enhancing performance of metre-class telescopes by using ... · using photonic devices nemanja...
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Enhancing performance of metre-class telescopes by
using photonic devices
Nemanja Jovanovic, Simon Gross, Robert Williams, Michael Ireland, Jon Lawrence, and Michael Withford
MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University
Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS)Centre for Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics, Macquarie
University Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Subaru Telescope1
Izabela Spaleniak
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Outline
• (Some) Photonics in astronomy• Photonic lanterns• Photonic lanterns as spectral filters
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Photonics in astronomy• Astrophotonics: lies at the interface
between astronomy and photonics• Photonics: manipulating photons• Multimode fibres
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Optical fibre – principle• Single-mode fibre • Multimode fibre
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Photonics in astronomy
• Integrated photonic spectrograph
N. Cvetojevic et al. Opt. Express 20, 2062-2072 (2012).
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Photonics in astronomy
• IPS on sky
The H-Band spectrum of Pi 01 Gru, with a cut showing the CO molecular lines. N. Cvetojevic et al. A&A 544 (2012).
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Photonics in astronomy• Frequency combs
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Photonics in astronomy• Fibre Bragg gratings
2B effnλ = × Λ
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Photonics in astronomy• Fibre Bragg gratings – GNOSIS instrument
• Knocks-out 103• Complex
• λB temperature sensitive
C. Trinh et al. A&A 544 (2012).
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Photonics in astronomy
• GNOSIS on sky
Spectrum of the night sky with (black) and without (red) OH suppression. The spectrum comes from 21 exposures (8.75 hr total) from 1-4 September at various locations on the sky. The reduction in the OH lines in the range 1.5-1.7 micron is clear showing the CO molecular lines. C. Trinh et al. A&A 544 (2012).
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Photonics in astronomy• Photonic devices accept only single-
mode light
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Adaptive optics
correction
wavefront profile after coming
through atmosphere
Diffraction limited (single-mode) instrument
?
How to overcome the atmosphere…
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… expensive, not fast enough for the visible, small angle
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Adaptive optics
correction
wavefront profile after coming
through atmosphere
Diffraction limited (single-mode) instrument
Seeing-limited to diffraction-limited image conversion
?
Single mode spectrograph: compact, stable, cheap(er)
How to overcome the atmosphere…
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… expensive, not fast enough for the visible, small angle
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Fibre photonic lantern
• Operates in 1550 nm • 7, 19 or 61 channels
D. Noordegraaf, et al., "Multi-mode to single-mode conversion in a 61 port Photonic Lantern." Opt. Express, 18(5): p. 4673-4678 (2010)
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Challenges of moving to visible
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⋅≈
λθseeingtelD
Nm
Anglo-Australian Telescope siteθSeeing = 1”; Dtel = 3.9 m; Nm(λ = 1550 nm) ≈ 148Nm(λ = 600 nm) ≈ 993Nm(λ = 400 nm) ≈ 2234
Number of modes due to atmosphere :
Bulky Temperature sensitive Complex to make Complex to handle
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Laser direct write technique
glass sample
moving stage
laser beamwaveguides
objective lens
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Laser direct write technique
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Integrated photonic lanterns
Thomson, R., et al., Optics Express, 19, 6, 5698-5705 (2011)
Thomson, R., et al., Optics Letters, 37, 12, 2331-2333 (2012)
Losses: 2 dB Losses: 7 dB
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MM input
Transition
SM reformatted output
Isolated SM waveguides
Design of high throughput structures
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Jovanovic, N., et al., Proc. of SPIE, 7739-73, (2010).
1.1 MM input waveguides – old results
Design of high throughput structures
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Design of high throughput structures1.2 MM input waveguides – new approach
Jovanovic, N., et al., Opt.Express 20, 17029–17043 (2012).
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2. Modelling different transitionsa)Transition geometry
Linear Raised Sine Cosine
b) Transition length
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Design of a high throughput structure
MM inputTransition
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Modelling results
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>90% transmission for a transition length >5 mm
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Fabricated devices
50 µm
50 µm
Direction of writing laser
Writing parameters:Objective: 100x, NA 1.25Pulse energy: 35 nJTranslation speed: 750 mm/min (2 s per waveguide)
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Experimental throughput results
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Transition length
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Experimental throughput results
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Multimode pitch
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Slit reformatting devices
Dispersion directionSM slit
MM guide
Isolated SM guides
Slit of SM guides
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Slit reformatting devices – results
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OH suppression with integrated photonic lanterns
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OH suppression with integrated photonic lanterns – design
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OH suppression with integrated photonic lanterns – results
Efficient and symmetrical gratings in the photonic lantern Robust Easy to handle Stronger gratings possible in longer chips Application in a post-dispersion low resolution spectrographs
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On-going work
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Single-mode bulk spectrograph – RHEA – Small, stable, cheap (Mike Ireland & Tobias Feger)
Visible photonic lanterns
Many tiny (~4 um) waveguidesAnnealing technique
A. Arriola et al. Opt. Express 21, 2978-2986 (2013).
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Summary• Integrated photonic lanterns are
potentially most scalable solution for photonic lanterns
• High efficiency can be obtained if you optimize the devices
• Promising results for miniaturising seeing-limited to diffraction-limited conversion devices.
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Thanks and acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (project number CE110001018).
This work was performed in part at the OptoFab node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, ANFF.
Nemanja Jovanovic, Simon Gross,
Nick CvetojevicMichael Ireland, Jon Lawrence,
and Michael Withford
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Any Questions?