environment comfort 0108

LSI SpAManufacturer of

technological-environmental measuring systems

Loc. Dosso – 20090 Settala

(Milano) - ITALY

www.lsi-lastem.it

YC Hooi MSc.

Area Manager, LSI-ASPAC Division

http://www.lsi-lastem.it/






In our facility in Milan (Italy) we design, develop, manufacture and sales our equipment for the world wide market. With 40 Work-Force and a turnover of 4.6 million Euros, we assure continuity of new innovative products development and producing state of the art equipments.

Two main lines of equipment1. Indoor monitoring equipment2. Outdoor monitoring equipment

OUR MISSION We help Occupant to Live and Work in a Comfortable place from environmental stand-

point. VISION

Improve Healthy, Productive and Good Social Behavior

SocietyEPA : 80~90% of our time spend in Indoor.EPA : 80~90% of our time spend in Indoor.

More Attention to IEQ – Indoor Environment More Attention to IEQ – Indoor Environment Quality IssueQuality Issue

Why IEQ is Important

Human environmental comfort is affected by an interaction among four different aspects:

IEQ – Indoor Environment IEQ – Indoor Environment QualityQuality

Light quantity/quality

Sound

Indoor air quality

Thermal environments

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http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3978/nosmok.htm


Biological PollutantsaerosolsbioaerosolsBacterial, Fungus

Radioactive Pollutants：Radon, Gas Radon

Environmental Parameter：Sound 、 VibrationLux 、 RadioTemp 、 RHAirflow 、 Radioactive, Electromagnetic

Air Pollutants： 1 Solid： Air-born particle (PM)2 Gas ：(1) Inorganic ： SO2、 NO2、 CO 、 O3,..etc 。(2) Organic : VOCs 、 HCs、 Formaldehyde 。3 Air-Born particulate ：

Dioxin、 Heavy Metal 、 poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAHs, etc 。

Heat Generation (activities)Insulation (Clothing Level)

LSI provides equipment to measure environmental parameters for the evaluations of the :


Light quantity

Indoor air quality

Sound



LSI is the world leader in the development and manufacturing of Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) monitoring equipments

Turny-key systems: data acquisition devices, sensors and PC programs

Thousands of systems sold world-wide

since year 1972

1. Multi-measurement & Sensors autoreconizing feature ( Easy-To-Use, multi-parameters acquisition system) – Can measure Thermal, Light, noise, air quality at the same time.2. Display for data view (Instant reading)3. Programmable acquisition rate (as user’s requirements)

5. Direct connection to printer or PC (primary report available on field)

4. Derived parameter calculation (local display of some important information)

6. PC program availability (complete post measurement processing)

We develope thermal environments monitoring systems since year 1972. The Main Reason LSI system solution were widely accepted by world wide customer;

Standards1. ISO 7726: Ergonomics of the thermal environment –

Instruments for measuring physical quantities2. ISO8996: definition and estimation of METHABOLISM

(MET)3. ISO9920: Estimation of the thermal insulation and

evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble4. ISO 7730 Moderate Thermal Environments PMV-PPD

index5. ISO7243 – WBGT index (hot environments) – OSH

requirement6. ISO7933:2005 PHS Predicted heat strain (hot

environments) -OSH7. ISO11079: IREQ Required Thermal IsolationRequired Thermal Isolation index (cold

environments) – OSH (Occupational Safety & Health)

During our developments, our approach is to strictly follow the international standards for hardware and software products

For the thermal Environments evaluations scope:• Air temperature• Relative humidity• Air speed• Wet temperature bulb natural ventilated (if WBGT index is required)• Radiant temperatureFurthermore, within the Thermal Environment applications, if required we can measure:• Surface temperature. For the determination of % disatisfy by Floor temperature (ISO 7730 )• Air temperature at hankle level. For the determination of % disatisfy by air temperature difference between head and hankles (ISO 7730 )• Radiant asymmetry. For the determination of % disatisfy by radiant temperature asimmetry (ISO 7730 )• Turbulance. For the determination of % disatisfy by draughts

LSI Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) monitoring system is a very flexible equipment able to measure parameters for Environmental Comfort, Stress & Quality:IAQ: Indoor Air Quality: CO, CO2, NH4, H2S, Cl2, VOCs, CH4, Particulate and many other pollutantsVentilation: Air flow, Volume and number or air changesThermohygrometry: RH, AH (Absolute humidity g/m3), SH (specific humidity g/kg), Dew Point, Enthalpy (kJ/kg), Mixing ratio (g/kg), partial vapour pressure (kPa), etc.Light: lux and day light factorWall K Factor: Wall Thermal insulation capacity

