Entry into WWI - Review • Long term causes of WWI

– Nationalism: *Serbian nationalist killed archduke Ferdinand. Ethnic groups want their own countries (conflict). Competition between nations (expansionist)

– Militarism: getting ready for war (building up military = arms race)

– Imperialism: Competition between European states for colonies and political power (pride in your countries colonies)

Short-Term Causes Spark = The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (war between A-

H and Serbia but Alliance system turns this into a world war). Austria’s response (demand that Serbia allow A-H to take over

country – ultimatum) Serbian’s response (give into some of the demands… but not all) = A-H goes to war w/ Serbia

Britain (declares war b/c Germany invades France through Belgium)

Immediate Effects

1. A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded

2. Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Russia

3. New Countries are Created

4. The League of Nations is established to help promote peace

Long-Term Effects

1. Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace

settlements

2. Problems that helped cause the war – nationalism, competition - remain

Issues after WW1 Issue Versailles Treaty Settlement Problems

War Debt Because of the treaty, the new German Republic (Weimar Republic) had to make large payments for WW1

These payments would hurt an already damaged German economy. Creates Inflation & government instability

Fear of German Strength

The treaty limited the size of the German military, blamed them for war, restricted them economically… (420 passages in the treaty – 414 deal with punishing Germany)

Germans resented the treaty demands. Believe their gov’t betrayed them (stabbed in the back theory)

Nationalism The treaty created new states (many in Eastern Europe)

Some ethnic groups became unwanted minorities in the new states – led to ethnic conflict

Colonies and other non-European countries

The treaty created a system of mandates - (victors govern former German & Ottoman territories, goal = eventual independence)

Resistance to colonial rule grows when war service failed to improve treatment of colonies

League of Nations The treaty established the League of Nations

The United States did not join, thereby weakening the League’s power.

Russia

What are the causes of the Russian Revolution?

Why was Russia such a hard country to rule in 1900?

Why did a series of Revolutions begin in Russia?

Russia 1900-1924

•6.5 million sq mi. – 1.8 times the size of the US

•11 different time zones.

•Beyond the Ural Mountains, Russia was a wild place with frontier settlements.

•150 million people but 50% were not ethnic Russians, (Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians, etc..)

•Petrograd and Moscow undergo industrialization but majority of country Rural farmland.

•The factory workers lived in filthy, crowded, disease-ridden dormitories near the cities.

•Peasants lived in wood and straw houses, slept on beds of straw and wore coarse woollen shirts. The poorest had sandals made of tree bark.

Russia:

An overview

Population -4 out of 5 Russians were peasants. They had a hard life and there was often starvation and disease.

-Nobles made up 1% of the population but owned almost 25% of the land.

-If peasants protested (for example during famines), the Tsar would use his feared Cossack soldiers against them.

Siberia

Extremely cold (up to –60 degrees C). Very large. Huge natural resources but very small population. The rulers of Russia traditionally sent any person who opposed them to Siberia.

How does WWI make it even harder to Rule Russia?

Russia suffered over 9 million total casualties during the war.

During the attempted invasion of Germany early in the war Russia lost almost a quarter of a million men. During one part of the battle the Second Army was surrounded and only 10,000 of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape. The General of the 2nd Army was so shocked by the outcome he committed suicide.

Russia’s less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership led to defeat after defeat causing the Russian army to retreat into Russia territory by 1915. Russia's poor roads and railways made the effective deployment of these soldiers difficult.

Back to the Russia map

What are the Attributes of a Great Tsar (Leader)

Was Nicholas II a good ruler of Russia?

For Against

Sources:

Sources:

Russian Revolution • How did World War 1 help cause the Russian

Revolution? - Russia entered the WWI with the largest army in the world, when fully mobilized the Russian army stood at over 5 million soldiers (though at the outset of war Russia could not arm all its soldiers, having only 4.6 million rifles). - Russia suffered over 9 million casualties during the war. Nearly 4 million Russian soldiers were held as POWs -Economically Russia was 8 Trillion Rubles in debt and inflation soared. - In 1916, food prices accelerated and many workers could no longer afford grain for bread.

