1. ENCOUNTERING THE NTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENTTHE WORLDBEHIND THETEXTTHE WORLDIN FRONT OFTHE TEXTTHE WORLDWITHIN THE TEXTAuthorCentredText CentredReaderCentredTHE WORLD BEHIND THETEXTAuthor Centred BackgroundStudies Textual Criticism Source Criticism Form Criticism RedactionCriticism THE WORLD BEHIND THETEXTAuthor Centred BackgroundStudies

2. Now in Jerusalem by theSheep Gate there is a pool,called in Hebrew Beth-zatha,which has five porticoes. Inthese lay many invalidsblind,lame, and paralyzed.John 5:2THE WORLD BEHIND THE TEXTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENTWhen he had said this, he spaton the ground and made mudwith the saliva and spread themud on the mans eyes, sayingto him, Go, wash in the poolof Siloam (which means Sent).Then he went and washed andcame back able to see.John 9:6-7THE WORLD BEHIND THE TEXTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENTPRIENE INSCRIPTIONIt seemed good to the Greeks of Asia, in the opinionof the high priest Apollonius of Menophilus Azanitus:Since providence, which has ordered all things and isdeeply interested in our life, has set in most perfectorder by giving us Augustus, whom she filled withvirtue that he might benefit humankind, sending himas a savior, both for us and for our descendants, thathe might end war and arrange all things, and sincehe, Caesar, by his appearance excelled even ouranticipations, surpassing all previous benefactors, andnot even leaving to posterity any hope of surpassingwhat he has done, and since the birthday of the godAugustus was the beginning of the good tidings forthe world that came by reason of him, which Asiaresolved in Smyrna.THE WORLD BEHIND THETEXT BackgroundStudies Textual CriticismWhat did the author actually write? 3. Papyrus: P52Discovered: Egypt 1920Date: 120-140AD?Front Text: John 18:31-33Reverse Text: John 18:37-38Uncial: CodexVaticanusDiscovered: VaticanLibraryDate: 325-350AD?Text: Almostcomplete OT and NTTHE WORLD IN FRONT OF THE TEXTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENTMiniscule: M485Location: BritishLibraryDate: 12th Century ADText: Four Gospels 4. Pastor Theologian/Apologist Pietist CommentatorJOHN 5:1-6KJV:After this there was a feast of the Jews,and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 2 Nowthere is in Jerusalem by the Sheep Gatea pool, which is called in Hebrew,Bethesda, having five porches. 3 In theselay a great multitude of sick people, blind,lame, paralyzed, waiting for the movingof the water. 4 For an angel went down ata certain time into the pool and stirred upthe water; then whoever stepped in first,after the stirring of the water, was madewell of whatever disease he had. 5 Nowa certain man was there who had aninfirmity thirty-eight years. 6 When Jesussaw him lying there, and knew that healready had been in that condition a longtime, He said to him, Do you want to bemade well?ESV:After this there was a feast of the Jews,and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 2 Nowthere is in Jerusalem by the Sheep Gatea pool, in Aramaic called Bethesda,which has five roofed colonnades. 3 Inthese lay a multitude of invalidsblind,lame, and paralyzed. 5 One man wasthere who had been an invalid for thirty-eightyears. 6 When Jesus saw him lyingthere and knew that he had already beenthere a long time, he said to him, Do youwant to be healed? Pastor Theologian/Apologist Pietist Commentator Human 5. Where does theGospel of Markend?See also;John 8: Woman in Adultery,Acts 8:37: Baptismal1 Jn 5:7Confession[How] Can we hope to get back to anything like theoriginal [biblical] text, the text that the authorsactually wrote? It is an enormous problem. In fact, itis such an enormous problem that a number oftextual critics have started to claim that we may aswell suspend any discussion of the original text,because it is inaccessible to us. ( Bart EhrmanMisquoting Jesus p. 58)"The purity of text is of such a substantial nature thatnothing we believe to be true, and nothing we arecommanded to do, is in any way jeopardized by thevariants. D.A. Crayon The KJV Version DebateTHE WORLD BEHIND THETEXTAuthor Centred BackgroundStudies Textual Criticism Source CriticismLuke 1:14 (ESV)1 Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile anarrative of the things that have been accomplishedamong us, 2 just as those who from the beginningwere eyewitnesses and ministers of the word havedelivered them to us, 3 it seemed good to me also,having followed all things closely for some time past,to write an orderly account for you, most excellentTheophilus, 4 that you may have certainty concerningthe things you have been taught. 6. Matthew 24:48 (ESV)4 And Jesus answeredthem, See that no oneleads you astray. 5 Formany will come in myname, saying, I am theChrist, and they will leadmany astray. 6 And youwill hear of wars andrumors of wars. See thatyou are not alarmed, forthis must take place, butthe end is not yet. 7 Fornation will rise againstnation, and kingdomagainst kingdom, andthere will be famines andearthquakes in variousplaces. 8 All these are butthe beginning of the birthpains.Similarity in WordingMark 13:58 (ESV)5 And Jesus began to sayto them, See that no oneleads you astray. 