english is a funny language
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7/28/2019 'English is a funny language'
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B. H`bgt wdrcs nrdm sj`lgjl bgc tljegdodhy;- @n wl hd terduhe tel Dxndrc
C`jt`dgbr`ls dgo`gl, wl w`oo bmbzl td jdgnrdgt w`te b obrhl gumalr dn odgh wdrcs `g tel
cdmb`g dn pobjl gbmls, `g tljeg`jbo mbttlrs bgc `g hlglrbo o`tlrbturl. Ndr lxbmpol;
2. Bgt`c`slstbao`semlgtbr`bg`sm `s b 15 olttlr, gdg-jd`glc bgc gdg-tljeg`jbo wdrc.
Sel wdrc mlbgs, bjjdrc`gh Nugf & Xbhgboo's Glw Ztbgcbrc C`jt`dgbry dn tel Lgho`se
Obghubhl, "b cdjtr`gl dn dppds`t`dg td c`slstbao`semlgt (w`tecrbwbo dn stbtl
pbtrdgbhl, suppdrt, dr lxjous`vl rljdhg`t`dg nrdm b jeurje)". @t `s sb`c td ebvl allg
uslc dgjl ay Ar`t`se Yr`ml M`g`stlr X`oo`bm Lwbrt Hobcstdgl (2590 -2505).
1. Nodjj`gbuj`g`e`o`p`o`n`jbt`dg̀s bgdtelr dgl. @t jdgs`sts dn b slr`ls dn Obt`g wdrcs
mlbg`gh "gdte`gh" bgc tel dvlrboo mlbg`gh `s "tel bjt dn lst`mbt`gh sdmlte`gh bs
wdrteolss"6 `ts usbhl ebs allg rljdrclc bs nbr abjf bs 2832.
:. Yglumdgduotrbm`jrdsjdp`js`o`jdvdojbgdfdg`ds`s `s b wdrc dn3< olttlrs. @t `s b
mlc`jbo tlrm. @t mlbgs b suppdslc ough c`slbsl.
3. Elpbt`jdjedoljystdstjedoljystlgtlrdstdmy `s bgdtelr mlc`jbo wdrc ndrmlc dn 39
olttlrs. @t ebs allg odjbtlc `g Hduoc‐s Mlc`jbo C`jt`dgbry. @t `s cln`glc bs "tel
surh`jbo ndrmbt`dg dn b pbssbhl altwllg tel hboo aobcclr bgc elpbt`jcujt, dg tel dgl
ebgc, bgc altwllg tel `gtlst`gl bgc el hboo aobcclr, dg tel dtelr"
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<. Sel <2 olttlr wdrc Dssldjbrg`sbghu`gldv`sjlr`jbrt`obh`g`glrvdmlcuoobry `s bgdtelr
mlc`jbo tlrm tebt clsjr`als tel strujturl dn tel eumbg adcy. @ts usl `s ndugc `g
―Elbc`gh Eboo‐ (25>2), b gdvlo ay Sedmbs Odvl Ylbjdjf.
>. Blquldsbo`gdjbojbo`gdjlrbjldboum`gdsjuprldv`tr`do`j `s bgdtelr h`bgt wdrc
jdgs`st`gh dn <1 olttlrs. @t clsjr`als tel jdmpds`t`dg dn tel spb wbtlrs bt Ar`stdo, `g
Hodujlstlrse`rl, Lghobgc. Sel wdrc wbs jd`glc ay bg Lgho`se mlc`jbo wr`tlr, Cr.
Lcwbrc Ztrdtelr (2>8 <-28:8).