Quick Review of Marx & Communism

• Goals of Marxism – a society in which all people are socially and economically equal

• Why is there a struggle? – – The Proletariat (workers) want more money

– The Bourgeoisie (owners) want more money

• Result of struggle? – The Proletariat will rise up and overthrow the Bourgeoisie to create a Communist society…. But does this happen?

1929 – Stalin became the sole ruler of the USSR and created a totalitarian state

1900 – Tsar Nicholas II ruled over the Russian Empire with absolute power

1904 – Russia suffered humiliating defeats in a war against Japan which led to protests and calls for reform

1905 – After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II agreed to allow a Duma, or legislature for the people

1914 – Russia entered WWI and quickly suffered heavy losses in major defeats to Germany along the Eastern Front.

March 1917 – Revolts in Petrograd forced the Tsar to abdicate and a provisional republic was established

Nov 1917 – Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control in Petrograd and ended the republic

1918 - 1921 – Bolsheviks (Reds) fought and won a civil war against the White armies

1922 – Lenin established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the control of the Communist Party

Street demonstration, Petrograd, 18 June 1917. The banner in the foreground reads "Down With The 10 Capitalist Ministers/ All Power To The Soviets Of Workers', Soldiers', And Peasants' Deputies/ And To The Socialist Ministers/ [We Demand That Nicholas II Be Transferred To The Peter-Paul Fortress."

Petrograd, 4 July 1917. Street demonstration on Nevsky Prospekt just after troops of the Provisional Government have opened fire with machine guns.

Do Pictures Always Tell the Truth?

What are the characteristics of Stalin’s Autocratic State?

Stalin’s Autocratic state is NOT Communism.

• He creates what he calls a “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” in which violence is needed to put down the enemies of the new state.

• Watch the video and take notes on what Stalin’s USSR was like.

Joseph Stalin The man and the myth

The Myth Reality

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSW2sRKgLwo

Russia under Communism

• 1918 onwards: The Communists change Russia. For example, some Russians get electricity for the 1st time.

• 1926: Stalin comes to power. Huge statues of him are put up, leading his people to victory!

Summarizing Russia to the USSR Ch 26, Sec 5 and Ch 28, Sec 4

1. Russia under the Tsar (during WWI) –

2. Russia under Communist Rule – Terms: (28/4) • Command Economy • Kulaks • Gulag • Russification

28-4: Russia Under Stalin

Five Year Plans Methods of Control Daily Life

Stalin ended Lenin’s compromise with capitalism and created a command economy Industrial growth increased dramatically but did not reach Stalin’s high goals Stalin’s agricultural collectivization did not improve production, led to famine and an estimated 10 million deaths

Stalin terrorized his people and eliminated his enemies with the Cheka, the Gulags in Siberia, and the purges of the Communist Party Propaganda created a cult of personality for Stalin Russification of other nations in the Soviet Union State suppression of and attacks on religions

Leaders of the Communist Party were part of the new elite social class Provided free services such as free schools, job training, and medical care Standard of living was low but unemployment problems of the Great Depression were avoided Women gained equal rights under the law and helped the economy grow

Interwar Years 1919 - 1939

The Interwar Years 1918 - 1939

• "It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess and it was an age

of satire."

• "Echoes of the Jazz Age" an article written by F. Scott Fitzgerald published in Scribner's

Magazine in November 1931

When we discuss Social History, What do we talk about?

