english through pictures, book 2 and a second workbook ......book iiand a second wordkbook of...

Book 2•Final•i-viii•001-029 4/12/05 12:46 PM Page i

http://sbooks.org booksmania.net

New m

—Updated ed.

Textbooks

English

Cover Photo: Photodisc Green/Getty Images

,Harvard

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NOTES ON THE RE-ISSUE AND UPDATE OF ENGLISH THROUGH PICTURES

DESIGN FOR LEARNING

These three pocketbooks are the remarkable invention ofI. A. Richards and Christine Gibson. Designed for learningEnglish in the quickest and clearest way—through pic-tures—learners are invited right from the beginning to putwidely useful words to work in key sentence patternswhere meaning is clearly shown in pictures. Each sentencesituation builds to a successful discovery of the next, whileconfirming mastery of the earlier steps. The simplifiedblack and white drawings allow the learner to focus on thesentence patterns and on success in taking control of lan-guage. Comparisons of sentence situations can be made onthe individual frames on a page and through a systematicbuilding on all that has gone before. Workbooks includedin Books I and II challenge and reinforce growing compe-tencies, while at the same time providing enriched readingand writing well within the learner’s grasp. Motivation forlearning comes from handling increasingly complex pat-terns successfully and confidently.

WORDS WITH POWER

The three pocketbooks focus on a small, careful selection ofthe most widely useful English words put into key patterns.These are words with power to define other words and toimprove the possibilities of successful communication inany field of human endeavour. Today these are the wordsof an English most commonly employed throughout theplanet. Book I contains a vocabulary of 250 words; an addi-tional 500 word vocabulary is developed in Book II. These750 words are used in Book III to build a command of 1000words which, by their defining power, hold the possibilityof understanding another 20,000 words of English. Book IIIinvites learners to explore much useful information aboutthe world in which they live while continuing the crucial

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process of learning to learn. Words with power becomeinstruments for thinking. The purpose of the pocketbooksis to supply starting points from which learners can go outin different directions as their interests may take them.These are books of beginnings.

TOWARD A WORLD ENGLISH

These materials have been used successfully by millionsin more than forty countries. They have been used as aself-teacher by learners of all ages, in schools and in allthose diverse settings in the world where a command ofEnglish is needed. The materials are the result of exten-sive research and field testing for over fifty years.

Although many users’ first language will be English, mil-lions more will come to English as a second or alternativelanguage. For this group, assistance is needed to move thelearner beyond visual comprehension to a command ofboth spoken and written English. The most effective helpwill come from a teacher with a command of English whocan act as a model and make corrections on pronunciation.Assistance can come as well from audio materials directlymatched with the text, with space for the learner to practicespeaking.

In updating English Through Pictures, the greatest carehas been taken at all times to maintain the integrity of thelearning system. The updating of this re-issue is to befound mainly in Book II and III. Dates, prices, popu-lation figures, other factual information, and selectedillustrations have been updated for current usage. Thisupdating must, of course, be a continuous exercise by thelearners. The pocketbooks must become their own, and abase or frame on which future learning can be mountedsafely and effectively.

Archie MacKinnonFebruary, 2005

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PREFACE

English Through Pictures Book II adapts the instructionaldesign as in Book I of the series, employing all togetherabout 750 highly useful words at work in the essential sen-tence patterns of the language. A pictorial commentaryexplains the sentences as they appear, arranged in a dou-ble-page display of sentences in situations to invite com-parison with one another. Learners quickly get a sense ofthe new language when they can repeat the sentences afteran informant while they look at the depictions.

For study of the written language, a workbook of exercises,graded step by step to the teaching sequence, has been pro-vided to challenge and reinforce the learning of all lexicaland structural elements while providing enrichment read-ing and writing within the learner’s reach. The new editionof English Through Pictures Book I assembles for the firsttime in one volume A First Workbook of English boundtogether with the teaching text. English Through PicturesBook II and A Second Wordkbook of English follow as thesecond volume of the new edition.

Field use of the materials—in school and college class-rooms, in language laboratories, on educational televi-sion, and in special programs for industry, social servicesand teacher training courses—has established their quickeffectiveness. The script and workbook exercises thenconfirm the oral learning. Verifiable statements offact about things that can be indicated lead in the laterpages into discussion of ideas when words already madeclear are brought back to help explain the new. Thedeveloping language is self-reviewing.

I. A. Richards Christine Gibson

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Book 2•Final•i-viii•001-029 4/12/05 12:46 PM Page vi


Contents

Preface

English Through Pictures Book II 1

A Second Workbook Of English 161

Answers 297

Index 317

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ENGLISH THROUGH PICTURES

BOOK II

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2

What is on the seat? A bag is on the seat.

A woman is by the bed.Who is she? She is Mrs. Smith.

This seat is by the bed.This is a bedroom.There are two beds in it.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



3

Mr. Smith is going toCalifornia. Mr. and Mrs.Smith are in New YorkState.

He will go by train. This isa train. From New YorkState to California is along journey.

What is she putting intothe bag?

She is putting Mr. Smith’sthings into it.

What is she doing?

She is putting things intothe bag.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

New York StateCalifornia



4

He will take new socks.New socks have no holesin them.

These trousers have ahole in them.They are old trousers.

He will take some socks.What will he take withhim to California?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

He will take some shirts.

He will not take oldsocks. Old socks haveholes in them.



5

My hands are dirty. This cloth is dirty.

The shoe bag will keepthe other things clean.

He will take some shoes.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

He will put them in ashoe bag.

The bag is between theshoes and the shirt. Theshoes will not make theshirt dirty.

My hands are clean. This cloth is clean.



6

The plate is dirty but thecloth is clean.

Now the cloth is dirtybut the plate is clean.

This plate is dirty.

This plate is clean.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................................................................. His face is dirty.

His face is clean.



7

What is she doing? Her hands are wet nowbut they are clean. Theywere dirty.

