english tudors

7/28/2019 English Tudors

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The Tudors

1.TUDOR DYNASTYThe Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603. This coincides with the rule of

the Tudor dynasty in England. "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more

optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time in a thousand years.

The century of Tudor rule is often thought of as a most glorious period in English history.

During 118 years of Tudor rule, England became a peaceful place and richer than ever before.

As the country became wealthier, towns grew, beautiful houses were built and schools and colleges

were set up. Arts and crafts flourished too. England was home to great painters, writers and musicians.

2.Henry VIIHenry Tudor became King Henry Vll of England and Wales after defeating Richard lll at the Battle of

Bosworth in August 1485. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought

instability to England.

The Wars of the Roses had been a constant battle between two of England's most powerful families -the families of York and Lancaster. Henry was a member of the Lancaster family. To bring the two

families closer together he married Elizabeth of York. Henry Vll was the first Tudor King and reigned

for 24 years.

Henry Vll enjoyed music, gambling and building palaces.

Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty.

Henry strengthened the power of the monarchy and help maintain peace.

He firmly believed that war and glory were bad for business, and that business was good for the state.

Henry spent money shrewdly and left a full treasury on his death in 1509.

5. Edward VIEdward VI was the only son of Henry VIII.Edward VI became king at the age of nine upon the death of his father, Henry Vlll. He was known as

'The Boy King'. His mother was Jane Seymour, Henry Vlll's third wife.

Edward was a sickly child and the country was run by his protectors: firstly, the Duke of Somerset, his

mother's brother, then by the Duke of Northumberland.

Edward enjoyed reading about battles and writing Greek.

Edward died at the age of 16 in 1553.

6.Jane Grey

Jane Grey granddaughter of Henry 8th younger sister Mary whose daughter Francis married HenryGrey. Henry 8th had specified that in the event of Edward dying early that firstly his daughter Mary

should reign and secondly is daughter Elizabeth, but Edward changed it on his deathbed.

While Edward was still alive his ministers persuaded him to make a will naming Lady Jane Grey his

successor to the throne. She was a Protestant unlike Edward's half sisterMary (Henry VIII's eldest

daughter) who was Catholic. The ministers wanted to keep England a Protestant country. Lady Jane

Grey ruled for only 9 days before Mary had her arrested and later executed.
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3.Henry VIIIHenry Vlll is probably the most well known of the Tudor kings. He was a very selfish person and by

the end of his life everyone was afraid of him, mainly because of his ruthless behaviour toward anyone

who didn't agree with him.

Henry Vlll was born at Greenwich Palace, London in 1491 and was the second son ofHenry Vll and

Elizabeth of York. He was 17 years old when he became king.

Henry built fine palaces, and fought wars against France and Scotland.

Henry Vlll was a great athlete in his youth. Henry threw the javelin and enjoyed hunting, archery,jousting and tennis. He spoke French, Spanish, Latin and some Italian and was a good musician. Henry

played the lute and harpsichord well and could sing from sight.

Henry Vlll was handsome in his youth, but became bloated and.He dressed lavishly, wearing a gold

collar with a diamond as big as a walnut and many jewelled rings.

Henry Vlll brought religious upheaval to England. When he became king, most people belonged to the

Catholic Church, which was headed by the Pope, in Rome. In 1534, Henry broke away from the

Catholic Church and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. The land and riches of the

church became Henry's property and he sold off most of this land to dukes, barons and other noblemen.

Henry Vlll had three children - Mary (by Catherine of Aragon), Elizabeth (by Anne Boleyn) and

Edward (by Jane Seymour). Each became a monarch - Edward Vl, Mary l and Elizabeth l.Henry died in 1547, aged 55 years. Henry Vlll wanted a male heir, but his wife had not given birth to a

son. Henry wanted to divorce her and take a new wife

The Dissolution of the MonasteriesWhen the Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, he set up the Church

of England. The Reformation is the process by which the English Church is split off from the Roman

church. Rather than the pope, the king would be the spiritual head of the English church.

The Act of Supremacy confirmed the break from Rome, declaring Henry to be the Supreme Head of

the Church of England.