Moreover in our product range we have even other kind of environmental monitoring equipment

• Portable environmental equipment• Different kind of probes for industrial applications• Meteorological equipment• Wireless systems• Sound level meters• Photometers

Human environmental comfort is affected by an interaction among four different aspects:


Light quantity/quality

Sound

Indoor air quality

IEQ – Indoor Environment IEQ – Indoor Environment QualityQuality




Environmental comfort always remains a complex issuedepending on …………………… subjective evaluation

HUMAN-THERMAL ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

INTERACTION THROUGH THERMAL EXCHANGES FOR:• CONVECTION (C)• CONDUCTION (K)• RADIATION (R)• RESPIRATION (CRES, ERES)• EVAPORATION (E)

CORE

36,936,5

35,8 37,9

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Who can help us to find a way to get a single value, impartial, un-subjective, easy to compare and analyse ?


It is a Thermal index

It is a formula related to the result of the man’s thermal sensation using the thermal balance of his body as a whole

Index differencesThere are “three difference types of indexes” in related to “three difference kind of response” of the Occupant to the “three difference type” of living or working environments. We are develop monitoring system using different ISO standards (index), to define each types of environments• Thermal comfort indeces• Heat stress environments indeces• Cold environments indeces

What we need? we need to know the four basic parameters: • Air temperature, • Radiant temperature, • Relative Humidity • Air velocity

• Activity level • Clothing level


of the environment.

of the occupancy


20°C: is this a comfortable situation? It depends on ….. relative humidity, air speed, thermal flows …..It depends on ……….. activity level, clothing level.

Increase Temperature

Control can save energy cost but not

always improve comfort,

productivity, Safety, Health, production cost

&..etc

Index differencesModerate thermal environment indecesit measures the distance to the complete satisfaction expressed about the thermal environment. These index are used in living places, offices, hospitals, hotels. Wherever is required to balance the human thermal comfort which can be satisfy by optimum control of HVAC system.PMV-PPD (ISO7730)

Increase Temperature

Control can save energy cost but not

always improve comfort,

productivity, Safety, Health, production cost

&..etc


A typical index: PMV - Predicted Mean Vote (ISO 7730) -3 …………. 0 …….….. +3 cold nice Hot

PPD - Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (ISO 7730)

Index differences

Heat stress indeces It measures the distance from

a heat stress situation. Occupationals Safety and Health scope:

•Heat stroke•Dehydration•Heart stroke•Burns by radiant heat

WBGT: ISO7243PHS: ISO7933/2005

WBGT Reference Values

Hot Environment

Metabolic rate WBGT (°C)

Class W/m2 Acclimatized Not acclimatizedO < 65 33 321 65 ~ 130 30 292 130 ~ 200 28 263 200 ~ 260 25 ~ 26 22 ~ 234 > 260 23 ~ 25 18 ~ 20

Hot EnvironmentWBGT Threshold Limit Values for Heat Exposure:

Acclimatized Non-AcclimatizedWork/rest Light Moderate Heavy Very Light Moderate Heavy Very

100% Work 29.529.5 27.527.5 26.026.0 27.527.5 25.025.0 22.522.5

75% Work / 25% Rest 30.530.5 28.528.5 27.527.5 29.029.0 26.526.5 24.524.5

50% Work / 50% Rest 31.531.5 29.529.5 28.528.5 27.527.5 30.030.0 28.028.0 26.526.5 25.025.0

25% Work / 75% Rest 32.532.5 31.031.0 30.030.0 29.529.5 31.031.0 28.028.0 28.028.0 26.526.5

•Note: Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH 2002)

Assumes 8 hours workdays in 5-days work week with conventional breaks. Assumes that workers exposed to these conditions are adequately hydrated, are not taking any medication,

are wearing lightweight clothing, and are in generally good health.

Index differencesCold environments indeces

It measures the distance from a situation of body cooling in Occupationals safety and health scope. Avoid hypothermia

ISO11079: IREQ Required Thermal Required Thermal IsolationIsolation index

Predicted Heat Strain” (PHS)UNI EN ISO 7933:2005

Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical determination and

interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain

Targeta) Evaluation of the heat stress whenever the

environment conditions are dangerous because it could increase the body temperature, or a excessive body water lost;

b) Calculation of the exposition times limit in references to acclimatate or not acclimatate subjects and water accessibility

Innovation• Calculation over an occupant which moving

in different envronments (work-rest).• Calculation take in consideration of the

dynamic results obtained in the previous situation.