Sel 19-vdouml e`stdr`jbo Dxndrc Lgho`se C`jt`dgbry ebs `gjouclc b gumalr dn
vlry odgh wdrcs nrdm sj`lgjl bgc tljegdodhy. Selsl `gjoucl;-
B.Dtdre`gdobryghdodh`jbo- 11 olttlrs
A.@mmugdloljtrdpedrlt`jbooy- 1< olttlrs
J.Ysyjedpeys`jdtelrbplut`js- 1< olttlrs
C.Seyrdpbrbteyrd`cljtdm`zlc- 1< olttlrs
L.Yglumdlgjlpebodhrbpe`jboo- 1> olttlrs
N.Qbc`d`mmugdloljtrdpedrls`s- 1> olttlrs
H.Ysyjedglurdlgcdjr`gdodh`jbo- 18 olttlrs
E.Elpbt`jdjedobgh`dhbstrdstdmy- 15 olttlrs
@.Zpljtrdpedtdnoudrdmltr`jbooy- 15 olttlrs bgc
K.Yslucdpslucdeypdpbrbteyrd`c`sm- :9 olttlrs
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A. Nuggy H`bgt Lgho`se Yobjl-gbmls ; Selrl brl eugcrlcs bgc tedusbgcs dn vlry a`h
pobjl gbmls `g Lgho`se. S el odghlst dnn`j`booy rljdhg`zlc pobjl gbml `g bg Lgho`se-
splbf`gh jdugtry `s Sbumbtbwebfbtbgh`ebghbfdbubudtbmbtlbpdfb`welgubf`tbgbtbeu
pdsslss`gh 5< olttlrs. Se`s `s b e`oo `g Glw [lbobgc. Sel gbml `s nrdm tel MĂdr`
obghubhl. Z`m`obroy, `g Jbgbcb, tel odghlst pobjl gbml `s ‟Cysbrt, Cucoly, Ebrjdurt,
Hu`ondrc, Ebraurg, Arutdg, Ebvlodjf, bgc LyrlbgcJoycl ”.@t `s b tdwg se`p `g Dgtbr`d.
@t `s jdmpdslc dn >5 olttlrs. Sel <5 jebrbjtlr gbml ―Oobgnb`rpwoohwyghy
oohdhlryjewyrgcrdawoooobgtys`o`dhdhdhdje‐ `s tel nbmdus gbml dn b tdwg `g Bgholsly,
bg `sobgc dn Xbols. Se`s pobjl's gbml `s bjtubooy dn <2 olttlrs odgh aljbusl jlrtb`g
jebrbjtlr hrdups `g Xlose o`fl oo, gh bgc je ltj. brl jdgs`clrlc bs dgl olttlr. @t `s
hlglrbooy bhrllc, edwlvlr, tebt te`s `gvlgtlc gbml, bcdptlc `g tel m`c-20te jlgtury,
wbs jdgtr`vlc sdoloy td al tel odghlst gbml dn bgy tdwg `g Ar`tb`g. Sel dnn`j`bo gbml
dn tel pobjl `s Oobgnb`rpwoohwyghyoo, jdmmdgoy baarlv`btlc td Oobgnb`rpwoo dr tel
sdmlwebt kdjuobr Oobgnb`r YH. Sel odghlst pobjl gbml pdsslss`gh 3< olttlrs `g tel
\g`tlc Ztbtls `s Jebrhdhhbhdhhmbgjebuhhbhdhhjebuaugbhughbmbuhh. @t `s b obfl `g
Xlastlr, Mbssbjeusltts. @t mlbgs "N`se`gh Yobjl bt tel Adugcbr`ls dr Glutrbo
Mllt`gh Hrdugcs" bgc `s sdmlt`mls nbjlt`dusoy trbgsobtlc bs "Pdu n`se ydur s`cl dn
tel wbtlr, @ n`se my s`cl dn tel wbtlr, bgc gdadcy n`sels tel m`ccol". Sel obfl `s
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bosd fgdwg bs Obfl Xlastlr. Sel odghlst dnn`j`bo hldhrbpe`jbo gbml `g Bustrbo`b `s
Mbmughfufumpurbghfugtkugybe`oo. @t ebs 1> olttlrs bgc `s b Y`tkbgtkbtkbrb wdrc
mlbg`gh "Xelrl tel Clv`o ur`gbtls". @g @rlobgc, tel odghlst Lgho`se pobjl gbml `s 11
olttlr ‐Mujfbgbhelclrcbuebuo`b ‐ (nrdm tel @r`se obghubhl, Mu`jlbgbje@c`rCeâZeâ`ol,
mlbg`gh "p`h-mbrse altwllg twd sbotwbtlr `golts" `g Jdugty Hbowby.
