1

English for Engineers

A Compilation for

Elementary Students

UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALES

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA

ESCUELA DE INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL

Ingls I

2

Index

Map of the book 3

One Obamarama 7

Two Financial services 11

Three More service and support, please Mr. Dell 15

Four Financial Profile 18

Five Sales Terminology 21

Six Cristinas Travails 25

Seven Wordcheck 27

Eight Retailers report dismal December sales 30

Nine Burris: Im the legally appointed senator 34

Ten A day in the life of Bill Gates 38

Eleven Company problems 44

Twelve Scales and Graphs 48

Thirteen The Assembly Line 53

Fourteen Job Adverts 61

Fifteen The Inditex Group 68

Sixteen Optical Fibres 72

Seventeen Project Planning 82

Eighteen A Turnkey Project 91

Nineteen Jobs 95

Students Notes 102

Annex 1 False Cognates 113

Annex 2 Irregular and Foreign Plurals 118

Annex 3 Irregular English Verbs 121

Annex 4: Signal Words for all tenses 124

3

Lesson Learning Outcomes Content Vocabulary Activities

One

Obamarama Identifying central

ideas

Cognates and

False Cognates Indefinite article a

/ an

Political Crisis. Brainstorming

activity about familiar words in

English Organising cognates

Reading Comp. Writing main ideas

Two Financial services

Offering financial services

Word Order (Adjective +

Noun)

Financial world. Deciding the correct order

Reading Comp.

Three More service and support, please Mr.

Dell

Stablishing goals for a market leader company

Plural Nouns Regular Irregular

Foreign plurals

Production processes.

Forming the plurals Reading Comp. Finding plurals in

context Making a glossary

Four

Financial Profile Writing a profile for a

business corporation in the stock market

Compound Nouns

(Noun + Noun)

Corporation, stocks

and shareholders.

Finding Spanish

equivalents Writing technical

collocations Reading Comp.

Five Sales Terminology

Writing definitions Is Are It They Definitions

Retail and wholesale. Communication (1).

Comprehension exercise

Completing sentences

Reading comp. Writing definitions

4

Six Cristinas Travails

Stating strengths and weaknesses in a

dispute.

There is / There are

Financial crisis, inflation and

disputes.

Using structures Completing a

paragraph Identifying central

ideas

Seven Wordcheck

Making predictions No + Noun The adverb no

Communication (2) Wordcheck (previous lessons)

Reading comprehension. Making predictions.

Eight

Retailers report dismal December

sales

Writing short reports

about sales

The s Genitive Shopping items Management positions

Retailers

Rewriting sentences

Reading comp. Naming companies

and related sales

Nine

Burris: 'I am the legally-appointed

senator'

Describing peoples positions and functions within a

company

Word formation

(1) Suffixes ly and al Prefixes in and un

Political positions

Legal words

Reading Comp.

Matching columns Writing exercise

Completing a table

Ten A day in the life of Bill Gates

Describing job expectations and

position obligations

The Present Simple

Frequency adverbs

Adjectives to qualify a job.

Office habits Job benefits

Reading Comp. Matching columns

Writing Completing a table

Eleven

What are the biggest problems facing your

company?

Reporting problems

at work.

Studying a case

The Present

Simple (negative form)

Words used to

describe company problems.

Listing company

problems Working with the dictionaries

Reading comp. Matching words and

definitions

5

Twelve Scales and Graphs

Analysing scales, graphs and

nomographs

Can / Cant Percentile Wages The language of scale

and graphs Requests, offers and

possibilities

Explaining variables Matching columns

Reading Comp. Writing

Thirteen The Assembly Line

Looking for specific information

The simple Past Tense (Affirmative,

negative, and interrogative)

The World Bank glossary Irregular and regular

verbs

Reading a short story. Scanning a text.

Cloze procedure Studying a chart

Working with the dictionary

Fourteen Job adverts

Comparing job offers

Commenting on a pie chart

The comparison of adjectives

Types of markets A pie chart

Writing using comparatives and

superlatives Matching columns

Comparing job adverts Describing products

Reading comp.