Risultats• Posibility to follow during the time the

evolution of Tre (Rectal temperature) and D (sums of the water loose)

• To verify when and if the limits are overpassed for Tre (Tre max 38°C) and D50/D95 (50% and 95% percentage of exposed population)

Risultats

Graphs & reports

Light quantities

Light has always smaller consideration in regard to its possibility to influence the environmental comfort of a living or working place. But it is not so true. It has been proved that people works better & safer in good lighting conditions.

Maximise Usage Of Natural Light,

Optimum Use Of Light Energy Saving

Save our planet


Light quantities

Furthermore, in case of natural light possibility, it is also important to know how much external light we need inside the indoor environment

Main factors:

• Illuminance level (Lux or FootCandle)• Luminance distribution (Lumens)



Save our planet

Light quantities Illuminating Engineering Society

Recommended Light Levels (IES)Task Area Lux Footcandl

es

Paint Booths 1080 – 1615 100 - 150

Corridors/Stairways/Restrooms

108 – 216 10 - 20

Storage Rooms 108 – 540 10 - 50Conference Rooms 216 – 540 20 - 50

General Offices 540 – 1080 50 - 100Drafting/

Accounting1080 – 2160 100 - 200

Areas with VDTs 808 75Classrooms 540 – 808 50 - 75Cafeterias 540 50

Gymnasiums 323 – 540 30 - 50Merchandising 323 – 1615 30 - 150Manufacturing

Assembly 540 – 5400 50 - 500

Parking Areas (uncovered) 10.8 – 21.6 1 - 2



Save our planet

The four measurable photometric quantities of light are:

• Luminous Intensity (production) A measure of the amount of light output by a source, the unit of which is the candela (cd) or international standard candle, defined as the intensity of a black body of 1/60 cm² area when heated to the melting point of platinum.

• Luminous Flux / Distribution (transmission) The amount of light travelling in a certain direction. Its units are the lumen (lm), defined as the amount of light emitted by a 1cd point source within one unit solid angle (described later).

• Illuminance (incidence) A measure of the amount of light falling on a particular surface. Its units is lux (lx), defined as equal to one lumen per metre squared (1 lm/m²)

• Luminance (reflection) A measure of the brightness of a particular surface if considered as a large light source. Its units are CD/m². An alternative unit is the apostilb (asb) where 1cd/m² = p asb (3.14159).

Noise strongly effects the environmental quality

Noise

Combination of the effects of air pollutants.CO2, CO, VOC, Formaldehyde, Particulate, Adequacies of the air changed frequency in a confined environment in relation to the characteristics of the incoming air and the internal production of pollutants.

IAQ – Indoor Air Quality

Example:The control sequence should introduce outside air into the occupied space to maintain a maximum inside to outside differential of 700 ppm CO2.

The average person performing light office work produces carbon dioxide at a rate of 0.3L/min.ASHRAE recommends 10 L/s per personNormal part of the atmosphere at 330 - 350 ppmAcceptable Office levels 600 - 800ppm

Absenteeism reductions to 40%Far fewer complaints about IAQOffice productivity increases up to 16%Increased market value up to 100%Overall paybacks under 1 yearROI up to 1000%Up to 40% increased retail salesUp to 26% increased learning rates (in schools)Up to 90% decreased energy costsUp to 73% decreased O&M costs

Benefits -In summary form,The following are the most impressive findings of the financial financial value of health, productivity and human performancevalue of health, productivity and human performance benefits of High Performance Building and Good IEQ:

Reference: “High Performance Building Delivers Results: Communicating Productivity Benefits of Sustainable Building to Decision Makers in the Seattle Development Industry,” Sustainable Demand Project, Seattle City Light, http://www.cityofseattle.net/light/conserve/sustainability/SDPFRa.pdf, December 2000.

http://www.cityofseattle.net/light/conserve/sustainability/SDPFRa.pdf

QUESTIONQUESTION & &

ANWSERANWSER

INDOOR AIR QUALITY SEMINAR

Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan, USM Kampus Kesihatan Kubang Kerian

YC Hooi MSc.

