enlightenment & revolution
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Enlightenment & Revolution. Enlightenment. “ Age of Reason” Philosophical movement in the 18 th century. Rejection of traditional social, religious, & political ideas. Emphasis on rationalism & individuality. Philosophes. Social critics in France during the 1700s Met in salons - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Enlightenment & Revolution
Enlightenment“Age of Reason”Philosophical movement in the 18th
century.Rejection of traditional social,
religious, & political ideas.Emphasis on rationalism &
individuality.
Philosophes
Social critics in France during the 1700sMet in salons
Influenced by England
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations (1776) Economist: pro-capitalist Gov shouldn’t regulate—Laissez-Faire
Defines economics in three “natural laws”
1. Productive when “self-motivated”2. Competition = Balanced marketplace3. Supply/Demand are product of free
trade
Thomas Hobbes English Philosopher –
writes Leviathan (1651) Man is evil Strong gov (Absolute)
People have no rightsNo right to rebel
Social ContractGive up certain
rights=order in society
John Locke English –Two Treatises of Government
(1690) & Declaration of Rights of Man (1690)
Against absolute ruleSelf-government by peopleMen are born equal and freeNatural Rights
Gov should protect rights If they don’t = Revolution
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Swiss-Frenchman The Social Contract
(1762) Individual freedom of
people Direct Democracy Also used Social
Contract Inspired French Rev
Voltaire
Candide (1759)
Fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech
MontesquieuFrench nobleman –The Spirit of Laws
(1748)
Separation of Powers (Checks & Balances)England’s System of Government
King/Ministers – Executive PowerParliament – Legislative PowerJudges – Judicial Power
Idea later became basis for the US Constitution
Casare Beccaria
Italian, On Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Speak out in favor of fair and just punishments (No brutality)
People have the right to:Fair & speedy trialNot be torturedNo capital punishment.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English womanA Vindication of the
Rights of Women (1792)Same rights as menEducation
Enlightened Despots
Kings or queens who rule with Enlightenment idealsFrederick the GreatMaria Theresa Joseph II of Austria Catherine the Great