matter in waste water (normally referring to analysis with dichromate oxidation).

Adsorbable organic halides measured according to the EN ISO: 9562 standard method for waste waters and expressed as chloride in mg Cl/l. It includes adsorbable organically bound chlorine, bromine and iodine.

A naturally occurring gas, also a by-product of burning fossil fuels from fossil carbon deposits, such as oil, gas and coal, of burning biomass, of land use changes and of industrial processes (e.g., cement production). It is the most important anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (see definition below). CO2 emissions are fossil emissions – from stationery combustion of fossil fuels – or biogenic emissions – emissions directly resulting from the combustion, decomposition, or processing of biologically based materials other than fossil fuels, peat, and mineral sources of carbon.

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity generation: CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation, in both electricity-only and combined heat and power plants, divided by output of electricity generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excl. pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide, wave, ocean and biofuels. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation.

Means the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources […] into air, water or land.


Definitions

Energy

Evaporation

Fossil Fuels

Freshwater Abstracted

Gas – Natural and Derived

Groundwater

Incineration with Energy Recovery

Indirect CO2 Emissions

Landfill

Market Pulp

Municipal Supply Water

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Net Bought Electricity

Pulp for sale in the open market and does not include pulp used in own plant or shipped to wholly owned or associated companies within the country. All pulp moving outside the producing country is considered to be market pulp.

Conversion from a liquid or solid state to a vapour.

All water from below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

Freshwater abstracted by source and any other water received at the mill for the purpose of pulp and paper production.

All energy products, consisting of hard coal and derivatives, lignite and derivatives, peat and derivatives, crude oil and

petroleum products (such as LPG, refinery gas, motor spirit, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, residual fuel oil, refuse-derived-fuels, solid-recovered-fuel), natural gas, manufactured gases, derived heat, renewable energies (such as hydro power, wind energy, biomass, wastes, geothermal energy), electrical energy and nuclear energy.

Coal, natural gas, peat and petroleum products (such as oil) formed from the decayed bodies of animals and plants that died millions of years ago.

Natural gas comprises gases occurring in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane. Natural gas includes "non-associated" gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and "associated" gas produced in association with crude oil, as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) and shale gas from fracking. Derived gases are manufactured gases, comprising coke-oven gas, blast furnace gas, and gasworks gas.

Difference between “Purchased Electricity from the Grid” and “Sold Electricity”.

Since these residues are, to a large extent, based on wood they are ideal for co-combustion in heat or power generating plants. Since wood is a renewable resource, combustion of pulp and paper production residues with energy recovery contributes to the battle against global warming.

All public or private water services that are providing drinking water for the society, its citizens, activities and services.

Wastewater from the mill site discharged/piped and treated at external wastewater treatment plant.

A waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land (i.e. underground).

CO2 emissions from net bought electricity, calculated as “net bought electricity” multiplied by the “electricity emissions factor” applied in each country.


Definitions

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Other Energy – Waste of Waste

Other Purchased Materials or Products

Other Water Received

Paper and Board

Paper and Paperboard Production

Particulate Matter (Dust)

Petroleum Products (Fuel Oil and Other Petroleum Products)

Phosphorus

Primary Treatment

The paper and paperboard category is an aggregate category. In the production and trade statistics, it represents the sum of graphic papers; sanitary and household papers; packaging materials and other paper and paperboard. It excludes manufactured paper products such as boxes, cartons, books and magazines, etc.

Quantity of all paper and paperboard of commercial quality (fibre building boards not included) produced within a country. Net production represents the saleable output of the production line.

Particulate matter (synonymous dust) is a collective name for all solid particles (of any shape, structure or density) or liquid materials (droplets and aerosols) suspended in air, including dust, smoke, soot, pollen and soil particles. These complex mixtures include both organic and inorganic particles and vary greatly in size, composition and origin. Based on size, particulate matter is often divided into two main groups. The coarse fraction contains the larger particles with a size ranging from 2.5 to 10 μm (PM10– PM2.5). The fine fraction contains the smaller ones with a size up to 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The particles in the fine fraction which are smaller than 0.1 μm are called ultrafine particles. Particles present in the flue-gas are determined from waste gases as 'mass concentration of dust' according to an appropriate standard method, e.g. gravimetric method EN 13284-1.

Rejects from recycling operations (not from pulping) used as fuel (bought or produced on the site).

Fuel oil covers all residual (heavy) fuel oils (including those obtained by blending). Kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80°C. The flash point is always above 50°C and density is always more than 0.90 kg/l. Low sulphur content: heavy fuel oil with sulphur content lower than 1%, high sulphur content: heavy fuel oil with sulphur content of 1% or higher. Other petroleum products include refinery gas & ethane, liquefied petroleum gas, motor spirit, kerosene & jet fuels, naphtha, gasoil, diesel oil.

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are together referred to as nitrogen oxides (NOX). The sum of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2.

Phosphorous expressed as P, includes dissolved phosphorus plus any insoluble phosphorus carried over into the effluent in the form of precipitates or within microbes.