The conflict between Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church eventually led to the seizure of

Church properties by the state. Over 800 monasteries were dissolved, demolished for buildingmaterials, sold off or reclaimed as Anglican Churches.

After his divorce, Henry VIII needed to reduce the power of the Church's power in England, as well as

find money to fund his fruitless and expensive wars against France and Scotland.

Henry order the closing down of the wealthy Roman Catholic Abbeys, monasteries and convents across

England, Wales and Ireland. This act became known as the 'Dissolution of the Monasteries'.

The Act of Suppression

Small monasteries, those with an income of less than 200 a year, are closed.

Henry Vlll took ownership of all the buildings, land, money and everything else. Some of the small

monasteries stay open because they paid some money to the king.

Another Act of Suppression sanctioned the transfer of further monastic possessions to the state.

Reformation

The English Reformation started in the reign ofHenry VIII when he wanted to annul his marriage to

Catherine of Aragon.
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4.Six WifesA common device to remember the fates of his consorts is "annulled, beheaded, died, annulled,

beheaded, survived" or divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived.

1.Catherine of Aragonwas Henry's first wife. Catherine bore him a healthy daughter in 1516, Mary

and 3 stillborn girls and 1 stillborn boy and 1 boy that died two months later.. It is said that Henry truly

loved Catherine of Aragon. Henry, at the time a Roman Catholic, sought the Pope's approval for an

annulment on the grounds that his marriage was invalid because Catherine had first been his brother's

wife. This led to the break from the Roman Catholic Church and the later establishment of the Churchof England.

Marriage to Henry VIII: 24 years. Annulled

2.Anne Boleynwas the second wife ofHenry VIII of England and the mother ofElizabeth I of

England. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the

political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Henry and Anne went

through a secret wedding service. Anne was crowned. Later that year, Anne gave birth to Henry's

second daughter, Elizabeth. When Anne failed to quickly produce a male heir, her only son being

stillborn, Anne was beheaded on charges ofadultery, incest, and high treason.

Marriage to Henry VIII -3 years - annulled then beheaded

3.Jane Seymourwas Henry's third wife. She served Catherine of Aragon and was one ofAnneBoleyn's ladies-in-waiting. Jane gave birth to a healthy, legitimate male heir, Edward, but Seymour

died twelve days later, seemingly because of post-natal complications. This apparently caused her

husband genuine grief, as she was the only queen to receive a proper Queen's burial; when the King

died in 1547, he was buried next to her.

Marriage to Henry VIII - 1 year, 4 months

4.Anne of Cleves was Henry's fourth wife, for only six months in 1540. Anne of Cleves was a German

princess. Her pre-contract of marriage with Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, was cited as grounds for an

annulmen. She was given the name "The King's Sister", and became a friend to him and his children

until his death. She outlived both the King and his last two wives, making her the last of the six wivesto die.

Marriage to Henry VIII - 6 months - Annulled.

5.Catherine Howardwas Henry's fifth wife for less than 2 years, sometimes known as "the rose

without a thorn". Henry was informed of her alleged adultery with Thomas Culpepperin 1541.

Marriage to Henry VIII - 1 year, 6 months- Beheaded.

6.Catherine Parralso spelled Kateryn, was the sixth and last wife of Henry. Through her father,

Catherine was a direct descendant of King Edward III of England. Catherine showed herself to be the

restorer of Henry's court as a family home for his children. Perhaps Catherine's most significant

achievement was Henry's passing of an act that confirmed both Mary's and Elizabeth's line in

succession for the throne, despite the fact that they had both been made illegitimate by divorce or

remarriage. Such was Henry's trust in Catherine that he chose her to rule as Regent while he was

attending to the War in France and in the unlikely event of the loss of his life, she was to rule as Regent

until nine year old Edward came of age.

Marriage to Henry VIII - 3 years, 6 months - His death at the age of 55.
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7.Mary IMary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen

through marriage to a king).

Mary was the eldest daughter of Henry Vlll by his first wife Katherine of Aragon. She was named

after Henry's favourite sister, Mary Tudor.

