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ASSIGNMENT

Hailey College Of Banking & Finance

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Submitted To

Sir Yousaf Samdani

Submitted BySara Javaid M10BBA036Academic Year 2010--2014

Program--- BBA

Hailey College Of Banking & Finance

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E N T I T Y S E T

An entity set is a set of entity instances. The following example will clarify this distinction:

STUDENT is an entity type; a student with ID number

555-55-5555 is an entity instance; and a collection of all students is an entity set

An entity setis a set of entities of the same type (e.g., all persons having an

account at a bank).

Entity sets need not be disjoint. For example, the entity set employee (all

employees of a bank) and the entity set customer (all customers of the bank) may

have members in common.

An entity setis a logical container for instances of anentity typeand instances of any type derived from

that entity type. (For information about derived types, seeEntity Data Model: Inheritance.)

entity is a thing in the real world with an independent existance. and entity set is collection or set all

entities of a particular entity type at any point of time.

take an example:

a company have many employees ,and these employees are defined as entities(e1,e2,e3....) and all

these entities having same attributes are defined under ENTITY TYPE employee.and set{e1,e2,.....} is

called entity set.

we can also understand this by an anology .

entity type is like fruit which is a class .we havn't seen any "fruit"yet though we have seen instance of

fruit like "apple ,banana,mango etc.hence..

fruit=entity type=EMPLOYEE

apple=entity=e1 or e2 or e3

enity set= bucket of apple,banana ,mango etc={e1,e2......}

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2.4 . I D M S D A T A BA S E RE C ORD S , RE C ORD

T Y PE , RE C ORD OC C U RRE N C E S

DATABASE RECORDS

: - In representing the Training Department database using anetwork-

structured IDMS/R database, we begin by defining a separate databaserecord for each entity.

Consider the Subject Entity and its attributes. We represent theSubject Attributes using

aSubject Record and we represent each Subject Attribute as adata element within the

Subject Record as shown below. Data elements are sometimescalled data items or fields. We name

each data element, define its length and definethe type of data that it will contain.Subject

recordsubject-idpic X(04)Subject-namepic X(10)Subject-streampic X(06)(Subject record type)

RECORD TYPES VS. RECORD OCCURRENCES: -

There is a clear distinction between a recordType And a record Occurrence. We can think of arecord type as a template. Itdescribes the format of all occurrences of a given record type that will

be stored in thedatabase. Each occurrence of the Subject record type consists of a single set of

valuesfor the Subject-Id, Subject-Name and Subject-Stream data elements as shown below.Subject

Record typesubject-idpic X(04)Subject-namepic X(10)Subject-streampic X(06)Subject Record

occurrencess002jcl IBMS003VSAM IBMS004IDMS IBM

Record Type - A record type is a description of the format of the records in a conceptual file.

Record Occurrence A record occurrence of a record type is a specific instance of a record of

that type.

Example:

Record Type:

WAREHOUSE

WHNUMB CITY FLOORS

Record Occurrence

WH1 Rock Hill 1

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BU S I N E S S D A T A A N D I N FORM A T I ON COMES

FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES.THE CHALLENGE FOR A BUSINESS IS TO CAPTURE AND USE INFORMATION THAT ISRELEVANT AND RELIABLE.THE MAIN SOURCES ARE:

INTERNAL INFORMATION

ACCOUNTING RECORDS ARE A PRIME SOURCE OF INTERNAL INFORMATION.THEY DETAIL THE TRANSACTIONS OF

THE BUSINESS IN THE PAST - WHICH MAY BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE (E.G. PREPARING

A FINANCIAL BUDGET OR FORECAST).

THE ACCOUNTING RECORDS ARE PRIMARILY USED TO RECORD WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF A

BUSINESS.FOR EXAMPLE, HOW CASH IS OBTAINED AND SPENT; WHAT ASSETS ARE ACQUIRED; WHAT PROFITS OR

LOSSES ARE MADE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BUSINESS.