This is soap.This is a basin.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

This is warm water in it.

She is washing her handswith soap and warmwater.



8

What is this? She is putting sometoothpaste on the brush.

Her hands were wet.What is she doing?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

She is drying her handson a cloth.

Now they are dry. Theywere dirty. Now they areclean.

It is a brush.It is a toothbrush.

What is this?

It is toothpaste.



9

She is brushing her hair. Now she is combing her hair.

What is this? It is a comb.

Now she is brushing her teeth.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

Her teeth will be clean.They will be clean andwhite.

And this?

It is a brush.It is a hairbrush.



10

These are three hairpins.They are different hair-pins.

She has a hairpin in herhand. She is putting it inher hair.

This pin

is like this pin.

But they are two pins.They are not the samepin. They are differentpins.

What are these?

They are pins.

One pin is very likeanother pin.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



11

Mrs. Smith put someshirts and some socksand shoes (in a shoebag) and a comb andbrushes and toothpasteand soap and a washcloth in Mr. Smith’s bag.

She put all these thingsin his bag.

He is brushing his hair.He does not put pins inhis hair.

Now it is in her hair. Itwas in her hand. It is inher hair now. But it is thesame hairpin.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



12

Mr. Smith is getting outof the taxi.

Now he is going into the station.

This is the station.Mr. Smith will go to thestation in a taxi.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

This is a taxi.Mr. Smith is getting into it.He has his bag with him.

The taxi is in front of the station.The time is 8:00.The train will go at 8:30.



13

These are rails. The traingoes on these rails. It is arailroad train.

Here is the ticket office inthe station.

Here is a train.This is the waiting roomin the station.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

Those men and womenon the seats in the waiting room are waiting. They are waitingfor their trains.

This is the engine of a train.

This is thebell on theengine.

Mr. Smith got his tickethere.



14

How long is the journey? Four days.Which days will he be onthe train? He will be on the trainSunday, Monday,Tuesday, Wednesday.The other days of theweek are Thursday,Friday, Saturday.

How much money did hetake with him for hisjourney? He took fivehundred and nineteendollars ($519.00).Much money: $5000 Little money: $5

How much was his ticketfor the journey to LosAngeles? It was eight hundred andforty-one dollars andeighty cents ($841.80).

Here is his ticket. He gave$841.80 for his ticket.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

These are tickets.



15

They say,“Did you have agood journey?” He says,“Yes, but it was a longjourney.”

His friend says,“Let mehave your bag, please.”He will go with hisfriends to their house.

His friends were waitingfor him at the station.

Mr. Smith has friends inCalifornia.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

Mr. Smith His friends

Here are his friends. Heand his friends are shaking hands.(See page 134.)



16

Here is the letter readyfor the post.Here is the stamp.

This is the back of theletter.Mr. Roe’s name, and thetown where he is living

are on the back of theletter.Me. is short for Maine.Bar Harbor is in Maine.Massachusetts andMaine are two states ofthe United States ofAmerica.

This is the letter.It is in Mr. Roe’s writing.Mr. Roe will send the letter to Mr. Doe.

This is a letter: a.These are letters: a, b, c.This is a word: man.Three letters make theword man.The man is writing a letter.He is writing on paperwith a pen.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

Mr. Doe’s name andstreet and town are onthe letter.Mass. is short forMassachusetts.Middlefield is inMassachusetts.



17

Now the card is ready forthe post.

Mr. Smith is taking thecard to the Post Office.He is going up the steps.

Here is the other side ofthe card. Mr. Smith is put-ting Mrs. Smith’s nameon it.

Mr. Smith is writing acard to Mrs. Smith.He is in San Francisco.On one side of the cardis a picture of the harbor.Here is the picture.This is a picture postcard.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

He will put her streetunder the name.He will put her townunder the street.Then he will put the statewhere her town is.

There is a stamp on thecard. Mrs. Smith’s nameand street and town areon the right hand side ofthe card. Mrs. Smith’stown is in New YorkState.

He will put the card inthe letter box on the wallof the Post Office.



18

Mrs. Smith is sendingJane and Tom to school.

At school, Tom and Janeare learning.They were reading andnow they are writing.

Reading and writing areparts of our education.We get a great part ofour education at school.These boys and girls areat school.The teacher is teachingthem.

He is sending the card toMrs. Smith.This morning Mrs. Smithgot the card which Mr.Smith sent to her fromSan Francisco.She is reading it now.She is reading:“I had agood journey ....”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

They will be at schoolbefore nine.They get good teachingat school.

Tom is writing the wordlearning on the board.The teacher is teachinghim the word learning.



19

Now Mrs. Smith is writinga letter to Mr. Smith. Shesends love from Tom andJane to their father.

Tom and Jane are gettinga good education.They get some of it atschool, and they get someof it from their motherand father.Mrs. Smith is taking a lookat Tom’s work.It is good work.

Now Tom and Jane areback from school. Jane isreading a story.

It is eight-thirty.Tom is writing at thetable.Tom’s dog is at his feet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

Mrs. Smith is reading thenewspaper.

She will send the letterto Mr. Smith.

She has the letter in herhand.

Now she is sending the letter.

She sent the letter.



20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................

QUESTIONS

b What are these?a What are these?

What is this boy doing?

c What are these? d What is this?

What is the womandoing?

The answers are on page 28.

What isthemandoing?

What is the girl doing?



21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................

QUESTIONS

b How much was theticket?

c How long was thejourney to LosAngeles?

d Did he go in an air-plane?

e What did his friendssay to him when theysaw him?

f What did he say on thecard which he sent toMrs. Smith?

g What are Tom and Janelearning at school?

h What did Mrs. Smithsend to Mr. Smith fromTom and Jane?


a On page 13, where didMr. Smith get his ticket?



22

This is the moon.

The moon is round.

This is the sun.

This is the earth.

The earth is round.