Mary came to the throne after contesting the 14 day reign of the uncrowned Lady Jane Grey,

grandaughter of Mary Tudor, who had been named by Edward Vl as his successor.

Mary was a committed Catholic. When she came to the throne she vowed to return England to Romeand Catholicism. Mary reunited the English Church with Rome and in 1555 banned English

translations of the Bible.

She is known as Bloody Mary because of the numbers of people who were executed for being

Protestants. Mary burned nearly three hundred Protestants at the stake when they refused to give up

their religion.

Mary made herself even more unpopular by marrying Philip of Spain and losing Calais, England's last

possession in France. They had no children.

Mary enjoyed riding and hunting and liked to be painted with her Italian Greyhounds at her feet. She

was very musical. She played the virginals from the age of three and also the regals and lute.

Mary was well educated, she could read Greek and Latin, understood Italian and spoke Latin, Frenchand Aragonese Spanish.

Mary died in 1558. She was buried in Henry Vll's chapel, Westminster Abbey.

8.Elizabeth IElizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich Palace on 7 September 1533, the younger

daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

When Elizabeth came to the throne, she was 25. She succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death

in November 1558.

Elizabeth liked hunting and enjoyed court masques (entertainment of poetry, songs and dancing). She

was very well-educated and was fluent in six languages.Elizabeth made England Protestant again and her will was the law.

She did not marry and was known as the Virgin Queen.

During her reign, England became enemy of Catholic Spain, and Elizabeth fought against Philip II's

navy (the Spanish Armada).

The Tudor period ended with the death of Queen Elizabeth I on 24th March 1603 after 45 years on the

throne. She had no husband or children to succeed her.

Elizabeth I's rule is remembered as the Golden Age of English history. Under her rule, England

advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.

During Elizabeth's reign the age ofexplorationbegan with explorers such as Francis Drake claiming

new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, isnamed after her.
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9.SPANISH ARMADAIn May 1588 a massive invasion fleet or 'Armada' sailed from the port of Lisbon. It was made up of

130 ships fitted with 2,500 guns. They carried 30,000 soldiers and sailors. This great war fleet was

bound for England.

The Armada is famous because at that time England was a small nation with a little navy and they were

facing the greatest power in the world. They defeated Spain, with help from Mother Nature. It marked

the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.

The great history of the English navy began, as did serious English exploration and colonization.Philip was a devout Catholic. He felt it was his duty to invade and conquer England in order to convert

the country back to the Church of Rome.

In the open sea, the Armada wasnt in formation, so the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English

artillery.

An important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the

Spanish ships northwards. Strong winds and terrible rain forced many ships onto rocks near

Ireland.

10.LANGUAGE AND CULTUREAt the beginning of the Tudor there were still reminders of the Saxon, Angle, Jute and Viking invasions

in the different forms of language spoken in different parts of the country.

One educator in Henry VIIIs time spoke of the needto teach children to speak English which is

clean, polite, [and] perfectly . . . Pronounced.

Literature, however, was Englands greatest art form. Playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Ben

Janson and William Shakespeare filled the theatres with their exciting new plays.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEAREShakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, and went to the local grammar schools, which tried to

teach correct English, became the commonest form of education.His plays were popular with both educated and uneducated people.

Many of his plays were about Englich history, but he changed fact to suit public opinion.

T H E A T R E SWatching plays became very popular during the Tudor times. This popularity was helped by the rise of

great playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe as well as the building of the

Globe theatre in London. By 1595, 15,000 people a week were watching plays in London.

It was during Elizabeth's reign that the first real theatres were built in England. Before theatres were

built actors travelled from town to town and performed in the streets or outside inns.

MUSICMusic was of great importance in both secular and sacred life in Tudor times. Musicians were

supported by the Church, city and state, and particularly in royal and aristocratic courts. As interest in

music widened, there were many more job opportunities and possibilities for apprenticeship. For

example, there were now jobs for choirmasters, singers, teachers, composers, and instrument builders.

With the invention of music printing, music books became more affordable and therefore more

available. Several of the Tudor kings and queens were skilled at the lute and Elizabeth I was

particularly good at the virginals. Henry VIII was also a composer of several songs.