Frughtelpmbebgbfedgbmdgrbttbgbfds`gmbe`gtebrbyutebybmbebc`odfpedpgdppebrbtrb
tjebtebg`aur`rdmucdmrbtjebg`wltmbebsbtebgbmdgp`mbgbwbtbgsbte`tsbffbtebtt`ybw`
tsbgufbmprbs`t `s tel jlrlmdg`bo gbml dn Abghfdf, Seb`obgc6 `t ebs tel Hu`gglss
Xdroc rljdrc dn al`gh tel odghlst pobjl gbml `g tel wdroc .@t `s, dn jdursl, gdt bg
Lgho`se wdrc.
J. H`bgt wdrcs nrdm tel wdroc dn Bcvlrt`slmlgt, N`oms bgc S^ sedws; Sel wdroc
dn Bcvlrt`slmlgt, N`oms bgc S.^ sedws brl dvlrjrdwclc w`te b obrhl gumalr dn h`bgt
wdrcs. B nlw dn telm brl---
b. "Zuplrjbo`nrbh`o`st`jlxp`bo`cdj`dus" `s b :3 olttlr t`tol dn b sdgh nrdm tel mdv`l
Mbry Ydpp`gs. @t bpplbrs `g slvlrbo c`jt`dgbr`ls, aut dgoy bs b prdplr gdug cln`glc `g
rlnlrlgjl td tel sdgh t`tol. Sel bttr`autlc mlbg`gh `s "b wdrc tebt ydu sby welg ydu
cdg‐t fgdw webt td sby." Sel `clb bgc `gvlgt`dg dn tel wdrc `s jrlc`tlc td
sdghwr`tlrs Qdalrt bgc Q`jebrc Zelrmbg.
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a. @g 208:, Ylps ‐̀s bcvlrt`s`gh bhlgjy hbvl tel wdroc b glw h`bgt wdrc
―Adbslmbss`m`pdoo`ttuslc‐. @t `s b wdrc dn299-olttlrs aut `t ebs slvlrbo wdrcs `g
`t.‟O`psmbjf`gte`rstqulgje`gbjltbst`gmdt`vbt`ghddcauzz`gjddotbof`ge`hewbof`gnbsto`v`g
lvlrh`v`gjddon`zz`g" `s bgdtelr suje wdrc nrdm S^ bgc n`om bcvlrt`s`gh.
j. @g 208<, tel ndoodw`gh tlrm jdmpdslc dn 82 olttlrs (aut bjtubooy b jdma`gbt`dg dn
slvlrbo wdrcs) wbs uslc bs bg bcvlrt`s`gh k`ghol. Sel tlrm `s Swdbooallnpbtt`lsspl
j`bosbujlolttujljellslp`jfolsdg`dgsdgbslsbmlsllcaug, bgc `t rlbcs bs; ―twd boo-alln
pbtt`ls, splj`bo sbujl, olttujl, jellsl, p`jfols, dg`dgs dg b slsbml sllc aug ‐. @t wbs
n`rst uslc `g b MjCdgboc's Qlstburbgt bcvlrt`slmlgt. @t clsjr`alc tel A`h Mbj
sbgcw`je.
C. H`bgt wdrcs uslc `g O`tlrbturl;- Edwlvlr, tel h`bgt wdrcs ebvl tel`r rlbo pobjl
`g hlglrbo o`tlrbturl. B nlw dn telm mby al j`tlc---
2. @g e`s poby Bsslmaoy Xdmlg (Ljjols`bzdusbl), tel bgj`lgt Hrllf jdmlc`j
pobywr`het Br`stdpebgls jrlbtlc b wdrc dn 25: olttlrs, we`je clsjr`als b c`se ay
str`gh`gh tdhltelr `ts `ghrlc`lgts; Odpbcdtlmbfedslobfedhbmldfrbg`dol`psbgdcr`mypd
tr`mbmtds`ope`dfbrbadmlo`tdfbtbflfeymlgdf`feolp`fdssypedpebttdplr`stlrbolftrydgd
ptdflpeboo`df`hfodploldobhō`ds`rb`dabpeĚtrbhbgdptlrýhōg. Se`s `s tel Lgho`se
trbgso`tlrbt`dg dn b Hrllf wdrc tebt djjurs `g Br`stdpebgls poby Sel Ljjols`bzusbl.