HOWEVER, ACCOUNTING RECORDS CAN PROVIDE MUCH MORE THAN FINANCIAL INFORMATION.FOR EXAMPLE,

DETAILS OF THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED AND DELIVERED FROM A FACTORY CAN PROVIDE USEFUL

INFORMATION ABOUT WHETHER QUALITY STANDARDS ARE BEING MET .DATA ANALYSED FROM CUSTOMER SALES

INVOICES PROVIDES A PROFILE OF WHAT AND TO WHOM PRODUCTS ARE BEING SOLD.

A LOT OF INTERNAL INFORMATION IS CONNECTED TO ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS - BUT IS NOT DIRECTLY PART OF

THEM. FOR EXAMPLE:

- RECORDS OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED BY THE BUSINESS (PERSONAL DETAILS; WHAT THEY GET PAID; SKILLS

AND EXPERIENCE; TRAINING RECORDS)

- DATA ON THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BUSINESS PROCESSES (E.G. COSTINGS FOR CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO

BY THE BUSINESS)

- DATA FROM THE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT (E.G. NUMBER OF MACHINES; CAPACITY; REPAIR RECORD)

- DATA FROM ACTIVITIES IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE CUSTOMER (E.G. ANALYSIS OF CALLS RECEIVED AND

MISSED IN A CALL CENTRE)

A LOT OF INTERNAL INFORMATION IS ALSO PROVIDED INFORMALLY .FOR EXAMPLE, REGULAR MEETINGS OF STAFF

AND MANAGEMENT WILL RESULT IN THE COMMUNICATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION.

EXTERNAL INFORMATION

AS THE TERM IMPLIES, THIS IS INFORMATION THAT IS OBTAINED FROM OUTSIDE THE BUSINESS .

THERE ARE SEVERAL CATEGORIES OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION:

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-INFORMATION RELATING TO WAY A BUSINESS SHOULD UNDERTAKE ITS ACTIVITIES

E.G. BUSINESSES NEED TO KEEP RECORDS SO THAT THEY CAN COLLECT TAXES ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT.SO

A BUSINESS NEEDS TO OBTAIN REGULAR INFORMATION ABOUT THE TAXATION SYSTEM (E.G.PAYE,VAT,

CORPORATION TAX) AND WHAT ACTIONS IT NEEDS TO TAKE.INCREASINGLY THIS KIND OF INFORMATION (AND THE

RETURN FORMS A BUSINESS NEEDS TO SEND) IS PROVIDED IN DIGITAL FORMAT.

SIMILARLY, A BUSINESS NEEDS TO BE AWARE OF KEY LEGAL AREAS (E.G. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; HEALTH &

SAFETY REGULATION; EMPLOYMENT LAW).THERE IS A WHOLE PUBLISHING INDUSTRY DEVOTED TO SELLING THIS

KIND OF INFORMATION TO BUSINESSES.

-INFORMATION ABOUT THE MARKETS IN WHICH A BUSINESS OPERATES

THIS KIND OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO A BUSINESS .IT IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS

"MARKET" OR "COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE".

MOST OF THE EXTERNAL INFORMATION THAT A BUSINESS NEEDS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM MARKETING RESEARCH .

MARKETING RESEARCH CAN HELP A BUSINESS DO ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING:

1.GAIN A MORE DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF CONSUMERS NEEDS MARKETING RESEARCH CAN HELP FIRMS

TO DISCOVER CONSUMERS OPINIONS ON A HUGE RANGE OF ISSUES, E.G., VIEWS ON PRODUCTS PRICES, PACKAGING,

RECENT ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS

2.REDUCE THE RISK OF PRODUCT/BUSINESS FAILURE THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT ANY NEW IDEA WILL BE

A COMMERCIAL SUCCESS, BUT ACCURATE AND UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ON THE MARKET CAN HELP A BUSINESS

MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS, HOPEFULLY LEADING TO PRODUCTS THAT CONSUMERS WANT IN SUFFICIENT

NUMBERS TO ACHIEVE COMMERCIAL SUCCESS.