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10.TUDOR SCHOOLSNot many children went to school in Tudor times. Those that did go were mainly the sons of wealthy or

working families who could afford to pay the attendance fee. Boys began school at the age of 4 and

moved to grammar school when they were 7. Girls were either kept at home by their parents to help

with housework or sent out to work to bring money in for the family.

Boys were educated for work and the girls for marriage and running a household. The wealthiest

families hired a tutor to teach the boys at home.

Many Tudor towns and villages had a parish school where the local vicar taught boys to read and write.At school, pupils often had to speak in Latin. They were also taught Greek, religion and mathematics.

The boys practiced writing in ink by copying the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer.

There were few books, so pupils read from hornbooks instead. These wooden boards had the alphabet,

prayers or other writings pinned to them and were covered with a thin layer of transparent cow's horn.

It was usual for children to attend six days a week. The school day started at 7:00 am in winter and

6:00 am in summer. It finished about 5:00 pm. Petty schools had shorter hours, mostly to allow poorer

boys the opportunity to work as well.

11.THE TUDOR COSTUMESTudor England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during

the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

Clothes were a means of displaying how wealthy a person was. Rich people could

afford clothing made of fine wool, linen or silk. Their clothes were decorated with

jewels and embroidered with gold thread.

No rich person felt properly dressed to impress unless he or she was wearing a

ruff.

Rich ladies wore padded skirts held up with loops. Over these went bodices and

colourful floor-length gowns.

Rich men wore white silk shirts, frilled at the neck and wrists. Over this they wore

a doublet (a bit like a tight-fitting jacket), and close-fitting striped trousers (called

hose).

Everyone wore their hair shoulder length.

It was the in thing to wear ruffs and for ladies to make their stomachs as small as

they could by wearing corsets and wide skirts.

Poor people wore simple, loose-fitting clothes made from woollen cloth. Most

men wore trousers made from wool and a tunic which came down to just above

their knee. Women wore a dress of wool that went down to the ground. They often

wore an apron over this and a cloth bonnet on their heads.

Getting Dressed

Putting on an Elizabethan gown was not a simple process and, including time taken for hair and

makeup, could take as long as half-an-hour. This is the order in which clothing had to be put on.


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12.DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERSSir Francis Drake was a British explorer and navy captain.

He was financed by Queen Elizabeth to discover lands and riches for England.

Drake was the second man to sail all around the world and was knighted by the queen for his services

to the country.

Walter Raleigh was an adventurer and explorer who became one of queen Elizabeth's favourites after

putting down a rebellion in Ireland.Raleigh led an expedition to the New World and claimed North Carolina and Virginia for England.

Virginia was named after Elizabeth who was known as the Virgin Queen because she never married.

In the New World Raleigh discovered potatoes and tobacco and brought them back to England.

13.RELIGIONPeople in Tudor times were very religious and were prepared to die for their beliefs. It must have been

very hard for them during the 118 years the Tudor kings and Queens ruled because they were often

forced to change their religion depending on the religion of the reigning monarch.

Religion in England changed depending on the views of the monarch and people often felt confused.They were told to change what they believed, how they worshipped God and how they decorated

churches.

Many laws were passed about religion. These were passed by Kings and queens who wanted to make

people follow the same religion that they did.

When the first Tudor Kings came to the throne, England was a Roman Catholic country and the head of

the church was the Pope in Rome, Clement VII.

England is a Catholic country

Despite being cut off from Rome, England, retained much of the doctrine and the practices of

Catholicism.

Why did Henry VIII break with Rome?Henry VIII broke with Rome because the pope in Rome would not grant him a divorce with his wife,

Catherine of Aragon, because divorce was against church policy.

The year 1535 saw Henry order the closing down of Roman Catholic Abbeys, monasteries and

convents across England, Wales and Ireland. This act became known as the 'Dissolution of the

Monasteries'.

Until Henry's death in 1547, although split off from Rome, the English Church remained Catholic

country. It wasn't until Henry's son, Edward VI, and his advisors, that England became a Protestant

country.