Sel wdrc `s cln`glc bs "b hduobse jdmpdslc dn boo tel olntdvlrs nrdm tel mlbos dn
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tel obst twd wllfs". B mdrl, cltb`olc trbgsobt`dg `s, dn jdursl,
"pobttlrdn`ooltdmuoolt`turadtdjrbg`dmdrslodp`jfoldbj`cds`ope`dedglydpdurlcdgteltdpd
ntelduzlodterdstoldjusebtdjuovlrdrdbst`ghdmbrrdwdc`pplrdolvlrltdsyrupdh`aoltdw`g
hs.Br`stdpebgls `s bosd jdgs`clrlc bs tel lbro`lst wr`tlr dn ―Jdgstrb`g‐ o`tlrbturl.
1. ―Bgt`plr`jbtbmltbbgbpbrj`rjumvdout`drljtumhustpddpsdnteljdprdn`lc ‐ `s bgdtelr
wdrc ndrmlc dn <9 olttlrs. Se`s `s tel t`tol dn b addf dg b selon `g b o`arbry `g tel
jobss`j r`aboc wdrf Hbrhbgtubg bgc Ybgt hrulo, ay Nrbgjd`s Qbalob`s.
:. Yrbltlrtrbgssuastbgt`bt`dgbo`st`jbooy `s b wdrc jrlc`tlc w`te :8 olttlrs. Se`s wbs
uslc ay Mbrf MjZebgl `g e`s gdvlo ―\gt`mloy Q`pplc ‐ (20>:). @t mlbgs tel bjt dn
surpbss`gh tel bjt dn trbgsuastbgt`bt`dg, we`je rlnlrs splj`n`jbooy tel
trbgsndrmbt`dg dn tel arlbc bgc w`gl `gtd tel adcy bgc aoddc dn Jer`st cur`gh tel
Qdmbg Jbtedo`j Mbss.
3. Elgry Jbrly‐s nbrjl Jerdgdgedtdgtedodhds (283:) edocs tel dplg`gh o`gl;
"Boc`adrdgt`pedsjdpedrg`d! Xelrl olnt ydu Jerdgdgedtdgtedodhds4"@t `s cln`g`tloy b
nuggy h`bgt wdrc.
<. Kbmls Kdyjl mbcl up g`gl 292-olttlr wdrcs `g e`s gdvlo N`gglhbg‐s Xbfl, tel mdst
nbmdus dn we`je `s Abababcbohebrbhetbfbmm`gbrrdggfdggardggtDgglrrdggtudggteu
ggtrdvbrredugbwgsfbwgtddeddeddrclglgteurguf. Bpplbr`gh dg tel n`rst pbhl, `t
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boolhlcoy rlprlslgts tel symado`j teugclrjobp bssdj`btlc w`te tel nboo dn Bcbm bgc
Lvl. Bs `t bpplbrs gdwelrl losl lxjlpt `g rlnlrlgjl td te`s pbssbhl, `t `s hlglrbooy
gdt bjjlptlc bs b rlbo wdrc. Zyov`b Yobte mbcl mlgt`dg dn `t `g elr slm`-butd
a`dhrbpe`jbo gdvlo―Sel Aloo Kbr‐, welg tel prdtbhdg`st wbs rlbc`gh N`gglhbg‐s Xbfl.
>. Cdgbucbmpnsje`nnbertslolftr`z`tbtlgebuptaltr`laswlrfabuugtlralbmtlghlsloosj
ebnt `s tel odghlst puao`selc wdrc `g Hlrmbg.
8. Edgdr`n`jba`o`tuc`g`tbt`aus (18olttlrs); Sel wdrc djjurs `g Zebflsplbrlbg poby
Odvl's Obadur's Odst, bgc mlbgs "w`te edgdu rbaolglss‐s ." @t jbg bosd al v`lwlc bs b
rlbrrbghlmlgt dr bgbhrbm dn tel Obt`g slgtlgjl "E` ouc` N. Abjdg`s gbt` tu`t` dra`",
mlbg`gh; "Slsl pobys, N.Abjdg's dnnspr`gh, brl prlslrvlc ndr tel wdroc. Se`s tw`st ebs
allg uslc td suppdrt tel "Abjdg`bg teldry" tebt Nrbgj`s Abjdg wrdtl Zebflsplbrl's
pobys.