3.FORECAST FUTURE TRENDS MARKETING RESEARCH CAN NOT ONLY PROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THE

CURRENT STATE OF THE MARKET BUT IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO ANTICIPATE CUSTOMER NEEDS FUTURE CUSTOMER

NEEDS.FIRMS CAN THEN MAKE THE NECESSARY ADJUSTMENTS TO THEIR PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS AND LEVELS OF

OUTPUT IN ORDER TO REMAIN SUCCESSFUL.

THE INFORMATION FOR MARKETING RESEARCH TENDS TO COME FROM THREE MAIN SOURCES:

INTERNAL COMPANYINFORMATION E.G. SALES, ORDERS, CUSTOMER PROFILES, STOCKS, CUSTOMER SERVICE

REPORTS

MARKETING INTELLIGENCE THIS IS A CATCH-ALL TERM TO INCLUDE ALL THE EVERYDAY INFORMATION ABOUT

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MARKET THAT HELPS A BUSINESS PREPARE AND ADJUST ITS MARKETING PLANS .IT CAN BE

OBTAINED FROM MANY SOURCES, INCLUDING SUPPLIERS, CUSTOMERS AND DISTRIBUTORS.IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO

BUY INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE SUPPLIERS (E.G.MINTEL,DUN AND BRADSTREET) WHO WILL

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PRODUCE COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE REPORTS THAT CAN BE SOLD PROFITABLY TO ANY INTERESTED

ORGANISATION.

MARKET RESEARCH EXISTING DATA FROM INTERNAL SOURCES MAY NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT DETAIL .

SIMILARLY, PUBLISHED REPORTS FROM MARKET INTELLIGENCE ORGANISATIONS CANNOT ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON

TO PROVIDE THE UP-TO-DATE, RELEVANT INFORMATION REQUIRED.IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, A BUSINESS MAY

NEED TO COMMISSION SPECIFIC STUDIES IN ORDER TO ACQUIRE THE DATA REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THEIR

MARKETING STRATEGY.

D A T A LE VE L

Figure 1: BI Maturity Hierarchy Model

DEFINITIONS

Here are the basic definitions for these four levels of BI practice.

DATA LEVEL

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At this stage, business is just collecting raw business data, cleansing it, standardizing it, integrating it among different

source systems and storing it in a searchable format. The business might query data from an IT perspective to show

data balance control and quality level, but just a few text and numeric fields in a big data repository. The objective of

this level is to provide an integrated, cleansed, high quality data repository in a queryable and useable format. This is

the starting point of the data warehouse and BI. If you stay at this level, your ROI will be almost zero. However,

without it, you cannot climb up to the next level.

INFORMATION LEVEL

At this level, BI is starting to leverage the integrated, good quality data and put it in the right context, such as creating

business reports and slicing and dicing the data to show different views of data. As businesses move to the advanced

stage of this level, they could be creating business KPIs and showing them in dashboards through the Web so that

the information about business performance and activities is clear and easy to read and understand. In general, this

is the stage business start to leverage their data assets and apply them to the right context, translating data into

meaningful, useful information.

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL

Knowledge is where we receive, absorb and understand information. From it, we find the causes and notice the

patterns that we can apply to business, thus allowing the business to make decisions, form judgments, shape

opinions or make forecasts. In general, data leads to information, and information leads to knowledge.

This level is also known as application by perceptual experience, reasoning with the information displayed on the

screen. At this stage, BI will work on patterns and perform cause analysis to help businesses find root causes for

some trends so that the knowledge can be applied to business processes. The advanced level of this stage is

building an expert system to integrate all discrete knowledge together and deduct new knowledge based on past

collected knowledge. This system will help to explain new information and provide guidelines to businesses to make

smart, timely decisions and thus gain a competitive advantage over other organizations and competitors.