England becomes a Protestant Country

Henry's son Edward was given Protestant teachers and brought up as a strict protestant.Under King Edward VI (1547-1553), England became a Protestant nation. King Edward VI was a

devout Protestant and introduced a new prayer book.

All church services were held in English.

Catholics were treated very badly and catholic bishops were locked up.

England returns to being a Catholic country

Under Queen Mary I (1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Mary was a devout Catholic.

The pope became the head of the church again.

Church services changed back to Latin.
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During the last three years of her reign, 300 leading Protestants who would not accepted Catholic

beliefs were burned to death at the stake. Third earned her the nickname of 'Bloody Mary'.

Protestant again

Elizabeth was raised as a Protestant.

Under Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth

that the Anglican church (Church of England) became firmly established and dominant. However,

Elizabeth did her best to sort out the problem of religion.

Elizabeth wanted England to have peace and not be divided over religion. She tried to find ways whichboth the Catholic and Protestant sides would accept and be happy. She did not call herself the Head of

the Church of England, instead she was know as the 'Supreme Governor of the English Church'.

Although Elizabeth insisted on protestant beliefs, she still allowed many things from the Catholic

religion such as bishops, ordained priests, church decorations and priests' vestments. She also produced

a prayer book in English, but allowed a Latin edition to be printed.

Elizabeth disliked and punished extreme Protestants and extreme Catholics who tried to convert people

to their faiths.

Church services were changed back to English.

14.ARHITECTUREThe Tudor era was a period of phenomenal building in England with elaborate palaces, such asRichmond, Nonsuch and Hampton Court and the huge country houses such as Longleat and Hardwick

Hall, some of which can be seen today.

The Tudorarchitectural style is the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period

and even beyond, for conservative college patrons. It followed the Perpendicular style and, although

superseded by Elizabethan architecture in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion, the Tudor

style still retained its hold on English taste, portions of the additions to the various colleges of Oxford

University and Cambridge Universitybeing still carried out in the Tudor style which overlaps with the

first stirrings of the Gothic Revival.

There are examples of Tudor architecture: Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey ,King's College Chapel, Cambridge, St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Tudor Shops

In Tudor towns there were bakers, butchers, fishmongers, brewer, cooks, weavers, tailors and robe

makers, washerwomen, shoemakers, building workers and carpenters, smiths and metal workers.

Tudor towns were dirty, smelly and crowded.

There was no proper drainage in towns. Diseases quickly spread and were very common.

The streets were narrow and crowded, this made it easy for criminals to rob and steal from shops,

traders and people.

18.The RichWealthy Tudors loved to show of their riches. The clothes they wore and the homes they lived in wereall signs of their place in society.

Food was another show of wealth. The rich could afford all kinds of meats and fish and expensive

French wine. The best food was considered to be roast veal and venison.

People also ate robins, badgers, otters, tortoises and seagulls.
http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/kings.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_Lady_Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel_at_Windsor_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel_at_Windsor_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_Lady_Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_stylehttp://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/kings.htm


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15.FOODThe tudor time was a time of change in just about every aspect of culture and life, with food being no

exception. The food of the people of Tudor times began to change from that of their medieval ancestors

with the introduction of foods from the New World.

The banquet would have been a crowded and noisy affair. Guests would have brought retainers who

would act as gofers to their masters. Entertainment, such as much as music and acrobats would have

further added to the bustle and noise.

Many new foods came to Europe from the newly discovered lands in the west: Maize, potatoes,chocolate, peanuts, vanilla, tomatoes, pineapples, lima beans, sweet and chili peppers, tapioca and the

turkey.The turkey arrived in Europe in 1523 or 1524 and in England shortly after that. The potato

reached England at some point in the late 1500s.

Facts About Tudor Food

The Tudors could keep the animals they used for food alive, so meat was available all year round.

Fruit and vegetables could only be eaten when they were in season.

There was no fresh drinking water and so ale was drank with a meal. The very rich may have wine.

Three-quarters of the Tudor diet was made up of meat - oxen, deer, calves, pigs or wild boar. They also

ate a lot of chicken and other birds - pigeons and sparrows. Peacocks may have been eaten by the very

rich. Meat was roasted, boiled or made into pies. Fish was baked, fried, grilled or boiled.Tudor food was served in a sauce flavoured with herbs and spices.