• Population, culture, family organization and family life, migration and immigration, entertainment, humor, art, architecture,

fashion, style, philosophy, etc… Social

Political Economic

Demographics

Social

1. More people move from

rural to urban areas

Economic

1. Rural – urban economic gap widens

(Reactions against the Jazz Age: In US Christian fundamentalism sweeps through rural areas)

What’s demographics? - The characteristics of a population group - Changes in Demographics sets the stage for social change in the 1920’s

• More people move from rural to urban areas

–Why? (What are in the cities?)

Changes- Examine the consequences of WWI Before the War

After the War

Changes in fashion - women began to wear more comfortable clothes (such as short skirts or trousers). - Men likewise abandoned overly formal clothes and began to wear sport clothes for the first time. The suits men wear today are still based on those of the 1920s

Social

2. Many young people rejected traditional values

3. Popular culture spreads

Change in the Interwar Years

– Zippers, flavored yogurts, Push-button elevators, Dry Ice, Electric Razors, Water Skiing, Oven thermostats, Neon Signs, Pop-up toasters, Car radios, Tissues, Food disposals, Spiral notebooks, Adhesive tape…

Economic

2. New products developed that change daily life

and create a consumer culture

Changes in Women’s Roles

Social

3. Flappers influence women’s fashion and

behavior

Political

1. Women’s gain the vote (1920 US, 1921 England, not till 1944! In France) and gradually influenced politics

Economic

3. More women enter the work force. WHY?

a. Needed the money (consumer culture

b. Wanted to establish financial independence

Changes in Lifestyle

Social

Economic

Refrigerators, washing machines, and vacuums appear in 1920s households

Automobiles increase people’s mobility How do you think the automobile changes youth culture? What did it allow people to do?

Motion pictures were popular, radio played music and “shows”

4. New inventions and technology Changes: a. Household daily life b. Increased access to

news/ info c. A “national culture”

emerges.

Changes in Art

Social

5. Artists move away from Realism to more abstract

forms

6. Architecture blends technology with design (art

deco)

7. Artists experiment with new types of literature (Lost

Generation)

8. Jazz Emerges

9. African American literature flowers in Harlem

Renaissance

Changes in Art and Music • ‘Jazz’ emerges Blending of Western harmonies

with African rhythms

• Many young people reject traditional values and embrace the ‘Jazz Culture’ – Rebellion against tradition

– establishment of a youth culture

• Harlem Renaissance – African Americans cultural

movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s

Consequences of Social Changes New Art Forms and the Lost Generation

“We are the hollow men

We are the stuffed men

Leaning together

Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!

Our dried voices, when

We whisper together

Are quiet and meaningless

As wind in dry grass

Or rats’ feet over broken glass

In our dry cellar

Shape without form, shade without colour,

Paralysed force, gesture without motion;

Those who have crossed

With direct eyes, to death’s other

Kingdom

Remember us—if at all—not as lost

Violent souls, but only

As the hollow men

The stuffed men.”

Excerpt from “The Hollow Men”

by T.S. Eliot (1925)

What effect did World War I have on art movements?

The Lost Generation – After the War • “Every man becomes civilized

between the ages of 18 and 23. If he does not go through a civilizing experience at that time of his life, he will not become a civilized man. The men who went to war at 18 missed the civilizing…All you young people who served in the war are a lost generation. You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death.” – Gertrude Stein on the American

expatriate writers living in Paris after World War I

- Members of the Lost Generation writers include: T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, e.e. cummings, John Dos Passos, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway. Many left the US & moved to Paris. Exposed the Horrors of War, the disillusionment & moral breakdown of scoeity - Art and writing took on more modern attributes (ie: Cubism, abstract, Dada, Surrealism)

Prohibition and the Law

Social

Political

2. In US – Prohibition (18th amendment 1920-33) helps create organized crime

Economic

Changes in Science

Social

Economic

4. New Scientific Theories a. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (discovery of

atomic fission atomic bomb) b. Discovery of Penicillin c. Sigmund Freud studied how the mind works

Social

Political

Economic

1. New products developed that change daily life and create a consumer culture 2. More women enter the work force. WHY? a. Needed the money (consumer culture b. Wanted to establish financial independence