6 Manywill come in my name,saying, I am he! and theywill lead many astray. 7And when you hear ofwars and rumors of wars,do not be alarmed. Thismust take place, but theend is not yet. 8 For nationwill rise against nation,and kingdom againstkingdom. There will beearthquakes in variousplaces; there will befamines. These are butthe beginning of the birthpains.Luke 21:811 (ESV)8 And he said, See that youare not led astray. For manywill come in my name, saying,I am he! and, The time is athand! Do not go after them. 9And when you hear of warsand tumults, do not beterrified, for these things mustfirst take place, but the endwill not be at once. 10 Thenhe said to them, Nation willrise against nation, andkingdom against kingdom. 11There will be greatearthquakes, and in variousplaces famines andpestilences. And there will beterrors and great signs fromheaven.Similarity in Wording Synoptic Problem?Similarity in WordingSimilarity in Order 0 7. Two Source HypothesisTHE WORLD BEHIND THETEXTAuthor Centred BackgroundStudies Textual Criticism Source Criticism Form Criticism1. Logia2. Pronouncement3. Parables4. Speeches5. Miracles Stories6. LegendsForm Criticism- Thisapproach to biblical studyemphasises the way individualstories may have beenselected, shaped, and evencreated by the process oftransmission.One sabbath he was going throughthe grainfields; and as they madetheir way his disciples began topluck heads of grain. ThePharisees said to him, Look, whyare they doing what is not lawful onthe sabbath? And he said to them,Have you never read what Daviddid when he and his companionswere hungry and in need of food?He entered the house of God,when Abiathar was high priest, andate the bread of the Presence,which it is not lawful for any but thepriests to eat, and he gave some tohis companions. Then he said tothem, The sabbath was made forhumankind, and not humankind forthe sabbath; so the Son of Man islord even of the sabbath.Mark 2:23-28THE WORLD BEHIND THE TEXTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENT 8. One sabbath he was going throughthe grainfields; and as they madetheir way his disciples began topluck heads of grain. ThePharisees said to him, Look, whyare they doing what is not lawful onthe sabbath? And he said to them,Have you never read what Daviddid when he and his companionswere hungry and in need of food?He entered the house of God,when Abiathar was high priest, andate the bread of the Presence,which it is not lawful for any but thepriests to eat, and he gave some tohis companions. Then he said tothem, The sabbath was made forhumankind, and not humankind forthe sabbath; so the Son of Man islord even of the sabbath.Mark 2:23-28THE WORLD BEHIND THE TEXTAPPROACHING THE NEW TESTAMENTForm: Pronouncement StoryStructure:SettingChallengeBiblical quotationFinal sayingPossible context: Disputebetween early Christians andJewish synagogue overSabbath observanceTHE WORLDWITHIN THE TEXTText Centred Genre Intratextuality Intertextuality Markan SandwichWhat is the genre of thesynoptic gospels?Richard A. Burridge, What Are The Gospels?, page 218(emphasis his):Thus, there is a high degree of correlation between thegeneric features of Graeco-Roman and those of thesynoptic gospels; in fact, they exhibit more of the featuresthan are shown by works at the edges of the genre, such asthose of Isocrates, Xenophon, and Philostratus. This is surelya sufficient number of shared features for the genre of thesynoptic gospels to be clear: while they may well form theirown subgenre because of their shared content, the synopticgospels belong within the overal genre of . 9. Mark 15:2234 (ESV)22 And they brought him to the place called Golgotha(which means Place of a Skull). 23 And they offered himwine mixed with myrrh, but he did not take it. 24 And theycrucified him and divided his garments among them,casting lots for them, to decide what each should take. 25And it was the third hour when they crucified him. 26 Andthe inscription of the charge against him read, The Kingof the Jews. 27 And with him they crucified two robbers,one on his right and one on his left. 29 And those whopassed by derided him, wagging their heads and saying,Aha! You who would destroy the temple and rebuild it inthree days, 30 save yourself, and come down from thecross! 31 So also the chief priests with the scribesmocked him to one another, saying, He saved others; hecannot save himself. 32 Let the Christ, the King of Israel,come down now from the cross that we may see andbelieve. Those who were crucified with him also reviledhim. 33 And when the sixth hour had come, there wasdarkness over the whole land until the ninth hour. 34 Andat the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, Eloi, Eloi,lema sabachthani? which means, My God, my God, whyhave you forsaken me?Psalm 22:1 (ESV)1 My God, my God,why have youforsaken me? Why areyou so far from savingme, from the words ofmy groaning?Psalm 22:7 (ESV)7 All who see me mockme; they makemouths at me; theywag their heads;Psalm 22:18 (ESV)18 they divide mygarments amongthem, and for myclothing they cast lots.Reader Reader-Response Centred Devotional IdeologicalFactors Liberation/Politics/IdentityTHE WORLDIN FRONT OFTHE TEXT 10. THE WORLDBEHIND THETEXTTHE WORLDIN FRONT OFTHE TEXTTHE WORLDWITHIN THE TEXT