Fifteen The Inditex Group

Writing a sales report

Drawing conclusions from a store-layout

Comparing

permanent and temporary situations

The present continuous

Verbs of action A store layout

Business development

Writing a report Making a glossary on

a company growth Completing sentences

Identifying tense concepts

Completing a business profile

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Sixteen Optical Fibres

Reporting based on a diagram

Analyzing a sales

report

How much / how many

Quantifiers Numbers,

numerals, proportions

Sales report vocabulary

Technical quantifiers

Writing a description about quantities

Completing sentences

Writing a short report Vocabulary check Playing games with

numbers

Seventeen Project Planning The role of an engineering

consultant

Organising time (Gantt Charts)

Understanding and

writing a msn

Writing predictions based on the properties of

materials

Future with Will Prepositions of

time If clauses type 1

(with will + simple

present)

Engineering vocabulary.

Properties of engineering materials.

Stages of a consultancy.

Understanding a Gantt Chart

Reading Comp. Completing sentences using

prepositions of time Writing a msn in full

Writing predictions Answering questions. Making a glossary

Eighteen A Turnkey Project

Describing the stages of a project.

Verbs + prepositions

Nouns +

prepositions

Glossary of a turnkey project

Completing sentences. Multiple choice.

Reading Comprehension

Making a glossary

Nineteen

Jobs Discussing about jobs

skills and abilities.

Writing CVs in English

The Present

Perfect Tense Review of Simple

past v/s Present

Perfect

Jobs Infering information.

Completing missing information.

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Muchas palabras en Ingls son SIMILARES EN FORMA Y SIGNIFICADO a palabras en espaol.

Por ejemplo, en la oracin

Mathematics is an exact science hay palabras o combinaciones de palabras muy fciles de entender:

Mathematics ..

Exact ...

Science ..

Estas palabras se conocen normalmente como COGNADOS y facilitan la comprensin ya que tienen raz semejante en ingls y espaol, aunque varan mucho en sus terminaciones, ortografa en general, y pronunciacin. Entre

otros muchos ejemplos se pueden citar:

Lesson One (1) Cognates

8

Mathematics telephone universe reciprocal Botany oscilloscope pressure complex

Engineering antenna hypothesis principal Economics thermostat air direct Physics capital television programme

De acuerdo a algunas terminaciones, los cognados pueden agruparse en:

(a) Palabras que en INGLS tienen terminacin -TION y que generalmente en ESPAOL terminan en -CIN

organization = organizacin integration = integracin

information = informacin invention = invencin (b) Palabras que en INGLS tienen terminacin -SION o -SSION y que generalmente en ESPAOL terminan en -SIN

division = divisin expression = expresin cohesion = cohesin depression = depresin

(c) Palabras que en INGLS tienen terminacin -TY y que generalmente en ESPAOL terminan en -DAD society = sociedad quantity = cantidad

activity = actividad specialty = especialidad Indefinite Article

En los siguientes ejemplos, del mismo tipo anterior, los sustantivos llevan el artculo A o AN; las palabras descriptivas (conocidas como adjetivos) no lo

llevan. a base, a basis = una base a symbol = un smbolo

basic = bsico symbolic = simblico

an experiment = un experimento a centenary = un centenario experimental = experimental centennial = centenario

Importante: existen los Falsos Cognados, es decir, palabras que en

ingls y en espaol son muy PARECIDAS en FORMA, pero tienen DIFERENTE SIGNIFICADO.

Ejemplos de falsos cognados:

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Actual = real,verdadero (current, present = presente, actual)

Alumnus = ex - alumno (student = alumno, estudiante)

Exit = salida (success = xito)

Success = xito (event = suceso, hecho, evento)

Tenant = arrendatario (liutenant = teniente)

(En el apndice 1 se incluye una lista de los falsos cognados de uso ms

frecuente para utilizar como referencia, ver pgina 113).

Exercise 1.1: Recognize and underline all the cognates you can find in the following text.

Obamarama Extract form the Financial Times

Published: December 29 2008 18:35 | Last updated: December 29 2008 18:35

Oil prices going up and down. A year with the Obama-mania ended with the

president-elect and his team at action stations, preparing themselves for

government amid what looks to be the surprise of the decade.

The abrupt escalation of the financial crisis in the last weeks of the campaign

has left little time for reflection on Mr Obamas triumph. The world applauded

as America, for the first time, sent a black man to the White House, but it is

important to remember that the Democrats victory in November was arguably

as much an expression of voter disgust with President George W. Bush and the

Republican party as it was a reflection of the president-elects political

abilities.

