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Enjeux de la gestion de l’eau à l’est de la

Méditerranée

Projets de recherche dans le delta du Nil et au Moyen-Orient

François Molle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), le Caire

Overexpoitedbasin (Orontes)

Environmentaldegradation

Groundwaterdepletion

Water pollution

PIM / Water governance

Transboundary management

Growing

population

Food security

Rural poverty

alleviation

Unsustainable

use of GW

Urbanisation

Sectoral

competition

Climate change

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Changement climatique

MENA Outlook, 2011, World Bank

Malthus’ victory?

Governance and

co-management

Water quality-

water quantity

1. Gestion multi-niveau de

l’eau et des sels dans le

delta du Nil (ACIAR)

Canal de Meet Yazid et

centre du delta

2. Productivité de

l’agriculture et action

collective dans les

‘Nouvelles Terres’

Zone du canal Nasr

Delta du NilEgypte

Partenaires:

Min water (NWRC); Min Agri (ARC)

IRD/IWMI, ICARDA, Universités

ACIAR

Min water (NWRC);

IRD/IWMI, Cirad

Université d’Alexandrie

AIRD/STDF

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KEYWORDS

• Bilans hydriques et salins emboîtés

• Interactions inter-scalaires• Relations entre quantité

et qualité de l’eau• Institutions et action

collective• Interface usagers/

gestionnaires

Recycling and nested efficiencies

Water quantity/quality relationships

Aquaculture

Lagoon

Rice cultivation

Mixed crops

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Policy environmentWater (re)allocation

Water treatmentHorizontal expansion

Official reuseModernization

etc

Policy environmentFree crop choice

Market environmentSubsidies

Priority oil cropsLimit rice cropping

Land reform, etc

Farmlevel

Water fluxesQuantity/quality relationships

Cross-scale interactionsFarmer/manager interface

Mesqa / branch

canal levels

Mesqa / branch

canal levels

Main canal level

Main canal level

Changes/interventionsImproved crop varietiesCropping patternsCropping techniquesLand water management practices (CA, etc)Land levelling, sub-surface drainage.

Changes/interventionsIIP/IIIMP projectWUAs and branch canal or district associationsContinuous flowMaintenance statusCommunity organizations

Agricultural sector

Water sector

From individual to collective pumps: IIP/IIIMP

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Levels / issuesWater management (quantity)

Water quality/salts

Socio-economicand institutionalaspects

Nation / delta

Main canal

Branch canal (Sec)

Mesqa (Ter)

Marwa, farm (Qat)

4.2

1.1

1.1-1.2

1.2

2.1 – 2.2

4.2

3.3

3.2

3.2

2.2

4.2

1.1

1.2

2.3

1.2-2.3

Boundary drain

Aquaculture 3.4 3.4 2.4

Lagoon fisheries 4.2 4.2

Sea

Nasr canal

Bangarsukar

EastNasrarea

Pumping stations

Improving agricultural intensification and diversification in Egypt’s New Lands (Nasr canal command area)

2. Collective action in the New Lands

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engrais

électricité

Irrigation eau

Local markets

Export markets

Irrigation districts served by the Nasr canal

Autres:

Sol, drainage

capital, M.O.,

etc…

qualité produits

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Comment augmenter la productivité des nouvelles terres en améliorant la « prédictabilité»

des intrants et de la commercialisation?

• Contraintes à l’intensification et la diversification (choix des cultures): identification et estimation d’un « productivity gap »

• Coordination et liens avec les marchés d’intrants et de commercialisation

• Action collective : eau (à différents niveaux emboîtés)coopérativesfilières

• Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau en réduisant l’incertitude sur les apports (bulk allocation system)

• Trajectoires de différents types d’exploitations et performances comparées

3. Groundwater governance

Cap Bon,

Tunisie Azraq Oasis

Jordanie

Lebanon: Beqaa

(Litani river)

Oases in

Egypt

Stock-taking: World

experience

Policy process: Seven

selected storylines

Four problem aquifers

Multi-stakeholder

platform/initiating social

learning

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.

.

..

.

.

Tertiary

level

Secondary

level

Financial management

What is really transferred?

WUA State

4. Water User Associations

WUAs

established

Pay fee

Organization

O&M cost

recovery

Local

maintenance

Interface

with agency

Mediate

conflicts

Local water

management

Other

activities

Financial

sustainability

Physical

sustainability

Efficiency,

reliability

Better

equity

Other

outcomes

Expected

process

Expected

outcome

Costs Benefits

Lower Gov.

expenditures

Expected

benefits

Rehabilitation

Other

benefits

Higher yields

& incomes,

lower risk,

possibility to

diversify to

cash crops,

etc

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Thank you for your attention

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