1. Many young people rejected traditional values 2. Popular culture spreads 3. Flappers influence women’s fashion and behavior 4. Artists move away from Realism to more abstract forms

1. Women’s gain the vote (1920 US, 1921 England, not till 1944! In France) and gradually influences politics

2. In US – Prohibition (18th amendment 1920-33) helps create organized crime

5. Architecture blends technology with design (art deco)

6. Artists experiment with new types of literature

7. Jazz Emerges

8. African American literature flowers in Harlem Renaissance

Postwar Issues Country Politics Foreign Policy Economics

Britain

France

United States

As a Group: Examine the postwar issues that Britain, France, and the United States faced. Tasks – 1. Each member of your group is responsible for one of the countries. Read the excerpt

on your country and analysis what issues your assigned country struggled with. 2. As a group discuss what you have found and complete your tables

Examine the Post War Challenges of Britain, France and the United States

Tasks: 1. Get into your assigned groups and read the excerpt on either Britain, France or the United States. 2. Summarize the main points of each paragraph and determine the Political, Foreign Policy and Economic Issues that each nation was facing. 3. As a group fill in your notes chart in your packet on page 9 (Postwar Issues)

Country Politics Foreign Policy Economic

Britain Labor party surpassed liberal party Conservative party held power during 1920

Wanted to change the treaty (too harsh on Germany)

Workers strike and Britain goes in to debt

France

Many political Parties

Secure borders against Germany

Improved and low unemployment

United States “The Red Scare” People rounded up people who were not born in the US.

Kellog Brand Pact– ‘outlaw’ war

Unemployment rates go up, by 1938 it was at 17%

Stock market crash of 1929 • Stocks were growing in cost, even though their value didn’t

– (No one really looked at what the companies were earning, just stock prices)

– Speculation was more important – people were caught up in quick profits

• Many began to sell of stocks when they realized stocks weren’t actually valuable – Richest investors (who also owned companies) lost most money

• Companies suffered – Rich owners were pinched and had to cut back costs (jobs) – Working class people lost jobs & could no longer buy any goods

• Banks closed – Working class people could not repay for goods bought on credit – Farmers went into foreclosure when they couldn’t pay mortgages – Loans taken to buy stocks on margin could not be repaid

• What would happen in Europe if US banks and industries failed?

The Great Depression – the Stock Market Crash

The Great Depression Causes

• Unequal distribution of wealth

• most wealth held by 1%

• Overproduction – • Workers can’t afford goods

• Buying goods on credit +Financial crisis

• Stock prices crash

Effects

• Owners lost $ in the Crash = Unemployment rises

• Loss of faith in capitalism and democracy

Reactions

• High tariffs (taxes on trade goods)

• Radical Ideas take hold in countries hardest hit by the depression

• Fascism and Communism spreads…

Explain the conditions, economic, social, and political, that made Italians and Germans look for strong leadership.

The Great Depression Major causes

• America was wealthier than Europe – Dawes Plan: America lent money to Europe to rebuild

• Helped Germany afford reparations

– Tariffs • America blocked European goods from being bought

• Europeans bought cheap, mass produced American goods

• What would happen if the rich decided to stop investing in businesses?

• What would happen if America could no longer lend money to Europe?

Questions:

1. Which country had more than 25% unemployment during the Great Depression?

2. Hypothesize at least two possible reasons that explain why Germany had the highest unemployment rate.

3. What sort of conditions does the Great Depression cause in Germany? (use the quote to help explain your answer).

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1926 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 1938

USUKGermFra

Year

P

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Unemployment During the Depression

Heinrich Hauser ‘With Germany’s Unemployed’ 1932 “An almost unbroken chain of homeless men extends the whole length of the great Hamburg-Berlin highway. It is the same scene for the entire 200 miles. I saw them, in groups of 50 to 100, attacking field of potatoes, & staggering towards the lights of the city. I know what cold &hunger are. I know what it is to spend the night outdoors or behind the thin walls a of a shack through which the wind whistles. I have slept in holes, in haystacks, under bridges, and in the forest.”