Exercise 1.2: Identify the central idea of the text and write it down.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 1.3.. Traduzca estos cognados al espaol.

1. facility 10. capacity

2. utility 11. equation

3. humidity 12. solution

4. destruction 13. figure

5. definition 14. university

6. expression 15. alteration

7. ability 16. reduction

8. specialization 17. expulsion

9. expansion 18. function

Exercise 1.4.. Traduzca estos cognados al ingls.

1. velocidad 10. dimensin

2. accin 11. adaptabilidad

3. conclusin 12. produccin

4. densidad 13. relatividad

5. electricidad 14. reaccin

6. observacin 15. exposicin

7. friccin 16. fidelidad

8. visin 17. reduccin

9. identidad 18. direccin

Exercise 1.5. Escriba las palabras equivalentes en espaol.

1. a society 11. a stimulus

2. social 12. stimulant

3. a space 13. an individual

4. spacious 14. individual

5. a line 15. a movement

6. linear 16. movable

7. an experiment 17. a nucleus

8. experimental 18. nuclear

9. a specialty 19. a distance

10. special 20. distant

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En Ingls la POSICIN de las palabras descriptivas (adjetivos) es distinta a la del espaol. Observe:

a Basic Function = una funcin bsica an Essential Social force = una fuerza social esencial

Exercise 2.1.Traduzca estas frases al espaol

1. Social organization

2. Electric current

3. An energetic person

4. An adequate response

5. Physical contact ................................................................................

6. Nuclear physics .................................................................................

7. A relative difficulty ............................................................................

8. An evident result ...............................................................................

9. A collective stimulus ..........................................................................

10.Cellular biology .................................................................................

11.A simple fraction................................................................................

12.A simple linear equation .....................................................................

13.Descriptive statistics ..........................................................................

14.A reproducible experiment...................................................................

15.A provisory solution ...........................................................................

16.Obligatory elementary education .........................................................

17.An experimental design ......................................................................

18.A complex social structure ..................................................................

19.Industrial Engineering ........................................................................

20.Financial crisis ..................................................................................

21.Rigorous methods...............................................................................

22.Quantitative expression.......................................................................

23.Precise predictions..............................................................................

Lesson Two (2) Word Order

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Exercise 2.2.Reading Comprehension.

Communication is not a human invention. In its broadest sense,

communication is a social force. Communication occurs everywhere in the universe, and is occurring always. It

is a function of all matter.

Vocabulary: In its broadest sense: en su sentido ms amplio

Occurs everywhere: ocurre en todas partes

Always: siempre

Matter: materia

Segn el texto:

(a) La comunicacin es una creacin humana. SI NO

(b) La comunicacin es una funcin del hombre. SI NO

(c) La comunicacin es una funcin constante de toda materia. SI NO

(d) La comunicacin como fuerza natural se manifiesta en todo

el universo. SI NO

The theme or central idea in the text is:

(a) human invention (b) the universe

(c) communication (d) matter

In the text, communication is defined as:

(a) a natural force

(b) a function of all matter (c) both (ambos) a force and a function

(d) a human invention

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Exercise 2.3.Reading Comprehension. Use your dictionary to find and

underline all the adjective + noun combinations.

Financial Services1

Cooper Financial Services Ltd.

Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offers a vast range of financial solutions to suit the individual necessities of its clients. Today's investor has market

comprehension and requires the tools to take advantage of knowledge. To that end, we provide advice based on our outstanding access to information

sources. Matching our knowledge-base with your understanding of individual markets can make you a big winner in the increasingly complex marketplace.

Here are some of our offerings:

Historical fundamental equity database Strategic planning

Comprehensive reports that permit industry-to-industry, company-to-industry and company-to-company analysis.

Report compilations detailing key items on market and industry performance

Daily summary of stock market and industry tendencies (trends)

Secure access to financial data on publicly traded companies Monthly reports that monitor company-to-peer performance

Exercise 2.4. Answer the following questions for general understanding

1. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

____________________________________________________________

2. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?

____________________________________________________________

3. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. match its knowledge-base to?

____________________________________________________________

4. What type of planning does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

____________________________________________________________

1 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial2.htm>

(Consulta: Enero 2009)

14

5. What type of daily summary does Cooper Financial Services Ltd.

provide?

____________________________________________________________

6. What do monthly reports monitor?

____________________________________________________________

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El plural de los sustantivos en ingls se forma agregando s o es al singular como regla general.