This is a plate.The plate is round.

This is an orange.The orange is round.

The face of the clock is round.The hands of the clock go round.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

This is thesky.

This is a cloud in the sky.

This is the earth.



23

What is the time? It is five-eight A.M.

What is the time? It isfive-twenty (5:20) P.M.

It comes up every morning.

The sun comes up in the East.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

The sun goes down inthe West.

It goes down every night.

The sun is coming upnow at five-eight (5:08) A.M.

The sun is going downnow at five-twenty (5:20) P.M.



West East

West The Earth East

24

There are twenty-fourhours in one day.Twenty-four hours makeone day.Two and two make four.Three and five makeeight.What do five and sixmake? Do they make ten, oreleven, or twelve? That is a question.The answer is “Eleven.”

Yesterday the sun cameup at five-seven (5:07)A.M. and went down ateight-nineteen (8:19) P.M.Today the sun came upat five-six (5:06) A.M. andwill go down at eight-twenty (8:20) P.M.Tomorrow it will comeup at five-five (5:05) A.M.and will go down ateight twenty-one (8:21).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................................................................. This is night.

This is the earth.That is a star.

This is morning.

The sun is coming up.

North

South

North

South

North, South, East, Westare four directions.



25

Twenty 20 Twenty-one 21 Thirty 30 Thirty-one 31 Forty 40 Forty-one 41 Fifty 50 Fifty-one 51 Sixty 60 Seventy 70

Eighty 80 Ninety 90 A hundred 100 A hundred and one 101 A thousand 1000 A million 1,000,000

What numbers comeafter 15? Sixteen 16 Seventeen 17 Eighteen 18 Nineteen 19 Twenty 20

Say these numbers: 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.What number comesafter 12? Thirteen.What comes after 13? Fourteen.What comes after 14? Fifteen.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



26

WHAT ARE THESE THINGS?

a b c

de f

gh i

jk

l

m

on

p

r

xy z

uv w

st

q

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The answers are on page 29.



27

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QUESTIONS

b Where does the suncome up and wheredoes it go down? Does day come afternight? Does night come afterday?

a What do seven andeleven make? What do twenty andforty make? What do thirteen andthirty make? What do two hundredand three and threehundred and fourmake?

c This is a letter.Where do we put Mr.Green’s street andtown and state on the letter?

d Tom’s work at schoolis learning.He is a learner.What is the teacher’swork?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The answers are on page 29.

..............................................................................



28

Answers to questions on pages 20–21

Page 20

a They are shoes.He is putting his shoeson his feet.

b They are shirts.He is putting his thingsin his bag.

c They are toothpasteand a toothbrush.She is brushing herteeth.

d It is soap.She is washing herhands.

Page 21

a He got his ticket at theticket office in the station.

b The ticket was $841.80.c The journey was four

days long.d No. He did not go in an

airplane. He went in atrain.

e They said,“Did youhave a good journey?”

f He said,“I had a goodjourney and will sendyou a long lettertomorrow. Love. John.”

g They are learning reading and writing atschool.

h She sent love fromTom and Jane



29

Answers to questions on pages 26–27

Page 26

a a bed b a bag c a sock d a stocking e a shoe f a hairbrush g a toothbrush h a comb i a key j a lock k a hairpin l a fork m an engine n a plate o two pins p a pen q rails r a card s a stamp t a flame u a frame v a hook w a book x a bell y a bottle z a glove

Page 27

a Eighteen. Sixty. Forty-three. Five hundred and seven.

b The sun comes up in the East and goes down in theWest.Yes, day comes after night.Yes, night comes after day.

c We put his street under his name and we put thename of the town under the name of the street. Andunder that we put the name of the state.

d The teacher’s work is teaching.



30

Tom is makingsomething.

“Jane is saying,“What are you making,Tom?”

This girl’s name is Jane.This boy’s name is Tom.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

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31

This is one side of the box.

This is the opposite sideof the box.

This is a box.Tom is saying,“I ammaking a house.”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



32

This is the floor of the box.

And this is the cover ofthe box.

And this is the back ofthe box.

This is the front of the box.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



33

The front of the box will be the front of the house.

This is a step.

These are steps.

Threesteps.

This will be the oppositewall of the house.

Now this side will be onewall of the house.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

I will put a window in here.

I will put anotherwindow in this opposite wall.

I will put a step underthe door.



34

No. There is not enoughwood in the cover.

How long is the cover?

How wide is the cover?

I am measuring it.

The cover is not longenough.It is not wide enough.

The roof is like this.

I will make the roof fromthe cover of the box.

Jane said,“A house has a roof.Will you put a roof on the house? How will you make the roof?”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

The roof.



35

I will make a cut in thiswood.

I will make a cut at thisangle.

A cut.

This is an angle.

This is an angle.

I will make the roof fromthis other bit of wood.

Here is a wider bit ofwood.

It is wider and it is longer.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

COVER

Longer

Wid

er

This is aright

angle.

This is anotherright

angle.



36

This is a tree.

These are its roots.

We get hard wood from some trees.

They give hard wood to us.

Other trees give softwood to us.

We get wood from trees.

These are trees.

Some wood is hard.

Some wood is soft.

“What are you doing,“Tom?”“I am measuring the “wood.”

It is good wood.

This is a measure.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



37

l am making a line on the wood.I am making a line with a pencil.

This is the pencil.

This is the line.

This is my knife.

This is the blade of myknife.

Now I am making a cutat this angle in this bit ofwood.

The blade is goingthrough the wood.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



38

That is bad! The cut is offthe line. You did that! You gave a

push to the table.

Oh! You are going off the line!The cut is not on the line

“Keep on the line whenyou are cutting. Don’tgo off it.”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................



39

It’s not very bad.

Here is the line.

a straight line

a bent line

Tom is making anotherattempt.

That is better. The cut isstraight. The blade of theknife went straight.Good!