For example desalinated sea water and reclaimed wastewater treated externally of the mill.

For example steam, hot water, etc.

Physico-chemical treatment, such as equalisation, neutralisation or sedimentation. Equalisation (e.g. in equalising basins) is used to prevent large variations in flow rate, temperature and contaminant concentrations and thus to avoid overloading the waste water treatment system.


Definitions

Process Water

Pulp

Purchased Electricity

Reservoir

Residues and Sludges

Secondary Treatment

Sludge

Sold Electricity

Specific Electricity Consumption

Specific Emissions

Specific Energy Consumption

Sulphur Emissions (SOx)

Surface Water

Fibrous material in papermaking produced in a pulp mill, either mechanically or chemically from fibrous cellulose raw material (wood most common).

Energy Consumption calculated per quantity of the final output (paper & board + market pulp).

Electrical energy bought from outside the mill to be used on site.

Net electrical energy produced on site and sent (sold) to the public grid network or other electricity consumers.

Electricity Consumption calculated per quantity of the final output (paper & board + market pulp).

Water used in a manufacturing or treatment process or in the actual product manufactured. Examples would include water used for washing, rinsing, direct contact, cooling, solution make-up, chemical reactions, and gas scrubbing in industrial and food processing applications. In many cases, water is specifically treated to produce the quality of water needed for the process.

Artificial and heavily modified surface bodies (surface water).

All waters on the surface of the Earth found in rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, marshes, wetlands, as well as ice and snow, and transitional, coastal and marine waters.

Emissions calculated per quantity of the final output (paper & board + market pulp).

All residues from the pulp and paper production and waste water treatment processes are included: bark, ashes, green liquor sludges, other sludges, paper rejects, etc.

A semifluid mass of sediment resulting from treatment of water, sewage and/or other wastes. A soft, soupy, or muddy bottom deposit, such as found on tideland or at the bottom of a water body.

Sulphur emissions come from fossil fuel combustion by power plants, large industries, and mobile sources, and from some industrial processes. It is harmful to vegetation and contributes to adverse health effects and to the formation of ground-level ozone and fine particle pollution. Sulphur dioxide and other sulphur compounds are listed as polluting substances e.g. in the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) (Annex II).

For the treatment of waste water by means of microorganisms, the available processes are aerobic and anaerobic treatment. In a secondary clarification step, solids and biomass are separated from effluents by sedimentation, sometimes combined with flocculation.


Definitions

Tertiary Treatment

Transitional Water

Use on Land

Waste

Wastewater Outflow

Wastewater Treatment

Water Consumption

Water Content in Fibrous Materials

Water Content in Non-Fibrous Materials

Water Content in Purchased Materials and Products

Water in Products Sold

Any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.

The amount of wastewater discharged from mill site to final destination.

Discharge to brackish water i.e. mixture of freshwater and sea water or to an estuary with a free connection to the open sea.

Water content in purchased materials and products for the purpose of pulp and paper production.

From forest (timberland), i.e. water content in wood chips etc, market pulp and recycled fibre.

Water content in process chemicals, coating pigments, fillers, etc.

Equals water lost during manufacturing plus water in sold products and water in waste – i.e. “the portion of the water that is removed from a water source that is not immediately returned to the water source.”

Water content in manufactured products sold (at gate) to the market, in pulp, paper and any other products. Water contained in finished products sold is calculated based on factors – supporting calculation table for optional use is provided by CEPI.

Residues are used as soil improvers in road construction and on land reconstruction applications. For example, a large fraction of deinking sludge consists of carbonates and clay and can act as liming agents, acidity controllers, and structure improvers in agricultural land. Ash can be used in land construction and also as a fertiliser.

Waste water treatment techniques are end-of-pipe (secondary techniques or abatement techniques). Because it is not always possible to prevent pollution at the source, end-of-pipe techniques are those that treat the waste stream arising from a process or storage unit, or an area, or part thereof, to reduce its pollutant content. Waste water treatment techniques aim to reduce waste water and the pollutants it carries. They encompass pre-treatment at the source or in combined streams as well as final treatment of collected waste water before discharge into a receiving water body.

Advanced treatment comprises techniques, such as filtration for further solids removal, nitrification and denitrification for nitrogen removal or flocculation/precipitation followed by filtration for phosphorus removal. Tertiary treatment is normally used in cases where primary and biological treatment are not sufficient to achieve low levels of TSS, nitrogen or phosphorus, which may be required e.g. due to local conditions.


Definitions

Water in Waste

Water Intake

Water Lost during Manufacturing

The amount of freshwater abstracted by source and any other water received at the mill and the amount of water content in purchased materials and products for the purpose of pulp and paper production.

Water content in waste that is permanently stored on site or removed from site for treatment off site or for deposit on landfill. Includes water in rejects – e.g. contrary bale content –, water in sludge – from paper production, de-inking, wastewater – and water in any other solid residual. Water contained in waste is calculated based on factors – supporting calculation table for optional use is provided by CEPI.

Water evaporated to the atmosphere during manufacturing, from on-site wastewater treatment facilities and any other water evaporated to air or lost to soil.


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