China and Japan…

The Interwar Years of China and Japan How did the governments of China and Japan Change

between WWI and WWII?

• Upheaval in China

– Qing Dynasty Falls -

• Upheaval in Japan

– Hirohito becomes emperor of a more liberal Japanese Government -

Brief History

The Communist Party in control of mainland China, The Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan

Chinese Civil War 1927 – 1949 Nationalist vs. Communists (Kuomintang) vs. (Mao Zedong)

Republic of China (1912-1949) KMT (Kuomintang) or Nationalist Party

People's Republic of China (1949–present)

Attempt to modernize and impose communist values into Chinese society

Qing Dynasty Falls

Rise of Fascists and a Totalitarian State • Fascism: centralized,

authoritarian state that glorifies the state and does not value the individual human rights

• Totalitarian state: a one party dictatorship in which the state controls all aspects of society (Total control)

The Rise of Hitler

• Why would the German people accept and support a Fascist and Totalitarian leader like Adolf Hitler?

Rise of Hitler

Germany (the Interwar Years)

• This young woman is burning German Marks because the paper burned longer than the wood you could buy with the money.

1. Immediately after WWI,

Germany faced major

problems: political

parties argued, many

Germans disliked the

government for signing

the Treaty, need to pay

reparations drove

inflation and high

unemployment.

2. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919, eventually becoming its leader. He used his own personal fighting squad, the Brown Shirts, to intimidate his opponents.

3. In 1923, inspired by

Mussolini, Hitler tried to

lead an uprising in Munich

against the Weimar

government. He failed and

was sent to jail.

4. While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, a book that became the basis for Nazi Party ideas. He blamed Jews, communists, and businessmen for losing WWI.

5. Hitler was released from jail and continued to rally supporters. Many people joined Hitler at the beginning of the Great Depression because he promised jobs and to end the Treaty.

Date Votes Percentage of Votes

Seats in Reichstag

Background

May 1924 1, 918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison

December 1924

907,300 3.0 14 Hitler is released from prison

May 1928 810,100 2.6 12

September 1930

6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis

July 1932 13,745,800 37.4 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency

November 1932

11,737,000 33.1 196

March 1933 17,277,000 43.9 288 During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany

Nazi Party Election Results

“Our Last Hope”

6. The German government gave Hitler the title of chancellor in 1933 because it was thought that he could end the fighting between parties in the government.

7. Hitler became a dictator by suspending rights, censoring the press, disbanding opposition political parties, and to killing any Nazis that may have been disloyal. His secret police – Gestapo – and elite troops – SS – terrorized any opposition.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11,_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg

8. Hitler launched major public works projects to put people to work making highways, houses, or to plant forests. He also built up weapons (against Treaty).

9. The Nazi Party and Hitler’s

government tried to bring unity in

Germany through hatred of Jews.

The Nuremberg Laws were passed to

limit the rights of Jews and Jews

were attacked during the

Kristallnacht

Nazi Propaganda

• Nazi propaganda was crucial for their rise to power and for the implementation of their policies. For example: – pursuit of total war – the extermination of millions of

people in the Holocaust.

• Hitler wrote 2 chapters on the necessity of propaganda in Mein Kampf

• Propaganda messages became the ‘official truth’ under Nazi government

Tasks 1. Read the quote from Hitler’s Mein Kampf

and answer the questions – Questions: – What does Hitler believe are the essentials to

Propaganda? – According to Hitler, why is Propaganda

necessary? – When is Propaganda not effective?