Yes. It went off the line.

Do it again!

No, I did not! Your knifewent off the line.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

And hereis the cut.



40

Now I will put the twoparts of the rooftogether with nails.

These are nails.

I will make a holethrough this part of theroof into the other partof the roof.

There is the roof of thehouse.

Now I have these twobits of wood.

I will put them togetherlike this.

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41

Now the two parts of theroof are together.

These arethe nails.

The roof is ready.

Now he is putting thenails in with his hammer.

Tom is making the holesfor the nails.

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.................................................................................

Is it strong?

Oh yes,it is verystrong.



42

Is this line long?

This line is longer.

Is this bit of woodstrong?

This bit of wood isstronger.

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.................................................................................

Don’t do that!Oh, now it is broken!

But you said,“It is very strong!”It wasn’t strong.

I will make it stronger.Give the roof to me, please.

I’m giving it to you.



43

This is a straight line

This is one This is the end of it. other end.

This is the middle

of it.

This is a bent line.

That will be better.That will make the roofstronger.

Where?

Here.

In the middle.

Yes, that is better.

Here are the supports forthe roof.

Will you put anothersupport for it in the middle?

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44

I am making a coat andtrousers.

Here are the trousers.

Here is the coat.

What are you doing,Jane?

Jane is makingsomething.

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45

This is the back of thecoat.

This is one side of it.

This is one pocket of it.

This is the front of thecoat.

Here is the collar of thecoat.

“Has your coat a collar?”

“Yes, it has. Here is thecollar.”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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46

These are the arms of thecoat.

These are the buttons ofthe coat.

Here is the other side.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

This is the right side.

This is the

left side.

The right arm.

The left

arm.



47

What are you doing withyour needle now?

I am putting this buttonon the coat.

And I am making thebutton-holes.

This is a needle.

This is thread.

This is a button.

This is a button-hole.

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48

The end of the thread isnot going straight. It isnot going through thehole in the needle.

The thread did not gothrough the needle. It isnot through the hole inthe needle now.

This is the end of the thread.

This is the hole in the needle.

It is the eye of the needle.

The girl will put the endof the thread throughthe needle.

She has the needle in thefingers of one hand andthe thread in the fingersof the other hand.

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.................................................................................



49

The girl is makinganother attempt.This time the thread willgo through the hole.The end of the thread isstraight.

It went through.The girl is taking the endof the thread in herfingers.The thread is throughthe needle.

Now the girl is doing itagain.Is the end of the threadthrough the hole? No, it is not.It is on the other side ofthe needle.

It is on one side of theneedle.

It is on this side of theneedle.

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50

This is a wide street.

These trousers are wide.

These trousers are narrow.

Narrow? This is a narrow street.

Where are your scissors? Here they are.

This blade This blade is narrow. is wide.

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51

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................

QUESTIONS

b These are two cuts.

b Which of them iswider? Is cut a or cut b wider?

c These are two nails.

Which of them is longer?

e Which of these twopencils is shorter?

g Which of these threeangles is a right angle?

This page is page 51. The answers are on page 54.

d Which of these two men is stronger?

f Which of these twocards is longer?

f Which is wider?

h Which of these thingsare broken?

a These are two walls.

a Which of them isthicker? Is wall a orwall b thicker?



52

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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QUESTIONS

b What is she doing?a What is he doing?

c What is he doing? d What is he doing now?

e What is he doing? f What is she doing?

g What is she doingnow?


h And what is she doingnow?



53

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QUESTIONS


a

e f g

h i j k

l mn o

pq

r

s

tu

v

yx

w

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A What are these

things?C Which of them go

on their feet?

B Which of them gothrough the air?

D Which of them go on the water?

b

dc



54

Answers to questions on pages 51-53

Page 51

a Wall b is thicker.b Cut b is wider.c Nail a is longer.d The man who is on his

feet is stronger.e Pencil b is shorter.f Card b is longer.

Card a is wider.g Angle c is a right angle.h The cup, the hammer,

and the plate are broken.

Page 52

a He is going up the steps.b She is going down the

steps.c He is putting a nail in

with a hammer.d He is taking a nail out

with a hammer.e He is measuring a box.f She is putting a thread

through the hole in aneedle.

g She is taking the end ofthe thread between herfinger and thumb.

h She is putting a buttonon with a needle andthread.

Page 53

Aa a train b its engine c an airplane d a seat e a ship f a flower g mountains

h trees i a star j a cloud k the sun I the moon m a pig

n a sheep o a horse p a cow q a dog r a goat s a coat

t a bird u trousers v a cup w a knife x a spoon y scissors

B Airplanes and birds go through the air.C Pigs, sheep, horses, cows, dogs, birds, and goats go on

their feet.D Ships and some birds go on the water.



55

There are seven days in a week. Seven days make a week.Here are the names of the days of the week: Monday,Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.Monday is before Tuesday. Tuesday is after Monday.

The earth goes roundthe sun in a year.

There are three hundredand sixty-five days in ayear.Three hundred and sixty-five days make a year.

The earth goes round intwenty-four hours.

There are twenty-fourhours in every day.The sun comes up andgoes down every daybecause the earth isturning round.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................

There are thirty-one or thirty or twenty-eight days in a month.Here are the names ofthe months:January (31) February (28) March (31) April (30) May (31)

June (30) July (31) August (31) September (30) October (31) November (30) December (31).January is beforeFebruary ...February is afterJanuary...



56

In the North, the earthand the air are warm inthe summer.There are leaves on thetrees.The days are long.There is no ice or snow.

In the spring the leavescome out on the trees.Plants come up out ofthe earth, and flowerscome out on the plants.

In the North, the earth iscold in the winter.The wind is cold.Snow comes down fromthe sky.There are no leaves onthe trees.There is ice over thewater.The days are short.

These are the wintermonths: December,January, February.These are the summermonths: June, July,August.These are the springmonths: March, April,May.These are the fallmonths: September,October, November.

