engr 101/hum 200: technology and society october 25, 2005
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ENGR 101/HUM 200: Technology and Society
October 25, 2005
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Agenda
• The Hydrogen Economy
• Innovative Designs (video segment)
• Hand back exams
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Hydrogen Fuel v. Hydrogen Economy
• Changes in energy sources have broad economic consequences
• Energy is a key input into our economy
• The current worldwide economy is dominated by fossil fuels
• Energy fuels economic growth
• Infrastructure is shaped by energy needs
• Energy is infrastructure
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Replace or Enable?
• Replacement technology– Replaces an existing product
• Electric vs. gas light
– New product must cost less
• Enabling technology– Provides a new capability
• Airplanes and flight
– Cost not as important
Consider the technology for “Make it Better”
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Fuel Cells Replace and Enable
• Energy efficiency is about replacing a technology
• Providing environmental protections (whether or not in response to regulations) is about enabling a technology
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Hydrogen Replaces and Enables
• If it increases efficiency of ICEs, that is replacement
• If it creates a decentralized energy infrastructure, that is enabling
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Hydrogen Economy
• Network of three functional steps– Production– Storage– Use
• But where does hydrogen come from?– Lots of it, but not in the right form for use as a
fuel
• Not just a fuel, but an infrastructure
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Challenges Posed by H.E.
• Competitive production
• Distribution
• Storage
• Safety
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Why Hydrogen?
• Need replacement for fossil fuels– Energy independence, pricing, worldwide stores
• Environmental regulations (Clean Air Act, CA’s zero emission standards)
• Hydrogen is viewed as clean, renewable energy source
• Hydrogen is also an energy carrier for renewable energy sources (stores, moves, and delivers energy in a usable form to consumers)
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Some economic drivers:
• Automobile manufacturers looking for good fuel match for fuel cell technology
• Governor of California initiated Hydrogen Highway Project– 150-200 stations along state highways– 500K each– One step in chicken-egg dilemma
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Where does hydrogen come from?
• Introduction of hydrogen as an energy source for fuel cells doesn’t necessarily mean no use of fossil fuels
• Hydrogen is produced from: – natural gas, coal, gasoline, methanol, or biomass
through the application of heat (“reforming”)– from bacteria or algae through photosynthesis– using electricity or sunlight to split water into
hydrogen and oxygen.
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Fossil Fuels
• Not renewable• Reserves will eventually run out
– Some debate on when; modes of extraction becoming more complex, more expensive
• Prices are rising even now• By 2050, there will be a 50% increase in
energy use worldwide– Population growth– Industrialization of developing countries
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Current Energy Sources
• Oil supplies 40% of the world’s energy needs
• Oil accounts for 90% of energy used for transportation
• Cars & trucks produce 10% of carbon dioxide emissions in the US
• Power plants produce more than 40% of carbon dioxide in US
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Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
• Hydrogen fuel should not be confused with fuel cell technology– In order to use hydrogen as a fuel, it still needs to be ‘liberated’
from somewhere, and that takes energy
• Hydrogen fuel can be used to power ICEs as well as fuel cells
• Fuel cells are more efficient than either ICEs or batteries (can be constantly replenished: open v closed system)
• ICE standards of longevity: 15 years or 170K miles• Current PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cells:
2000 hours
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Fuel Cells in development
• Fuel cells as batteries for consumer electronics
• Canon’s announcement 10/25 that it has developed fuel cells to replace conventional batteries for digital cameras and printers in 3 years
• Have to find way to provide consumers with fuel
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Some work being done at UW
• http://depts.washington.edu/fuelcell/Info/FAQ/FAQ.htm
• http://faculty.washington.edu/stuve/uwess/uwess.htm
• http://faculty.washington.edu/cooperjs/Definitions/design_for_environment.htm
• http://faculty.washington.edu/cooperjs/Definitions/life_cycle_assessment.htm– “Life cycle assessment is a protocol to assess the
environmental, economic, and social impacts of an industrial system”
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What Interrupts the Optimistic Narrative?
Hydrogen fuel burns clean but hydrogen fuel production is dirty
• Hydrogen is not an energy source like oil, coal, wind or sun but an energy carrier like electricity or gasoline
• But, the only byproduct from burning hydrogen in an ICE or a fuel cell is water
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Likely Early Adopter Industries
• For hydrogen as a fuel– Not cars
• Difficulty manufacturing in advance of sufficient consumer demand
• Fuel companies unlikely to invest in infrastructure (filling stations) till a critical mass of cars
• For fuel cells– Battery replacements– Infrastructure elements that are looking for
decentralization
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Some Public Policy Issues
• Infrastructure for developing countries– A “hydrogen economy would democratize energy
generation so that all nations can have equal access to the benefits of electricity.” The Futurist
• Values – Shift required for an energy policy that promotes
energy independence based on diverse sources of cleaner energy, combined with tough emission standards, and conservation effort
• Safety– Hindenberg misconception; hydrogen fires not easily
detectable (odorless, colorless gas)
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Next class
• Guest lecture: Prof John Kramlich
• Read The Diamond Age