english phonology
DESCRIPTION
Prefixes: re, pre, de, before unst vowel.TRANSCRIPT
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ESCUELA:
NOMBRES
ENGLISH PHONOLOGY
FECHA:
INGLÉS
Dra. Carmen Benítez
ABRIL – AGOSTO 2009
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CHAPTER 9 STRONG AND WEAK SYLLABLES
Strong: stressed
peak: long vowel, diphthongs, triphthongs
short vowel + coda (1 or more C)
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Weak: unstressed, lower intensity,
dif. quality
peak: end of words: ə, i, u, ə +
coda, SC (l, m, n, ŋ, r)
inside words: ə, i, u, ɪ next syllable begins with consonant
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“Schwa” Vowel ə The most occurring vowel in
English Weak: occurs with weak syllables
Quality:
mid half way between close open
central half way betw front back
lax art. without much energy
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ə
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weak form strong form
a ə æ ar ə ɑ: o ə ɒ - əʊ or ə ɔ: e ə e er ə ɜ: u ə ʌ ough ə many ou ə aʊ ate adj. end ə eɪ
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Close front – Close back Vowels
Area of producing: near i:
i i: u: ɪ ɪ ʊ
near u:
u
ʊ
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Distribution:
i Word f p: “y”, “ey” after 1 or more C. Morpheme f p: “y”, “ey” + suff beg
with V Prefixes: re, pre, de, before unst
vowel. Suffix: iate, ious 2 syllable words he, she we, me, be (unstressed) the preceding a vowel u you, to, into do before another vowel within a word
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Syllabic consonants
l, m, n, ŋ, r syllabic consonants
Why? Stand as peak in weak syllables;
novel, pencil, action
How do you mark it?By placing a (ˌ) under l, m, n, ŋ, r
novel nɒvl, pencil pensl, action ækʃn
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Syllabic l
Distribuition:
After another consonant (alveolar)- w f p with 1 or more C + “le”
With alveolar C prec. littleWith non-alveolar C. prec. Staple
- w f p, words spelt with 1 or more C + “al” “el”`partial, panel
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Syllabic n
Distribuition:
Doesn’t occur in IP except in some words.
In M or F P: n becomes syllabic after plosive or fricative + ən
cotton often open
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Syllabic m, ŋ
Result from a process of assimilation or elision.
Not so common
Can be transcribed as ən too
(ˌ) below l, m, n, ŋ, r shows that the C is syllabic, in the case of ŋ (ˌ) can be placed above the symbol.
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CHAPTER 10 STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDSStrength used to pronounce a
syllable in a word Marked wit (ˈ)2 ways of seen it:
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PRODUCTION
What speakers do to pronounce strong syllables
PERCEPTION What characteristics make a sound to be heard as strong
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Production: use of energy to produce sound (muscles) subglottal pressure higher
Perception: stressed syllables are prominent
PROMINENCE characteristic of stressed syllables (factors)
length, loudness, pitch and quality
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Levels of stressStress is marked with (') high up
before the stressed syllable
(') primary stress (strong)
(ˌ) secondary stress (weak)
( ) unstressed (no prominence)
(∘) tertiary stress (very weak)
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Placement of stress within the word
1-syllable words
Basically we take into account:
Kind of word:simple or complexisolated 1 syllable word strong
The gram. category of the wordNumber of syllablesPhon structure of the syllable.
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only used with strong syllables
Two-syllable words
Verbs: 2nd s, stress 2nd; 2 w, stress 1st; 2nd əʊ, 1st
Nouns: 2nd s short v, stress 1st
Adjectives: same rules as verbs
Adverbs and prepositions (verbs)
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Three- syllable words
verbs: f strong, s ff w, s preceding if s
f w, preceding w, s 1st
Nouns: f əʊ, prec s, s 2nd 2nd and f w, s 1st
f s, 2nd weak, s 1st
Adjectives: same rule as nouns
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CHAPTER 11COMPLEX WORD STRESS
COMPLEX WORDS
Affixes can:
Receive primary stress Do not receive it Influence on the shift of stress
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COMPLEX: STEM + AFFIX
prefix suffix
COMPOUND:TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENTS WORDS
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Suffixes: at the end of the word.region + al = regional
stem + suffix
Productive suffixes: the most common and used.
Some problems:
Some words seem to have a suffix. regional canal number of suffixes a word can have interestingly
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Suffixes carrying the stress themselves ee, er, ese, ette, esque
portuguese pɔ:tʃə'gi:z
Suffixes that do not affect st. placable, age, al, en, ful, ing, ish, like, less, ly, ment, ness, ous, fy, wise,y
national 'næʃnlSuffixes that influence stress in the stem eous, graphy, ial, ic, ion, ious, ty, ive
proverb proverbial prəˈvɜ:biəl
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Prefixes before the stem
Do not work the same as suffixesDo not carry primary stress
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Compound words
Words formed by two ind. wordshand-bag typewriter
Most carry stress in the 2nd word
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Exceptions:
Adj. first element and ed at the end
bad-'tempered
First element is a numberthree-wheeler
Comp. functioning as adverbsNorth-east
Comp. functioning as verbs hand have an adv. As first element
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Variable stress Stress is shifted to another
position because:
The influence of other wordsbad ˈtempered bad tempered ˈteacher
Speakers do not agree on stress placement.
controversy 'kɒntəvɜsi kɒn'təvɜsi
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Word class pairs
Identical words with different grammatical function.
adj, noun, verb
Consist of a preffix + stem
Are different because of stress
'æbstrækt (adj) æb'strækt (v)
'ekspɔ:t (n ) eks'pɔ:t (v)26
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CHAPTER 12WEAK FORMS
Strong and weak forms: same words pronounced in strong and weak form in certain contexts.
that ðæt ðət
function words:
auxiliaries, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc.
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Weak forms are pronounced as strong in the following cases:
of at the end of a sentence For contrasting information: Give it to him not to her
Coordinate use of prepositions The letter said from New York not to New York
For emphasis You have to do that
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There are many forms pronounced only weak in ceratin contexts.
the, a an, and, that, his, her, your, she, he, we, you, him, at, him, her, them, us, for, from, of, to, as, some, there, can, have, has, had, shall, should, must, do, does, am, are, was
Recomedation: practice a lot.
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CHAPTER 14ASPECTS OF CONNECTED
SPEECHOur speech is accompanied of some aspects. These aspects are:
Rhythm AssimilationElision Linking
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Rhythm Involves noticeable event happening at regular intervals of time.
English is stress-timed rhythm.- The times from one stressed syllable to the next will tend to be the same irrespectibly of the number of intervening unstressed syllables.
syllable-timed rhythm: syllables (s or un)tend to occur at regular time-intervals, times shorter or longer depending on the number of ustressed syllables
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Unit of rhythm: foot
Rhythm can vary
minimal value arhythmically
maximum value very rhytmically
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Assimilation Process by which a phoneme is realized in differently because of the influence of a neighbouring sound.
F C becomes like I C regressive that person ðæt pɜ:sn ðæp pɜ:sn
I C becomes like F C progressiveAssimilation of voice
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Differences in place of artic.Alveolar sounds become bilabial or dental plosives (regressive)
Differences in manner of artic.Final plosive becomes fricative or nasal (regressive)
Differences in voicing devoicing of voiced consonats (regressive)
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Elision
Sounds dissapear under certain circumstances, a phoneme may be realized zero or not realized.
acts æks scripts skrɪpslooked back lʊk bæk
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INTONATION
Closely related to pitch, helps to convey messages or show different states.
Pitch is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords.
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Levels of pitch
Level _ Falling ` Rising ´
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N
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