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57

This line

is longer than

this line.

The time between threeand four is shorter thanthe time between threeand five.

One hour is a shortertime than two hours.

Fifteen minutes make aquarter of an hour.

Thirty minutes make halfan hour.

Forty-five minutes makethree-quarters of an hour.

In the spring the daysget longer.Every day is longer thanthe day before it.In the spring today islonger than yesterday.

In the fall the days getshorter.Every day is shorter thanthe day before it.In the fall tomorrow willbe shorter than today.

In the fall, the leavescome down from thebranches of the trees.Fall is the time of the fallof the leaves.They are coming down.They are falling.

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58

Twelve inches make afoot.

This is a foot.

How long is it? It is ten inches long.

Three feet make a yard.

This is a yard measure

There are thirty-sixinches in a yard.

These are feet.

They are not twelveinches long.

This is an inch.

The distance from A to Bis one inch.

Half an inch is a shorterdistance than an inch.

A quarter Three-quarters of an inch of an inch

Which is shorter—aquarter of an hour or halfan hour?

Which is shorter—theminute hand or the hourhand of a clock?

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59

In one hour he will gotwo miles, and she willgo four miles.He is slow. She is quick.She is quicker than he is.He is slower than she is.

This is a train.

Trains are quicker thanhorses or men.

This is an airplane.

Airplanes are quicker thantrains or horses or men.

What are this man andthis girl doing? They are taking a walk.

Seventeen hundred andsixty yards (1760) make amile.In half a mile there areeight hundred andeighty yards.Miles, yards, feet, andinches are measures of distance.

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60

This box is four incheslong and three incheswide and two incheshigh.

How long is it? It is four inches long.

This room is twenty feetlong and sixteen feetwide and twelve feethigh.

How high is the room? It is twelve feet high.

The baby is very young.How old is he? He is one year old.The old man is very old.How old is he? He is ninety years old.

This baby is one year old.

This boy is ten years old.

This man is thirtyyears old.

This old man is ninety years old.That is a stick in his hand.

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61

This is a narrow street.

This is a wider street.

This is the widest streetof the three.

Which is the narroweststreet of the three?

This is a dirty face.

This is a cleaner face.

This is the cleanest faceof the three.

Which is the dirtiestface?

This is a thin book.

This is a thicker book.

This is the thickest book of the three.

This is a short coat.

This is a longer coat.

This is the longest coat of the three.

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62

This man is stronger than this boy.

The boy is not as strong as the man.

He is not as old as the man.

The baby is not as old asthe boy or as strong asthe boy.

This line

is as long as this line.

The two lines are equal (=).

This line is not as long as this line.

They are not equal.

This man is older than this boy.

The boy is older than this baby.

Which of them is the oldest?The baby is theyoungest. He is very young.

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.................................................................................Glass is

harder than wood

Wood is harder thanbread.

Bread is harder thanbutter.

Which is the softest of these? Which is the hardest?



63

Automobiles and busesare other sorts oftransport.

Airplanes, trains, ships,automobiles, buses andhorses and carriages takeus from one place to another.

What are some othersorts of transport?

Ships are another sort oftransport.How far may a quick shipgo in an hour? A quick ship may gothirty miles in an hour.

A train may go onehundred (100) miles inan hour.

An airplane may go sixhundred (600) miles inan hour.

Trains and airplanes aredifferent sorts oftransport.

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64

Some places are near toone another.

Some places are far fromone another.

Places in Washington arenear to one another.

The distance from oneplace to another is notfar.

But some places in theUnited States are farfrom one another.

Or we may go in a trainor in a ship or in an auto-mobile or in an airplaneor on a horse or in a bus.

We may go on our feetfrom one place toanother.

When we go on our feet,we are walking.

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65

These are mountains.

These are railroads.

These are roads.

These are rivers.

Men and women go up mountains.Mountains are high.

Trains go on railroads.

A road

A river An island

This is a map of North America.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.........................................

Mackenzie River

Ottawa

Los Angeles

Mississippi River

New York

Washington

Mexico City



66

How far is Ottawa fromMexico City? The distance fromOttawa to Mexico City is about twenty-threehundred miles.How far is New York from Los Angeles? The distance betweenNew York and Los Angeles is abouttwenty-five hundredmiles.

How far is the mouth of the Mackenzie River from the mouth of the Mississippi? The distance is about 3300 miles.The mouth of a river isthe place where it goesinto the sea.

The government ofCanada is in Ottawa.

The government of theUnited States is inWashington.

The government ofMexico is in Mexico City.

Ottawa, Washington,Mexico City, New York,and Los Angeles aretowns.

This is a town.

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67

This is the moon.

The moon goes roundthe earth in a month.

Do we ever see the otherside of the moon? No.

We see the same side ofthe moon at all times.Why?

This is the earth. We areseeing it from the south.

There is more water thanland on this side.

This is the earth. We areseeing it from the north.

There is more land thanwater on this side of theearth.

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68

We see the same side ofthe moon at all times.Sometimes we see it likethis.

One half The of the othermoon half is

is dark. bright.

This is a half moon.

Sometimes we see themoon like this.

This part This partof the of it moon is

is dark. bright.

This is a quarter moon.

The moon

The earth

It is going round theearth and it is turninground itself.It keeps the same side tothe earth.

We see the same side atall times because themoon is turning round.

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69

These are the changes ofthe moon.

Full,

three-quarters,

half,

a quarter,

new.

But at all times we seethe same side of themoon.

Change? What is that?

Here is a change in thedirection of this line.

And here isanother change.

And sometimes we see itlike this.This is a full moon.

This glass is full.

This glass is not full.

Sometimes we see it likethis.This is a new moon.

This is a new hat.

This is an old hat.

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70

This water was cold.

Now it is boiling.That is a change.

There was a change inthe water.

In the summer the leaves are on the trees.