WISDOM LEVEL

This is the highest level everyone wishes to be. Businesses should be empowered to apply their knowledge and

change their business processes. Business productivity should be dramatically improved. People should make

sound, timely and effective business decisions so that their business will gain great competitive advantages over their

competitors regarding time to deliver, meeting product targets and services quality.

An old Chinese proverb said, " Knowing yourself and knowing your competitors will make you always win." Knowing

your current BI maturity level is the just first step so you can take actions and make a plan to improve it. Even if you

are at wisdom level, the world is still changing and you still have room to improve.

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C OM PA RI S ON C H A RT

Improve this chart Data Information

Definition: Latin 'datum' meaning "that which

is given". Data was the plural

form of datum singular (M150

adopts the general use of dataas singular. Not everyone agrees.)

Information is interpreted data.

Meaning: Data is raw, unorganized facts that

need to be processed. Data can be

something simple and seemingly

random and useless until it is

organized.

When data is processed,

organized, structured or presented

in a given context so as to make it

useful, it is called Information.

Merriam-Webster's

OnlineDefinition(selected,

edited):

1: factual information

(asmeasurements or statistics)

used as a basis for reasoning,

discussion, or calculation. -- 3:

information in numerical form

that can be digitally transmitted

or

Data:

Singular of data is Datum. Datum means fact. We can say that data are raw facts, observations and inferences. Datais raw material or prerequisite for information. Data are represented by symbols, numbers, labels and so on. The

meaning of data is little in it. Data cannot be information but in limited sense. Data are objective measurements of the

attributes of entities( such as people, places, things and events). These measurements are usually represented by

symbols, such as numbers and words or by codes composed of a mixture of numerical, alphabetical and other

characters.

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Forms of data: there are many kinds of data such as numeric data, text, voice and image data. In order to utilize such

data, it must be converted into information though value added process, where:

1- Its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized.

2- Its content are analyzed and evaluated.

3- It is placed in proper context for human user.

Information

Information is data that have been processed into an organized, usable form. It is value added thing. Arranged in

such a way and form that is useful for the end users. User get something out of it.

Information is the piece of knowledge that is produced as result of operations performed on the data(raw facts and

figures). Information is used by user to enhance understanding about the subject matter.

It is possible that ones data may be information for other and ones information is data for other. For example, your

66 marks in class test is information for you while it may be data for your teacher as he is required this to reach the

overall class average performance.

There are two types of information Quantitative Information and qualitative information.

Quantitative informationtells how much or how many. E.g. 3 roses etc.

Qualitative Informationtells the other characteristics which cann

D ATA VS INFORMATION

THE FREQUENCY OF THE USE OF THE WORD S D ATA AND INFORMATION ARE VERY HIGH IN OUR

D AILY LIVES. D EPEND ING ON THE CONTEXT THE MEANINGS AND USE OF THESE WORD S D IFFER.

BOTH D ATA AND INFORMATION ARE TYPES OF KNOWLED GE OR SOMETHING USED TO ATTAINKNOWLED GE. THOUGH USED INTERCHANGEABLY, THERE ARE MANY D IFFERENCES BETWEEN

THE MEANINGS OF THESE TWO WORD S.

D ATA REFERS TO THE LOWEST ABSTRACT OR A RAW INPUT WHICH WHEN PROCESSED OR

ARRANGED MAKES MEANINGFUL OUTPUT. IT IS THE GROUP OR CHUNKS WHICH REPRESENT

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ATTRIBUTES PERTAINING TO VARIABLES. INFORMATION IS

USUALLY THE PROCESSED OUTCOME OF D ATA. MORE SPECIFICALLY SPEAKING, IT IS D ERIVED

FROM D ATA. INFORMATION IS A CONCEPT AND CAN BE USED IN MANY D OMAINS.

