Abstract for Fish Breeding Farm (aquaculture farm)

This abstract reflects general technical andmarket aspects of fish breeding and fishfarming

1

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING

INVERT SUGAR ABSTRACTThe food and drink industry depends heavily on enzymes. Enzymes produced by yeast have been used for thousands of years in brewing and baking. Invert sugar (IS) contains fructose and glucose in roughly equal proportions. The Invert sugar is greater in demand than pure glucose as food and drink sweeteners, because fructose is sweeter than glucose.Main consumers of Invert Sugar are the baking, beverages, canning, confectionery and dairy industries. In addition, high fructose syrup is used in

Fish farming is the principal form ofaquaculture while other methodsmay fall under mariculture. Fishfarming involves raising fishcommercially in tanks or enclosures,usually for food. A facility thatreleases young (juvenile) fish intothe wild for recreational fishing orto supplement a species' naturalnumbers is generally referred to asa fish hatchery. Worldwide, themost important fish species used infish farming are carp, salmon,tilapia and catfish.There is an increasing demand forfish and fish protein, which hasresulted in widespread overfishingin wilfisheries. Fish farming offersfish marketers another source.However, farming carnivorous fish,such as salmon, does not always

reduce pressure on wild fisheries,since carnivorous farmed fish areusually fed fishmeal and fish oilextracted from wild forage fish. Inthis way, the salmon can consumein weight more wild fish than theyweigh themselves. The globalreturns for fish farming recorded bythe FAO in 2008 totaled 33.8 milliontons worth about $US 60 billion.Limiting growth here is theavailability of food supply bynatural sources, commonlyzooplankton feeding on pelagicalgae or benthic animals, such ascrustaceans and mollusks. Tilapiaspecies filter feed directly onphytoplankton, which makes higherproduction possible. Thephotosynthetic production can beincreased by fertilizing the pond

water with artificial fertilizermixtures, such as potash, phospho-rus, nitrogen and micro-elements.

DISCOVERY & HISTORY Because of the fact that most fishare carnivorous, they occupy ahigher place in the trophic chainand therefore only a tiny fraction ofprimary photosynthetic production(typically 1%) will be converted intoharvestable fish. Another issue isthe risk of algal blooms. Whentemperatures, nutrient supply and

2

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING AND MARKET

available sunlight are optimal for algalgrowth, algae multiply their biomass atan exponential rate, eventually leadingto an exhaustion of available nutrientsand a subsequent die-off. The decayingalgal biomass will deplete the oxygenin the pond water because it blocksout the sun and pollutes it with organicand inorganic solutes (such asammonium ions), which can (andfrequently do) lead to massive loss offish. The given graph shows that bothwild catch fish as well as farmed fishproduction increase tremendously,whereas the growth of farmed fishproduction was even significantlyhigher and more consistent in the lastyears. As you can see beside, the wildfish volume stagnates in the lasttwenty years, which can be traced backto the fact that the catch limits arealready reached.

3

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING AND MARKET

Breeding ProcessAn alternate option is to use awetland system such as that of VetaLa Palma.

In order to tap all available foodsources in the pond, theaquaculturists will choose fishspecies which occupy differentplaces in the pond ecosystem, e.g.,a filter algae feeder such as tilapia,a benthic feeder such as carp orcatfish and a zooplankton feeder(various carps) or submerged weedsfeeder such as grass carp. Despitethese limitations many fish farmingindustries use these methods. Inthe Czech Republic thousands ofnatural and semi-natural ponds are

harvested each year for trout andcarp. The large ponds aroundTrebon were built from around1650 and are still in use. Cagesystem fish cages are placed inlakes, bayous, ponds, rivers oroceans to contain and protect fishuntil they can be harvested.

The method is also called "off-shorecultivation" when the cages areplaced in the sea. They can beconstructed of a wide variety ofcomponents. Fish are stocked incages, artificially fed, and harvestedwhen they reach market size. A few

advantages of fish farming with cagesare that many types of waters can beused (rivers, lakes, filled quarries,etc.), many types of fish can be raisedand fish farming can co-exist withsport fishing and other water uses.Cage farming of fishes in open seas isalso gaining popularity. Concerns ofdisease, poaching, poor water quality,etc., lead some to believe that ingeneral, pond systems are easier tomanage and simple to start.