In the fall the leavescome down off the trees.That is a change.

The potatoes were hard.

After a time they weresoft.There was a change inthe potatoes.Here are two trains.

The man was in thistrain.He is going to the othertrain.He is making a change.He is changing trains.

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71

The price of the paperwas sixty cents. I got thepaper and forty centsfrom him.

$1.00 – 100 centsPaper – 160 centsPaper – 140 cents

That money was mychange.I had a dollar.After I got the paper Ihad the paper and fortycents.I did not have the dollar.That was a change.

He took the dollar andhe gave

a quarter (dollar)

and ten cents

and five cents.

This is the money whichhe gave to me with thepaper.

I took a newspaper andgave a dollar ($1) to the man.

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72

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................

QUESTIONS

b Which of these two is farther from thetree?

b Is the boy farther from the tree thanfrom the girl?

a Is the boy nearer tothe woman than thegirl is?

a Is the girl nearer to the boy than to thewoman?

c Which of these twoglasses is full of water, the glass to the right or the glassto the left?

d Is there more landthan water on thesouth side of theearth?




73

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................

QUESTIONS

b l got a book. I gave ten dollars to the man in the bookstore.He gave me the book and fifty cents.What was the price of the book? Howmuch was the book?How much change did he give me?

a Which of these is ahalf moon, which is afull moon, which is aquarter moon, andwhich is a new moon?

c How far may a quicktrain go in an hour? How far may you go on your feet in an hour,four miles or forty?

d What are somedifferent sorts oftransport? Which isthe quickest sort oftransport?


A B C D



74

Answers to questions on pages 72-73.

Page 72

a No, the girl is nearer tothe woman. Yes, thegirl is nearer to the boythan to the woman.

b The girl is farther fromthe tree. Yes, the boy isfarther from the treethan from the girl.

c The glass to the left isfull of water.

d No. There is morewater than land on thesouth side of the earth.

Page 73

a C is a half moon;B is a full moon;D is a quarter moon;and A is a new moon.

b The price of the bookwas $9.50. It was $9.50.He gave me 50 centschange.

c A quick train may go ahundred miles in anhour. I may go fourmiles but not forty.

d Ships, trains, buses, andairplanes are differentsorts of transport. Theairplane is the quickestof these.



75

What is that in your hand? It is a ball.The ball is small.

What is that in the sky? It is the sun.The sun is great.The sun is a great ball of fire.

What is the size of thesun? It is 864,000 milesthrough from one side tothe other.

How far is the moonfrom the earth? It is two hundred andforty thousand (240,000)miles from the earth.

How far is the sun fromthe earth? The distance of the sunfrom the earth is ninety-three million(93,000,000) miles.

The distance through the earth from North toSouth is seven thousandnine hundred (7900)miles.

The distance round theearth is twenty-fourthousand nine hundred(24,900) miles.

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76

Are the stars smallerthan the sun? No. Some of the stars aremuch greater than thesun.Are they nearer than thesun? No, they are muchfarther than the sun.

How far from the earth isthe nearest star? It is over four light-yearsfrom the earth.What is a light-year? It is the distance whichlight goes in a year.

The moon is near the earth.The earth is far from thesun.New York is nearWashington.San Francisco is far fromWashington.

What is the size of themoon? It is two thousand onehundred and sixty (2160)miles through from oneside to the other.Is the moon smaller thanthe earth? Is the earth smaller thanthe sun? Is the sun greater thanthe moon?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

New York Washington

San Francisco



77

A light-year is6,000,000,000,000 miles.

The nearest star is overfour light-years from theearth.

The nearest star is25,000,000,000,000 milesfrom the earth.The nearest stars are veryfar from us.Some of the stars arevery much farther.The farthest stars arethousands of light-yearsfrom us.

Light goes 186,300 milesin a second.How far does it go in ayear?

It goes about6,000,000,000,000 milesin a year.

This is a flame.It sends out light.

The sun sends out light.The light goes out fromthe sun in everydirection.

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78

This boy has six apples inhis hands.He is on a branch of a tree.

He will send the six applesin different directions.

He sent one apple north,another apple south,another east, andanother west.

He sent another appledown.He sent five apples infive directions.

Up and down are twoother directions.

The sun sends its lightout in every direction.

These are four directions.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................

North

South

EastWest

North East

Up

West South

Down



79

The first apple...The last apple...What is “the first”...? What is “the last”...?

These men are in a line.This is the first man.

This is the last man.

Here are three dogs.Which is the first dog? Which is the last dog? The other dog is the dogin the middle.He is between the firstdog and the last dog.Two of the dogs arewhite.The other dog is black.The dog in the middle is black.

The first apple wentnorth and then it camedown. The other appleswent south and east andwest and then they allcame down to the earth.

They all came down tothe earth? Why did they comedown?

He sent the last apple up.But then it came down.Why did it come down?

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80

All bodies which haveweight have an attrac-tion for one another.

Here are two bodies.These are springs.

Which body has thegreater weight?

Here are two men.

It is coming downbecause there is anattraction between thetwo bodies.The attraction betweenthem makes the applecome down.

Here are two bodies.One is a great body.It is the earth.The other is a small body.It is an apple.The apple is comingdown to the earth.Why?

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This man is thin.

His body is thin.

This man is fat.

His body is fat.

Which man’s weight isgreater?



81

Clocks are instrumentsfor measuring time.

This is a watch.

Watches and clocks areinstruments formeasuring time.

This is an instrument formeasuring heat.

A yard measure is an instrument for measuring distance.

Inches, feet, yards,metres, and miles aremeasures of distance.

Which man’s weight isgreater? They are on the scale.

The weight of the thin man is 100 pounds.

The weight of the fat man is 200 pounds.

This is a scale.

A scale is an instrumentfor measuring weight.

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82

Here is a light.

Here is a square.

It sends out light in every direction.