Existen algunos casos especiales, los plurales irregulares, que no siguen la regla y que hay que memorizar. (Ver apndice II

en pgina 118)

Ejemplos:

SINGULAR REGULAR PLURALS

SINGULAR IRREGULAR

PLURALS

A class Classes A man Men

An example examples A woman Women

A society Societies A foot Feet

A facility Facilities A tooth Teeth

A church Churches A (PC) mouse (PC) mouses

A dish Dishes A mouse (animal) Mice

A car Cars A child Children

An auction Auctions A goose Geese

Observa que el sustantivo en PLURAL se expresa SIN artculo A/AN ya que ste indica singular. (A/AN = 1)

Exercise 3.1. Forme el plural correspondiente.

1. an organization__________________________________

2. a function______________________________________

3. a university_____________________________________

4. an oscilloscope__________________________________

5. a division_______________________________________

6. an ability_______________________________________

7. an engineer_____________________________________

8. a business______________________________________

9. a company______________________________________

10. a problem______________________________________

Lesson Three (3) Plural Nouns

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Observe, en los siguientes ejemplos, que el adjetivo en ingls se mantiene

INVARIABLE, sea cual sea el nmero del sustantivo. Ejemplos:

Singular: a chemical reaction an important datum (*)

Plural: chemical reactions important data

Exercise 3.2. Cambie estas frases al plural. Recuerde consultar el anexo 2 para plulares extranjeros e irregulares.

1. A primitive man. ____________________________________________

2. A modern communication system. ______________________________

3. A long-distance telephone call. _________________________________

4. A chemical analysis (*). ______________________________________

5. A basic criterion. (*). ________________________________________

6. An interesting phenomenon. (*)________________________________

7. A financial crisis. (*) _________________________________________

(*) Plurales extranjeros .

Exercise 3.3. Complete la tabla de singulares y plurales. Encuentre el par

faltante en el siguiente texto.

More service and support please, Mr Dell By Michael Schrage Published: May 9 2006 20:00 | Last updated: May 9 2006 20:00 Extract from the Financial Times

Were not going to be missionaries for innovation, said Kevin Rollins, Dells chief executive. We only want to go into a market where the product or service is definable, standardisable, simplifiable

and repeatable.We dont count on our margins existing because the technology is proprietary or

because the customer is stupid.

Indeed, the Dell production model remains as flexible, adaptable and opportunistic as when Mr Dell launched it in 1983 from his college dormitory. But market competition has relentlessly eroded vital elements of that models value proposition. Dells cost and price advantages have become less significant as Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo have retooled their own supply chains and production processes while becoming more innovative.

More serious for Dell, however, is that the perceived locus of value is evolving away from what the company does best. As prices have relentlessly dropped, customers increasingly appear less interested in the most cost-effective buy than in convenience, ease of use and support. Service matters more than ever.

As more people become more reliant and dependent on their personal computers, printers, servers and networks, they demand ever-higher quality of service and support. Managing expectations and

17

execution around service-related process innovation has proven far more difficult and expensive than Dell expected particularly for its cheapest and least profitable machines. The economics of support are hard.

So, just as customers of all kinds were thrilled to have more computer for less money, they also expected more service and support for less, as well. For years, Dell enjoyed a top reputation for customer service and support. But as product portfolios and their inherent software complexity increase, Dells production challenge of build to order is giving way to the challenge of service to order. That is apparently not a natural extension.

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

missionary innovations

executives year

interviews markets

margins products

customers element

models dormitories

advantage costs

chain prices

economics process

loci companies

computer printer

server network

qualities expectation

complexities machine

portfolio extensions

Exercise 3.3. Lea nuevamente el texto y haga un glosario. Use un diccionario.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Cualquier palabra que se encuentre en POSICIN DE ADJETIVO califica o describe al sustantivo que le sigue, aunque dicha palabra funcione

normalmente como sustantivo. Ejemplos:

NOUN COMPOUND NOUN (N + N)

An animal + a society = An animal society

Life + mechanisms = Life mechanisms

Esta combinacin de sustantivo + sustantivo es muy usada en ingls y se conoce como Compound Nouns (N+N)

Exercise 4.1.Escriba estas frases en correcto espaol.