L. Nuggy Odghlst Lgho`se Zlgtlgjls; S`oo cbtl G`hlo Sdmm `s jrlc`tlc w`te tel
jrlbtdr dn tel odghlst slgtlgjl `g o`tlrbturl. @t jdgtb`gs dgoy 1.3 m`oo`dg wdrcs. @t `s
tel odghlst puao`selc wdrc `g eumbg e`stdry. Sel slgtlgjl `s jdgtb`glc `g ndur
vdoumls dn G`hlo Sdmm‐s gdvlo "Sel Aobe Ztdry," `.l., tel slgtlgjl djjup`ls vdoumls
2>, 28, 25 bgc 20.Aut "Sel Aobe Ztdry, ^douml 20" `s bomdst lgt r̀loy djjup`lc w`te
dgl wdrc we`je jdgtb`gs boo prlv`dusoy fgdwg odghlst wdrcs ( lxjlpt jelm`jbo
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gbmls).Sel slgtlgjl jdgtb`gs 1,39:,290 wdrcs, 2<,39:,8:1 jebrbjtlrs (w`te spbjls)
bgc :,135 pbhls. "Sel Aobe Ztdry, ^douml 20,"we`je `s 521 pbhls odgh jdgtb`gs dgoy
22 wdrcs, dgl dn we`je ―sdmlwelgdttc`ghdwg‐ jdgs`sts dn :,>90,8<9 olttlrs. Sel
wdrc mlbgs tel jurrlgt cby dr cbtl altwllg rlbo bgc `mbh`gbaol tdcby.
Sel Aobe Ztdry, ^douml 29 jdgtb`gs b 1,958,123 olttlr wdrc we`je mlbgs sdmlte`gh
o`fl ―b h`ro‐ dr ―b a`tje‐6 te`s wdrc `s gdt `gjouclc `g tel :.>m-olttlr wdrc. Zd, `t jbg al
sb`c tebt tel odghlst puao`selc slgtlgjl `g Lgho`se `s wr`ttlg ay G`hlo Sdmm. Bg
lxjlrpt dn tel slgtlgjl rlbcs ; "Bs gd dgl wbs aobe bgy aobe td aobe, bgc gd dgl aobe
gllclc aobe, aobe qu`ltoy aobe aobe..."
Lbro`lr tel jrlc`t dn jrlbt`gh tel odghlst slgtlgjl `g Lgho`se o`tlrbturl wbs h`vlg td
Kbmls Kdyjl ndr e`s gdvlo "\oyssls" we`je jdgtb`gs 3,:02 wdrcs. Edwlvlr, te`s
rljdrc wbs surpbsslc `g 1992 ay Kdgbtebg Jdl `g e`s addf "Sel Qdttlr‐s Joua". ‐Sel
Qdttlr‐s Joua‐ jdgtb`gs b slgtlgjl dn 2:,0<< wdrcs odgh. Selrl `s bosd b Ydo`se gdvlo
lgt`tolc "Hbtls dn Ybrbc`sl" wr`ttlg ay Klrzy Bgcrzlklwsf`, bgc puao`selc `g 20>9,
w`te badut 39,999 wdrc slgtlgjl. Bhb`g, telrl `s b Jzlje gdvlo tebt jdgs`sts dn dgl
odgh slgtlgjl dn dgoy 215 pbhls odgh. @t `s "Cbgj`gh Olssdgs ndr tel Bcvbgjlc `g Bhl"
ay Adeum`o Erbabo. Aut, tel glw dwglr dn tel rljdrc ndr tel odghlst slgtlgjl `g
puao`selc o`tlrbturl `s tel Nrlgje gdvlo`st Mbte`bsLgbrc. El ebs jrlbtlc b <28-pbhl
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odgh slgtlgjl `g e`s gdvlo "[dgl." @g nbjt, tel lgt`rl gdvlo, lxjlpt ndr b nlw pbhls dn
nobseabjfs, `s mbcl up dn b s`ghol 2<9,999-wdrc slgtlgjl .
N. Zmboolst bgc Nugg`lst wdrcs ; Aut `t wduoc al wrdgh td te`gf tebt Lgho`se
pdsslssls dgoy nuggy h`bgt wdrcs. @t `s jrlc`tlc w`te b nlw dtelr nuggy bspljts bosd.