Bread was always served with a meal.

16.DOMESTIC LIFELife in Tudor Britain was harsh - the average life expectancy was just 35 years.Most Tudor people lived in the countryside, but some people lived in towns or big Tudor cities like

London, Bristol or Norwich.

Tudor England was a farming society. Most of the population (over 90 %) lived in small villages and

made their living from farming. Under Tudor rule England became a more peaceful and richer place.

Towns grew larger and the mining of coal, tin and lead became very popular.There were none of the comforts we have today. Water was collected from village pumps, wells or

streams but was often polluted.

Toilets were called 'Privies' and were not very private at all. They were often just a piece of wood over

a bowl or a hole in the ground.

People would wipe their bottoms with leaves or moss and the wealthier people used soft lamb's wool.

In palaces and castles, which had a moat, the lords and ladies would retire to a toilet set into a cupboard

in the wall called a garderobe. Here the waste would drop down a shaft into the moat below.

19.TUDOR SPORTSThe rich enjoyed fencing and jousting contests. Most rich people also watched bear-baiting. Poor

people, who could not afford these certain luxuries, played a kind offootball where the posts were

about a mile apart, during which they would jump on each other, often breaking their necks and backs.

The football was made out of a pigs bladder blown up. They also enjoyed hunting. Rich Tudors

enjoyed hawking and cock-fighting.

A law was passed in 1512 that banned ordinary people from a

whole range of games including tennis, dice, cards, bowls and

skittles. This was because the government wanted people to

work more and play less.
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/food.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joustinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear-baitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear-baitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joustinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencinghttp://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/food.htm


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17.THE POORAbout one-third of the population lived in poverty, with the wealthy expected to give alms to assist the

impotent poor. Tudor law was harsh on the able-bodied poor, those unable to find work. Those who left

their parishes in order to locate work were termed vagabonds and could be subjected to punishments,

including whipping, burning, execution and putting at the stocks.

The poor had to work hard and struggled to survive. They worked six days a week and only had holy

days and public holidays off work. They ate coarse grey bread made from rye and barley. Soups were

made from vegetables and herbs. Meat was a luxury but poor people sometimes kept animals toprovide milk, cheese and eggs.

Life for the poor in Tudor times was harsh. When the harvest failed it was tempting for poor people to

steal food. When people did break the law, they risked public flogging or being hanged.

Food and drink

The poor living in cities survived on bread made from flour in mills alive with rats, and pies filled with

spiced meats to disguise the fact that the meat was 'off'.

Meat was a luxury but poor people sometimes kept animals to provide milk, cheese and eggs. Both rich

and poor ate fish, which was packed in barrels of salt to stop the fish going rotten.

Water was too polluted to drink, so the poor drank 'small beer' - watered ale - while the rich drank wine

and sherry.Entertainment

Tudor people who were poor had little time for entertainment, but during their holidays and religious

festivals they enjoyed singing, dancing, drinking and eating, as well as playing games and watching

plays.

Poor Laws

During the reign of Elizabeth l, many laws were passed to help the poor.

Justices of the Peace were given powers to raise compulsory funds for the relief of the poor. The poor

were put into different categories

a.those who would work but could not:

They lived in their own homes but could not find a job. They were given help with food and clothes orby being given work in return for a wage.

b.those who could work but would not:

These were the (lazy) poor. They were punished e.g. whipped through the streets, publicly, until they

learned the error of their ways.

c.those who were too old/ill/young to work:

They were looked after in almshouses, hospitals, orphanages or poor houses.

20.Health in Tudor PeriodAverage life span was 35 years. High rates of child mortality saw only 3350% of the population

reaching the age of 16.Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudormunicipalities were overcrowded and

unhygenic. Most municipalities were unpaved although this differed in larger towns and cities.

There were no sewers or drains, and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. Animals such as rats

thrived in these conditions. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from

lack ofsanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and

chickenpox.

Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. The

reason for the speedy spread of the disease was the increase of rats infected by fleas carrying the

disease.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate


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english tudors

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