Area Manager, LSI-ASPAC Division

GB 50325-2001

項目建議值單位二氧化碳（ CO2 ）

8 小時值第 1 類 600ppm （體積濃度百萬分之一）第 2 類 1000

一氧化碳（ CO ）8 小時值第 1 類 2

ppm （體積濃度百萬分之一）第 2 類 9

甲醛（ HCHO ） 1 小時值 0.1 ppm （體積濃度百萬分之一）總揮發性有機化合物 (TVOC) 1 小時值 3 ppm （體積濃度百萬分之一）細菌 (Bacteria) 最高值第 1 類 500 CFU/m3 （菌落數 / 立方公尺）

第 2 類 1000

真菌 (Fungi) 最高值 1000 CFU/m3 （菌落數 / 立方公尺）粒徑小於等於 10 微米（ μm ）之懸浮微粒 PM10 ） 24 小時值第 1 類 60

μg/m3 （微克 / 立方公尺）第 2 類 150

粒徑小於等於 2.5 微米（ μm ）之懸浮微粒PM2.5 ）

24 小時值 100 μg/m3 （微克 / 立方公尺）臭氧（ O3 ） 8 小時值第 1 類 0.03

ppm （體積濃度百萬分之一）第 2 類 0.05

溫度 (Temperature) 1 小時值第 1 類 15 至 28 ℃ （攝氏）

台灣－行政院環保署室內空氣品質建議值：中華民國 94 年 12 月 30 日行政院環境保護署環署空字第 0940106804 號

Measuring equipment

Main specification of a “state of the art” apparatus:•Multi measurement/sensor recognised capability: thermal,

light, noise, air quality• Programmable Sensor acquisition rate (different timing for each sensor)• Multi-survey memory structure• Local display system

•PC programs will present raw data on tables and charts, will produce specific calculation as indices, and will produce data report using a customizable layout showing many quantities on the same form: chart, table, report.

• On board local derived parameter calculations without PC

Thermal environments - Measuring equipmentTemperature and humidity sensor

Psychrometer (ISO7726)• Good accuracy• Long term stability• Easy maintenance• No calibration required

Thermal environments - Measuring equipmentAir speed – Air turbulence

Hot wire anemometer (ISO7726)

• Omni directional• Low threshold• Fast response

Thermal environments - Measuring equipmentRadiant temperature

Black globe (ISO7726)

• Omni directional• Black opaque copper

Thermal environments - Measuring equipmentPlane Radiant temperature

Net radiometer• Directional• Radian asymmetry evaluation• % dissatisfied by asymmetry

Thermal environments - Measuring equipmentSurfaces temperature

Floor/ankle temperatures• Surface+ H10 cm temperature• % dissatisfied by vertical temperature differences• % dissatisfied by floor temperature

Light environments - Measuring equipmentIlluminance - LuminanceLuxmeter• High dynamic range• Daylight factor

Photometer• Luminance distribution/ratio• Reflectance

Noise - Measuring equipmentSoundSound level meter• Acoustic performance of the HVAC system

Indoor Air Quality - Measuring equipmentCO, CO2, H2S, etc

Electrochemical cell

Infrared sensitive elementCO2 only

Temperature, humidity, air speed

Procedure to perform measurementsPurposes of the evaluation and evaluation

criteriaDefine whether an environment is evaluated in

relation to:- Well-being and satisfaction of the persons who

live there- Compliance with the environmental limits

indicated by the standards- Health of workers- Evaluation of the thermo-technical plant

performances

Procedure to perform measurements Fundamental factors to be considered within the monitored environment•operation of technological plants (HVAC);•presence of work stations with peculiar characteristics;•crowding characteristics of the persons in the environment;•presence of wide windows or significant radiant sources;•presence of persons within the same environment with different levels of activity (Met) and/or clothing (Clo);•evaluation of the real operating possibilities.

Procedure to perform measurements

Identifying the moment to perform the set of measurementsThe measurements should be performed for the purpose of obtaining a general overview of an average situation and to evaluate extreme situations.For this reason it is recommended to perform 3 cycles of measurements corresponding to the coldest, the hottest and a “middle” season.


Identifying the environment to considerBefore starting the set of measurements, it should be defined whether the measurements must be performed to evaluate:• personal exposure to the environment being examined• the specific environment independently from the thermal feelings of the persons present (analysis based on plant and building systems)


Defining the correct time span of each measurementThe measurement period must be selected taking into account two standard situations:

-- Environment is constant throughout the day-- Environment change during the day

.

environment comfort 0108

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