Sel odghlst wdrc `g tel Lgho`se obghubhl w`te dgoy dgl vdwlo `s strlghtes we`je `s
mbcl up dn g`gl olttlrs. @n wl cd gdt jdugt P nrdm `ts pbrt t`ml vdwlo rdol telg, tel
wdrc hoyjypeyoo`g we`je `s b pedtdjelm`jbo jdmpdugc, ebs b s`ghol vdwlo bgc jdgs`sts
dn twlovl olttlrs. Sel dgoy wdrc clvd`c dn vdwlo bgc slm`-vdwlo bgc gdt bg
baarlv`bt`dg `s G SE , bs `g "tel gte clhrll, pdwlr, ltj." Selrl brl mbgy wdrcs we`je
jdgtb`g olttlrs brrbghlc bopebalt`jbo drclr suje bs bomdst, alh`g bgc a`dpsy aut lvlg
mdrl `gtlrlst`gh brl tedsl wdrcs wedsl vdwlos brl `g tel lxbjt drclr `g we`je wl
n`rst olbrglc telm, b, l, `, d, u bgc yls, sdmlt`mls y.VMdst Lgho`se uslrs ebvl
ndrhdttlg tebt ―P‐ wbs bosd b vdwlo dgjl. Cln`g`tloy Nuggy!] Dgl suje wdrc `s
BrsLg@D\s (brslg`dus ), we`je mlbgs sdmlte`gh clr`vlc nrdm dr jdgtb`g`gh brslg`j.
Bgdtelr `s s\ajDgt@gLgtBo, we`ol bt n`rst hobgjl sua jdgt`glgtbo cdlsg't bpplbr td
n`t tel bopebalt`jbo mdoc, `t cdls6 `t kust cdls sd abjfwbrc. Bgdtelr abjfwbrc vdwlo
`g drclr wdrc `s c\Do@tLrBo ( cudo`tlrbo). @g ylt bgdtelr lxbmpol, nBjLt@D\soP
(nbjlt`dusoy) tel dntlg m`sugclrstddc P ebs allg `gjouclc. Zd nbr tel odghlst wdrc
fgdwg td ebvl boo n`vl vdwlos `g drclr (ndr tedsl dn us wed dvlroddf tel P bs b vdwlo)
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`s perbhloo`dreygjeus w`te l`hetllg olttlrs. @t `s hlglrbooy gdt ndugc `g tel C`jt`dgbry
aljbusl `t ̀ s w`cloy rljdhg`zlc `g tel sj`lgt`n`j rlbom bs b prdtdzdbg. (Jrystbo Jddf).
Bhb`g, Kbsdg Ousf `g tel wla pbhl dn Elo`um sbys--Boteduhe tel smboolst aut mdst
mlbg`ghnuo wdrc `g tel Lgho`se obghubhl sllms suakljt`vl, tel mdst pdwlrnuo wdrc `s
gdgl dtelr tebg tel dgl olttlr odgh; "@." "@" `s mdrl tebg kust b s`hg`n`jbgjl dn slon `g
b slgtlgjl. Bgc, elrl `s tel obst aut gdt bt boo tel olbst ug`qul wdrc ‟CQLBMS”. @t `s
tel dgoy Lgho`se wdrc tebt lgcs w`te "mt" .
N. NBJSZ BAD\S DLC;- Clsp`tl `ts Elrjuolbg jdgtlgts dn mdrl tebg >99999 wdrcs,
bgc boteduhe `t rlqu`rlc mdrl tebg 89 ylbrs td jdmpoltl, tel Dxndrc Lgho`se
C`jt`dgbry `s gl`telr tel obrhlst gdr tel lbro`lst c`jt`dgbr`ls dn tel wdroc. Sel Cutje
c`jt`dgbry XddrclgadlfclrGlclrobgcsjelSbbo `s tel obrhlst we`ol Sel Fbghx`
c`jt`dgbry dn Je`gb `s tel lbro`lst c`jt`dgbry dn tel wdroc. @t wbs puao`selc `g 282>.
Bjjdrc`gh td tel puao`selrs, `t wduoc tbfl b s`ghol plrsdg 219 ylbrs td fly `g tlxt td
jdgvlrt `t td mbje`gl rlbcbaol, >9 ylbrs td prddn rlbc `t, bgc <39 mlhbaytls td
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