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INFORMATION CAN BE A MENTAL STIMULUS, PERCEPTION, REPRESENTATION, KNOWLED GE, OREVEN AN INSTRUCTION. THE EXAMPLES OF D ATA CAN BE FACTS, ANALYSIS, OR STATISTICS. IN

COMPUTER TERMS, SYMBOLS, CHARACTERS, IMAGES, OR NUMBERS ARE D ATA. THESE ARE THE

INPUTS FOR THE SYSTEM TO GIVE A MEANINGFUL INTERPRETATION. IN OTHER WORD S, D ATA INA MEANINGFUL FORM IS INFORMATION.

INFORMATION CAN BE EXPLAINED AS ANY KIND OF UND ERSTAND ING OR KNOWLED GE THAT CAN

BE EXCHANGED WITH PEOPLE. IT CAN BE ABOUT FACTS, THINGS, CONCEPTS, OR ANYTHING

RELEVANT TO THE TOPIC CONCERNED .

THE WORD INFORMATION WAS D ERIVED FROM LATIN. THE VERB FROM WHICH IT IS D ERIVED IS

INFORMARE, WHICH MEA N S TO IN STR UCT . IT ALSO MEANS GIVING FORM TO AN ID EA OR FACT.D ATA IS THE PLURAL OF THE LATIN WORD D ATUM . IT CAN M EAN TO GIVE . IN THE R EALM S OF

MATHEMATICS AND GEOMETRY, THE TERMS D ATA AND GIVEN ARE VERY OFTEN USED

INTERCHANGEABLY. THIS IS HOW THE TERM WAS D ERIVED

FOR USE IN COMPUTER REALM.

IF D ATA IS AT THE LO WEST LEVEL IN THE SERIES, INFORMATION IS PLACED AT THE NEXT STEP.

AS AN EXAMPLE, IF YOU HAVE A LIST ON THE SEVEN WOND ERS OF THE WORLD , THAT IS A

D ATA; IF YOU HAVE A BOOK GIVING D ETAILS ABOUT EACH WOND ER, IT IS INFORMATION.

D ATA CAN BE IN THE FORM OF NUMBERS, CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR EVEN PICTURES. A

COLLECTION OF THESE D ATA WHICH CONVEYS SOME MEANINGFUL ID EA IS INFORMATION. IT

MAY PROVID E ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS LIKE WHO, WHICH, WHEN, WHY, WHAT, AND HOW.

THE RAW INPUT IS D ATA AND IT HAS NO SIGNIFICANCE WHEN IT EXISTS IN THAT FORM. WHEN

D ATA IS COLLATED OR ORGANIZED INTO SOMETHING MEANINGFUL, IT GAINS SIGNIFICANCE.

THIS MEANINGFUL ORGANIZATION IS INFORMATION.

D ATA IS OFTEN OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF RE CORD INGS OR OBSERVATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE

TEMPERATURE OF THE D AYS IS D ATA. WHEN THIS D ATA IS TO BE COLLECTED , A SYS TEM OR

PERSON MONITORS THE D AILY TEMPERATURES AND RECORD S IT . FINALLY WHEN IT IS TO BE

CONVERTED INTO MEANINGFUL INFORMATION, THE PATTERNS IN THE TEMPERATURES AREANALYZED AND A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE IS ARRIVED AT. SO INFORMATION

OBTAINED IS A RESULT OF ANALYSIS, COMMUNICATION, OR INVESTIGATION

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READ MORE: D IFFERENCE BETWEEN D ATA AND INFORMATION | D IFFERENCE BETWEEN | D ATA

VS INFORMATION HTTP://WWW.D IFFERENCEBETWEEN.NET/LANGUAGE/D IFFERENCE-

BETWEEN-D ATA-AND -INFORMATION/#IXZZ1P25CN2VI

M A J OR D E S I GN S T A GE S I N S T A GE D

D A T A BA S E D E S I GN

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