2. Analyze the Propaganda poster using the Analysis Worksheet

3. Once you have analyzed the posters write a paragraph explaining how these posters represent how Hitler used Propaganda. – (use details from the posters and quotes from

Mein Kampf to explain your answer)

Rise of Dictators

• On a word document, please type out the following: • Where each was from • Character traits • A picture • A quote or example of propaganda used • How did each rise to power? • What was their ideology/philosophy? • What actions did each take once in power?

Rise of Mussolini • When Mussolini arrived in Rome, the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, gave Mussolini the

job of prime minister out of fear.

• Mussolini organized a group of followers – veterans and other angry Italians – into the Fascist Party in 1919.

• Italy faced numerous problems: unemployment for returning soldiers, worker strikes, peasants seized lands, hatred for Treaty of Versailles

• In 1929, Mussolini made a deal with the pope, Pius XI, to get support of the Catholics. The Church would get an independent Vatican in return for supporting Mussolini.

• Black Shirts attacked peasants, broke up strikes, smashed printing presses of opposition, broke up socialist meetings.

• Mussolini took complete control of the economy: put Fascist Party in control of trade, industry, farming. Rich benefited, poor still had low wages

• The Fascists rallied at Naples and announced they would demand changes from the government. Mussolini then led tens of thousands of Fascists in the March on Rome in 1922.

• Mussolini organized his followers into a person army called the Black Shirts. They believed violence was better than voting.

• Mussolini used his new power in Italy to strengthen his own party. By 1925 he was rigging elections, censoring the press, and jailing anyone who opposed the Fascists.

Mussolini organized a group of followers - veterans and other angry Italians – into the Fascist Party in 1919.

Mussolini organized his followers into a personal army called the Black Shirts. They believed violence better than voting

Black Shirts attack peasants, broke up strikes, smashed printing presses of opposition, broke up socialist meetings

The Fascists rallied at Naples and announced they would demand changes from the government. Mussolini’s March on Rome - 1922

When Mussolini arrived in Rome, the king of Italy gives Mussolini the job of prime minister out of fear

Mussolini used his new power in Italy to strengthen his own party. By 1925 he was rigging elections, censoring the press, jailing opposition

In 1929, Mussolini made a deal with the pope, Pius XI, to get the support of the Catholics. Church gets independent Vatican

Compare and contrast the actions, philosophies, and character traits of Mussolini and Hitler

Philosophies- Philosophies-

Nazi Party Under Hitler Italian Fascists Under Mussolini

Actions –

Character Traits - Character Traits - Character Traits -

Philosophies-

Actions –

Actions –

Ideologies

Nazi Ideology • Authoritarian, Totalitarian system • Variety of fascism includes racism

and anti-Semitism (prejudiced against Jews)

• Promised to rescue Germany from the Depression – Works programs, social welfare…

• Argued that Germany's survival required a ‘New Order’ – Wanted a German empire in

Europe – Need land mass, resources, and

expansion of population to compete with other powers

Fascist Italy

• Authoritarian, Totalitarian system – supports the state over the

individual

– Human rights not valued

• Expansionist – (wanted to create a “New

Roman Empire”)

• Anti-Communists – Favors businesses over workers

• Favors violence and force to change governments

Compare and contrast the actions, philosophies, and character traits of Mussolini and Hitler

Philosophies- -Variety of fascism includes racism and anti-Semitism (prejudiced against Jews) -Wanted a German empire in Europe (3rd Reich)

Philosophies- -wanted to create a “New Roman Empire” -Favors violence and force to change governments

Philosophies- Fascists / Totalitarian *State over the Individual (glorification of the State)

Nazi Party Under Hitler Italian Fascists Under Mussolini

Actions – - Originally tried force but fails - Gained power through elections (43% of vote in 1933)

Actions – - Gained power by force (March on Rome 1922) - King gives Mussolini job out of fear

Actions – -Use of Violence (Black/ Brown Shirts) to squash opposition and spread fear -Dictators who limit the rights of their people

Character Traits - Character Traits - Character Traits -