4

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING AND MARKET

INVERT SUGAR ABSTRACTThe food and drink industry depends heavily on enzymes. Enzymes produced by yeast have been used for thousands of years in brewing and baking. Invert sugar (IS) contains fructose and glucose in roughly equal proportions. The Invert sugar is greater in demand than pure glucose as food and drink sweeteners, because fructose is sweeter than glucose.Main consumers of Invert Sugar are the baking, beverages, canning, confectionery and dairy industries. In addition, high fructose syrup is used in

Past occurrences of cage-failures ledto escapes, raised concernregarding the culture of non-nativefish species in open-water cages.Even though the cage-industry hasmade numerous technologicaladvances in cage construction inrecent years, the concern forescapes remains valid.Recently, copper alloys havebecome important netting materialsin aquaculture. Copper alloys areanti-microbial, destroying bacteria,viruses, fungi, algae, and othermicrobes. In the marineenvironment, the antimicrobial /algaecidal properties of copperalloys prevent biofouling, which canbriefly be described as theundesirable accumulation,adhesion, and growth of microorga-

nism, plants, algae, tube worms,barnacles, mollusks, and otherorganisms.The resistance of organism growthon copper alloy nets also provides acleaner and healthier environmentfor farmed fish to grow and thrive.In addition to its antifoulingbenefits, copper netting has strongstructural and corrosion-resistantproperties in marine environments.Copper-zinc brass alloys arecurrently (2011) being deployed incommercial-scale aquacultureoperations in Asia, South Americaand the USA (Hawaii). Extensiveresearch, including demonstrationsand trials, are currently beingimplemented on two other copperalloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has

an inherent ability to reducebiofouling, cage waste, disease, andthe need for antibiotics whilesimultaneously maintaining watercirculation and oxygenrequirements. Other types ofcopper alloys are also beingconsidered for research anddevelopment in aquacultureoperations. Aquaculture, alsoknown as aquafarming, is thefarming of aquatic organisms suchas fish, crustaceans, molluscs andaquatic plants. Aquaculture involvescultivating freshwater and saltwaterpopulations under controlledconditions, and can be contrastedwith commercial fishing, which isthe harvesting of wild fish.Mariculture refers to aquaculturepracticed in marine environments

5

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING AND MARKET

INVERT SUGAR ABSTRACTThe food and drink industry depends heavily on enzymes. Enzymes produced by yeast have been used for thousands of years in brewing and baking. Invert sugar (IS) contains fructose and glucose in roughly equal proportions. The Invert sugar is greater in demand than pure glucose as food and drink sweeteners, because fructose is sweeter than glucose.Main consumers of Invert Sugar are the baking, beverages, canning, confectionery and dairy industries. In addition, high fructose syrup is used in

and in underwater habitats.The reported output from globalaquaculture operations wouldsupply one half of the fish andshellfish that is directly consumedby humans, however, there are

issues about the reliability of thereported figures.Further, in current aquaculturepractice, products from severalpounds of wild fish are used toproduce one pound of a piscivorous

fish like salmon. Particular kinds ofaquaculture include fish farming,shrimp (such as seaweed farming),and the cultivation of ornamentalfish. Particular methods includeaquaponics and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both integratefish farming and plant farming.

Summing up the aforementionedinformation, we can say that thereexist various forms of fish farming intechnical terms, various potentiallocation to apply fish farming (river,lake, sea, pond, indoor etc.) forvarious types of fish, algea orcrustaceans. But one trend seemsto be clear regarding the marketdevelopment. The share of farmedfish will increase and outweigh the

6

INTRODUCTION OF FISH BREEDING AND MARKET

total amount of wild catch. Theexpected price development of wildand farmed fish will increase thistrend continuously.

ensymm is a German based premier project consultingcompany for Life Sciences, serving biotech companies,pharmaceutical industry and food ingredientcompanies. We provide clients with a variety of businessand technology consulting services as well as withspecialized teams in various areas of our competence.

For further inquiries and quotes, please contact:

ensymm UG & Co.KGLife Science Center DusseldorfMerowingerplatz 140225 DusseldorfGermany

Tel: 0049 2113367527Project_assistant@ensymm.comwww.ensymm.com