I put the square at different distances from the light.At distance 1, it gets all the light which is going outbetween the lines. At distance 2, it gets one-fourth of the light. At distance 5, it gets one twenty-fifth. It is thesame with the attraction between bodies.

If the bodies go fartherfrom one another theattraction gets smaller.

All bodies have an attraction for oneanother.

If the bodies are greatthe attraction betweenthem is great.

If the bodies are smallthe attraction is small.

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Distance 12 3 4 5

Attraction 1

1/4 1/9

1/16 1/25



83

The moon and the earthare not very far from oneanother.The distance betweenthem is about twohundred and thirty-ninethousand (239,000)miles.

Because they are greatbodies and near oneanother, the attractionbetween the moon andthe earth is very great.Why does the moon notcome down to the earth? That is a question.

The moon is a greatbody.Its weight is great.The earth is a great body.Its weight is eighty-onetimes the weight of themoon.Two times three is six.2 X 3 = 6

What keeps the moon upin the sky? Why does not the mooncome down?

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84

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I make the weight goround on the cord.

I keep the end of thecord in my hand.

Now I let the end of thecord in my hand go.

The weight goes off in astraight line. It takes thecord with it.

This is a cord in my hand.The cord has a weight atits end.

The weight is hangingdown on the cord which is in my hand.

The answer is:“Because it is going round theearth.”

The moon

The earth



85

The moon goes roundand round the earth… month after month

It does not get fartherfrom the earth,

or nearer to the earth.

It keeps about the samedistance from the earth.

The attraction betweenthe earth and the moonkeeps the moon fromgoing off in a straightline.

The pull of the cord in my hand kept theweight from going off in a straight line.

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86

Here is an apple whichwas over his head. Theapple was on a branch of the tree.

The apple came off thebranch. It came down.

It came down onNewton’s head.

He is under an appletree.

It is the year 1666.

Those are apples whichare over his head.

The seat has three legs.

Here is Sir Isaac Newton,the great man of science.Newton had a greatmind.

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87

In this story the fall ofthe apple on Newton’shead was the cause ofthe idea.

The blow which theapple gave to Newton’shead gave an idea toNewton.It made a question comeinto Newton’s mind.

This was the question:“Have the fall of theapple and the motion ofthe moon the samecause?”

True? 2 + 2 = 4. That is true.2 + 2 = 5. That is not true.It is a false statement.“Apples are fruit.”That statement is true.“Apples are animals.”That statement is false.False = not true Short = not long Shut = not open

That is the story.The story may be true orit may not be true.

But that is the story. Itcomes from the greatwriter, Voltaire.

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88

The ball was not inmotion before the blow.It was at rest. It washanging on the end ofthe cord.

The blow was the causeof the motion.

After the blow the ballwas in motion.The motion came fromthe blow.The motion was theeffect of the blow.

I gave the blow. Now theball is in motion. Whatwas the cause of themotion? The blow of thestick was the cause ofthe motion.

Here is a ball. It ishanging on a cord.

I will give a blow to theball with this stick.

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89

a 1. The earth is inmotion.

2. The earth is turninground.

3. The earth goesround the moon.

b 1. The moon is greaterthan the sun.

2. The sun is colderthan the moon.

3. The moon goesround the earth.

c 1. The attractionbetween twobodies gets greateras they go fartherfrom one another.

2. The attractionbetween twobodies is greaterwhen they arenearer.

3. When two greatbodies are near one another theattraction betweenthem is small.

d 1. When a blow puts aball in motion, theblow is the cause ofthe motion.

2. When a blow puts aball in motion, themotion is the effectof the blow.

3. When a body is inmotion it is at rest.

Which of the statements on this page are true and whichare false? Put a T before the true statements and an Fbefore the false.




90

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QUESTIONS

Milk comes from a cow. Heat comes from the sun, or afire. Where do these things come from?


a potatoes b cheese c light

d letters e flowers f snow

g oranges h meat i eggs

Which of these things have a face?

a man a dog a bone

an icebox a clock a tree

a goat a bird an airplane

a river a table

Which of them have a mouth? Which of them have hands? Which of them have a door?



91

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QUESTIONS

a We put a bottle on ashelf.Which of these thingsmay we put on a shelf:a book, a mountain,a cup, a box, a star,a clock, a horse,a distance, a plate,a bus, a river, a house,a spoon, a garden?

b We put potatoes in a pot.Which of these thingsmay we put in a pot:water, windows, food,streets, tables, milk,soup, trains, salt, colors,eggs, wood, ideas?

c We put money in ourpockets.Which of these thingsmay we put in ourpockets:pipes, education,letters, pencils, offices,islands, maps, hands,governments, buttons,watches, distance,balls, roofs, knives?

d We put our hats on.Which of these thingsmay we put on:feet, boots, seats,gloves, shirts, walls,directions, coats,buildings, soap,scissors, collars, locks,socks, trousers,branches, trays, shoes,apples?




92

Answers to questions on pages 89-91.

Page 89

a 1. T2. T 3. F

b 1. F2. F3. T

c 1. F2. T 3. F

d 1. T2. T3. F

Page 90

a from the roots of aplant

b from milkc from the sun or flamesd from personse from plants or from

seeds

f from the sky or cloudsg from orange treesh from animalsi from birds

A man, a dog, a clock, a goat, a bird may have a face.A man, a dog, a goat, a bird, a river may have a mouth.A man and a clock may have hands.An icebox and an airplane may have a door.

Page 91

a a book, a cup, a box, aclock, a plate, a spoon.

b water, food, milk, soup,salt, eggs.

c pipes, letters, pencils,maps, hands, buttons,watches, baits, knives.

d boots, gloves, shirts,coats, collars, socks,trousers, shoes.



93

The rain made the manput up his umbrella.That was the effect ofthe rain.Today is Monday.Yesterday (Sunday) the sun was bright.There were no clouds inthe sky.