1. energy transmission _________________________________________________

2. online family history resource.__________________________________________

3. word processor_____________________________________________________

4. wireless USB accessory adapters_______________________________________

5. a space station _____________________________________________________

6. group response _____________________________________________________

7. time concepts ______________________________________________________

8. an auto dealer _____________________________________________________

9. TV production methods _______________________________________________

10. family business ____________________________________________________

11. desk top computer __________________________________________________

12. sport facilities ______________________________________________________

13. metal structure ______________________________________________________

14. website blocker____________________________________________________

15. office assistant_____________________________________________________

16. sale figures ________________________________________________________

17. utility company _____________________________________________________

18. radio antenna ______________________________________________________

Lesson Four (4) Compound Nouns

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Exercise 4.2. Match columns A and B to form compound nouns.

Example:

A research program

Research methods

A B

Program production Transmission research (investigation)

Society population Method organization Theory probability

System insect Organization vector

Industry communication Analysis space Fatigue metal

Distribution relativity

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 4.3. Find and underline the compound nouns in the text. Then write

them in Spanish using your dictionary.

Financial Profile: ViewSonic Computers Financial Profile 2

ViewSonic computers is a publicly traded corporation actively traded on the NASDAQ.

The company was launched in 1999 with an IPO raising $70 million. Shareholders own

more than 80% of the company while upper level management and employee stock

options own the remaining 20%. ViewSonic is located in Denver, Colorado with

manufacturing plants in Taiwan and Indonesia. The total cash flow during 2000 was

$365 million. While total operating expenses for the past fiscal year totalled $180

million resulting in a pre-tax profit of $175 million. ViewSonic Computers market share

in the US domestic market has grown from 2% to 5% during the past 18 months.

Future plans include the development of a line of laptop computers to export to the

Chinese Market. CEO, Kevin Connery, was optimistic in his vision of the future. While

other computer manufacturers are loosing market share, we are increasing our market

share at over 100% annually. ViewSonic offers consumers computers that are made to

meet their specific requirements, while pricing these computers at mass market prices.

This unique combination ensures ViewSonic will be a major market player in the near

future.

Exercise 4.4. Answer the comprehension questions about the text.

Which market is ViewSonic traded on?

..................................................................................................

How much money did the IPO raise?

..................................................................................................

Who owns 80% of stock?

.

Where are ViewSonic manufacturing plants located?

..................................................................................................

How much has market share grown over the past 18 months?

..................................................................................................

How much did ViewSonic spend on operating expenses?

..................................................................................................

Which market is ViewSonic trying to enter with its new line of laptop

models?

..................................................................................................

2 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial1.htm >

(Consulta: Enero 2009)

21

IS (forma del verbo be) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y

DESCRIPCIONES EN SINGULAR.

Observe estos ejemplos:

A computer IS an electronic instrument. It IS a component of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oracin, it reemplaza a computer su antecedente en este caso y evita su repeticin.

ARE (otra forma del verbo be) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y

DESCRIPCIONES EN PLURAL.

Observe estos ejemplos; comprelos con los de arriba:

Computers ARE electronic instruments. They ARE components of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oracin, they reemplaza a computers su antecedente - y evita su repeticin.

Exercise 5.1. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

1. Business Engineering ________ an interdisciplinary field of engineering.

2. Economics ________ a science. It _______ a social science.

3. Physics and Chemistry ________ sciences. They ________ natural

sciences.

4. Telstar ________ a satellite. It _________ a communication satellite.

5. Early Bird and Telstar ________ satellites. They ________

communication satellites.

6. Adidas ________ one of the worlds top sporting brands. Its current

marketing slogan ________ Impossible is Nothing.

7. The emphasis ________ in establishing engineering foundation for the

redesign of functioning organizations.

8. American Express credit cards ________ premium products.

Lesson Five (5) Is Are

22

9. The companys core business ________ credit cards and travellers

cheques.

10. Botany _________ the study of plants. Zoology _______ the study of

animals. They ________ branches of biology.

11. Measurement ________ a valuable and essential part of scientific

research.

Exercise 5.2. Complete these sentences using IT or THEY.

REMEMBER : IT = singular ............. (thing, animal, plant)

THEY = plural ........... (things, animals, plants)

1. Metals are good conductors. _________ transmit energy.

2. Water is a chemical compound. ___________ is essential to life.

3. Adaptation is a characteristic of all living matter. __________ is

essential for survival.

4. Inflation and overpopulation are serious problems. ________ have

economic and social repercussion.

5. Mechanics is the study of the properties and motions of particles and

rigid bodies. _________ is a branch of physics.

6. Artificial satellites are man-made objects. ____________ are used for

scientific exploration, navigation, communication and military reconossaince.

7. Communication is a natural force. ________ occurs everywhere in the

universe.

8. All types of communication require a force, a signal and a receiver.

_______ are the three essential elements in the process.

9. Gravity is an exchange of energy in space. _________ is an example of

physical communication.

10. Verbal and non-verbal are other types of communication. ________ are

two basic kinds of communication among humans.

23

Exercise 5.3. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

Sales Terminology 3

Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology?

Jack: That ________ what I'm here for. Shoot.

Julian: What _______ the difference between retail and

wholesale? Jack: Wholesale _________ to distributors. Retail to consumers.

Julian: Distributors? Consumers?

Jack: Distributors ________ stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers ________ the people who buy the products.

Julian: Oh, I see. What __________ a bill of lading?

Jack: The bill of lading __________ the list of shipped merchandise. It ________ in every shipment or delivery.

Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been

paid for. But, what ____________ C.O.D.? Jack: Cash on delivery.

Julian: What does that mean? Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit card or a check, as well.

Julian: Oh, I understand. What _________ a delivery fee? Jack: The delivery fee __________ an extra charge that the customer pays to

have the goods delivered.

Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.

Exercise 5.4. Answer True or False and check for understanding.

(a) Individuals usually buy from retailers. TRUE FALSE

(b) Distributors sell merchandise. TRUE FALSE (c) Shipments include a bill of lading TRUE FALSE (d) You pay COD before your goods arrive. TRUE FALSE

(e) Delivery fees raise the price of a shipment. TRUE FALSE

3 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/od/businessreading/a/d_salest.htm >

(Consulta: Enero 2009)

24

Exercise 5.5. Now rewrite the definitions included in the text.

Example: The delivery fee is an extra charge.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

25

There is expresa existencia en singular (HAY un, una, uno)

There are expresa existencia en plural (HAY dos o ms)

Observe estos ejemplos:

There is one (1) star in the solar system; the sun

There are eight (8) planets, in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Exercise 6.1. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

1. ______________ a primitive indigenous civilization in Australia.

2. ______________ approximately 900,000,000 people in China.

3. ______________ responses for all stimuli.

4. ______________ women everywhere in the universe.

5. ________________ an element of reality in the human imagination.

6. ________________ different radii for each circle.

7. ________________ two electronic microscopes in Lab 1.

8. ________________ communication among various animal and insect

species.

9. ________________ psychological conflicts between impulses and reason.

10. ________________ speculation on the necessity of lunar experimentation.

11. ________________ 32 natural satellites or moons in the solar system.

12. ________________ five theories on the origin of the solar system.

13. ________________ always an exchange of energy in one form or

another in the universe.

14. ________________ more children in America than in Europe.

15. ________________ valid criteria in relation to this problem.

16. ________________ a financial crisis going on.

Lesson Six (6) There is - There are

26

Exercise 6.2. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

Cristinas travails (Adapted from The Financial Times Limited 2008)

________________ a new president in Argentina, Cristina Fernndez, a

surprising victory of sorts. And _______________ controversial plans

approved by legislators and _____________ new export tariffs coming soon.

But her difficulties are not over by any means.

First, ________________ last minute concessions to farmers made by the

government that reduce the expected revenues from the new tariffs. Second,

_________________farm leaders who are still planning to resist the bill in the

Senate, where ________________discussion (in committee) starting on

Monday. Third, _________________the political alliance that has backed Ms

Fernndez as well as the presidency of her husband, Nstor Kirchner, and

which is seriously divided. Finally, __________________an enormous political

cost for taking such a hard line in the dispute, with her poll ratings going

down. Obviously, ______________ this loss of popularity which will be

abundantly clear in next years mid-term congressional elections.

All of this shows that _______________an overriding necessity for Ms

Fernndez to adopt a more conciliatory approach as she refocuses on urgent

economic difficulties from which the farm conflict has diverted attention.

_______________inflation, which is one problem, and _____________

another problem, how to deal with the $6.4bn in defaulted debt to the Paris

Club of Western creditor nations.

Original text by Jude Webber.