Today there are darkclouds in the sky.They come between usand the sun.The dark clouds keep thelight of the sun from us.

Because it is raining.Water is coming downfrom the sky.The water is rain.Rain is coming down.Rain is falling.It is raining.

What is this?

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The man has an umbrellain his hand.It is open.He has it over his head.Why?



94

Why is it raining today? Yesterday the weatherwas good.The sun was bright.The air was warm.

Today the weather isbad.The rain is coming down.The wind is blowing.It is cold and the rainmakes us wet.

The rain comes downfrom the clouds on us.It comes down on ourheads.

The rain comes downfrom the clouds on me.It comes down on myhead.

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95

Or tomorrow the weather may be better.The sun may be bright again.The air may be warm again and the streets may be dry again.Will tomorrow be like this?

Tomorrow the weather may be worse.It may be very cold.All the water may be ice.Snow may be coming down making everything white.Will tomorrow be like this? Is this winter or summer?

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96

What is the cause ofthese changes in theweather?

Good Bad Dry Wet Warm Cold

Weather

Why are there thesechanges of weather?

There is not one causeonly.There are numbers ofcauses.Changes in the heatwhich comes to us from the sun are one cause of changes of weather.

This bird was wet.It was in the rain.

Now it is dry.

That is a change.It was wet.It is dry.

What are the causes ofthese changes in theweather? Change? Whatis that? (See page 70.)

Here is a line.

Here is a change in thedirection of the line.

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97

Amount? One dollar is asmall amount of money.A million dollars is agreat amount of money.

A drop of rain is a very small amount of water.

There is a small amount of water in this glass.

There is a great amountof water in the sea.This is the sea.Those are ships whichare on the sea.

If you take a look at thesun through a bit of darkglass you may see smallmarks on the face of the sun.

The amount of heatwhich the earth getsfrom the sun is differentfrom time to time.There are changes in the sun.

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98

On some days the sunsends more heat to theearth. On other days itsends less heat to theearth.

There is more water inthis glass than in that.

More Less

We are making new discoveries every day.Columbus made the discovery of America in1492.Columbus came toAmerica in his ship in1492.

He made it by measuringthe heat which comes tothe earth every day fromthe sun.The amount of heat isdifferent from day to day.

Changes in the heatwhich comes to theearth from the sun areone cause of changes inthe weather.This discovery is new.A man of science madethe discovery in 1944.

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99

Another great discoverywas clothing.

What are these? These are some othersorts of clothing.

A skirt A shirt

The making of cloth wasa great discovery. This ishow we make cloth.

These are threads. (Seepage 47.) They go across from one side to the other of a frame.

Another great discoverywas the wheel.

Wheels are round.

They goround.

A cart

They are of very greatuse to us.

What were some othergreat discoveries? One of them was fire.

Smoke

Fire is of very great useto us. It gives us heat.

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100

We make threads fromwool and cotton and silk.

We get wool from sheep.

Wool is the thick warmhair of sheep.We take the wool off the sheep’s back withscissors.

This is cloth.

This is a roll of cloth.We make clothing ofcloth. We make cloth of threads.

These are other threads.

They go across the firstthreads.

They go under and overthem.

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101

These are different sortsof seeds.

Plants come up fromseeds which come fromother plants of the samesort.

We get silk from the silkworm.

This worm makes a softstrong thread of silk andputs it round itself like a coat.

We get cotton from thecotton plant.

Cotton is the soft whitehair round the seeds ofthe plant.

We make threads fromthe wool by twisting thehairs round and round.

That wheel is goinground.It is giving a twist to the thread.It is twisting the thread.

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102

Thick clothing keeps uswarm.It keeps us warmer thanthin clothing.Thick cloth keeps air in it,between the threads.The air does not let heatgo through it.

A thick roof keeps theheat of the house in.A thin roof lets the heatgo through it.

A thick roof keeps theheat of the sun out.

When the weather iscold we put on thickwarm wool clothing.When the weather iswarm we put on thincotton clothing. Cottonclothing is not as warmas wool clothing.

Wool, cotton, and silk aredifferent sorts of cloth.We make clothing of allthese sorts of cloth.

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103

The pencil is straight butit seems bent.

It seems like this.

But it is like this.

It is straight, not bent. Itseems bent, not straight.

I put the pencil in thewater.

The pencil seems bentwhere it goes into thewater.

Here is a pencil.It is straight.It is not bent.

Here is a glass of water.

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104

Why did it seem bentwhen it was in thewater?

This is a light.A light sends out light.The light which it sendsout goes in straight lines.

Here is a bit of glass.A ray of light is goingthrough the glass.

After I put it in the water it seemed bent.It wasn’t bent.

When it is in the water itseems bent.

When it is out of thewater we see that it isstraight.

Before I put the pencil in the water it seemedstraight.It was straight.

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105

The light from the pencilis bent where it comesout of the water into theair.

It is bent here.

The pencil is not bent.But the light from it is bent.

Here is your eye.

You are looking at thepencil in the glass ofwater.

Where the light goesinto the glass, it is bent.

It is bent again where itcomes out of the glassinto the air.

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106

The part of the pencilwhich is under the waterseems to be where it is not.

The lightcomes fromhere.

But it seems to comefrom here.

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The light from thepencil is bent here.

It comes out of the water here.

The point of the pencil seems to be here.

It is here.

Here is your eye.

The light is bent where it comes out of the water.

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107

She seems to be here.

She is here.

She is on this side of the glass.She seems to be on theother side of the glass.

Why? Because the glasssends the light back.

There seem to be twogirls in this picture.There is only one.

She is looking at herselfin the glass.What does she see in thelooking glass? She sees herself in theglass.

This is a looking glass.

What do you see in thelooking glass? I see a girl’s face in theglass.

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Book 2•Final•093-160 4/12/05

english through pictures, book 2 and a second workbook ......book iiand a second wordkbook of...

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