Exercise 6.3. The central idea in the text Cristinas Travails is:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

27

NO, en Ingls, indica cantidad o nmero cero (0), es decir, AUSENCIA DE,

tanto en singular como en plural. There is NO atmosphere on the moon.

No hay atmsfera en la luna.

There are NO seas on the moon, but maria. No hay mares en la luna, sino mara.

Exercise 7.1. Lea estas oraciones y escriba si indican existencia o ausencia de.

EXISTENCE ABSENCE

1. There are maria but there is no water on the moon surface

maria

water

2. There is a problem but there is no solution stated in the report.

3. The researchers have advanced different hypotheses but there are no results yet.

4. Students have many exercises to complete but there is no time to

do them.

5. There are more and more cases

of HIV but there is no cure for it.

6. There is inflation all over the

world, but there are no real measures to prevent a financial disaster.

7. There are elections coming soon, but there is no appropriate

candidate.

8. There is a lot of delinquency, but

there are no sufficient prisons.

9. There is a real necessity for work,

but there are no opportunities for young professionals.

10. There are many political conflicts, but there is no social concern.

Lesson Seven (7) No + NOUN

28

Exercise 7.2 Lea esta oracin en Ingls.

Where there is no communication among social groups, there is obvious social dissolution

Esta oracin significa:

(a) La comunicacin entre los grupos no es necesaria para la cohesin social.

(b) Si falta comunicacin entre los grupos que forman la sociedad, no hay disolucin social.

(c) Donde no hay disolucin social evidente, no hay tampoco necesidad de comunicacin entre los grupos.

(d) La disolucin social evidente es el resultado de la falta de

comunicacin entre los grupos de una sociedad. (e) Hay pocas sociedades en donde la falta de comunicacin afecta

de manera evidente la propia cohesin social.

Exercise 7.3 Reading Comprehension Exercise.

Communication is a basic function of society. It is a force of social organization. Where there is social organization there is communication. Where

there is little communication, there is evident social dissolution. Where there is no communication, there is no society.

Complete estas oraciones segn el prrafo anterior.

1. Communication is:

a) a social force b) society c) social dissolution

d) a function of social dissolution e) social organization

2. Social organization is based upon: a) no communication

b) little communication c) communication

d) dissolution e) none of the above

3. Where there is little communication: a) there is no social cohesion

b) there are problems of social integration c) social disintegration is impossible d) social dissolution occurs

e) social unity is automatic

29

4. Where there is no communication

a) social unity is automatic b) social dissolution is impossible

c) no social disintegration is possible d) there are no problems of social integration e) there is no social cohesion

Exercise 7.4 Writing negative predictions. (Group work sharing information to the class.)

Example: There is no chance that Chile avoids the world recession.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

30

1. El genitivo s generalmente indica posesin y se usa con:

- nombres propios Lincolns monument

(de personas o geogrficos) Dr. Burns student

Londons transport

Europes future

- personas my sisters book

the boys room (*)

- sustantivos colectivos the governments policy

the nations social security

- animales superiores the horses tail

the lions hunger

Otros usos del genitivo s incluyen

2. GENITIVE OF ORIGIN

- Torricellis theory the theory that Torricelli developed

- Ohms law the law that Ohm developed

3. DESCRIPTIVE GENITIVE

- a womens college a college for women

- a doctors degree a doctoral degree / a doctorate

- the schools library (**) the library of the school

- sciences influence (**) the influence of science

Lesson Eight (8) The S Genitive

31

4. GENITIVE OF TEMPORAL MEASURE:

- a moments thought the thought that lasted a moment

- ten days absence the absence lasted ten days

(*) Cuando el sustantivo termina en S, normalmente el genitivo agrega solamente el apstrofe

(**) Generalmente el genitivo S se usa con sustantivos que corresponden a seres animados; por extensin, se usa tambin con sustantivos de especial inters para la actividad humana.

NOTE: You should still use the genitive case when talking about things that belong to other

things.

For example:-

The door of the car.

The content of the website.

Tip - If you aren't sure what to use stick to (of the).

Exercise 8.1 Write the s GENITIVE which could be related to the following sentences as in the example:

Example: WOMEN HAVE RIGHTS WOMENS RIGHTS

1. The world has problems. ___________________________

2. Europe has art treasures. ___________________________

3. Neruda wrote poetry. ___________________________

4. Einstein formulated the relativity theory.

____________________________________________________

5. The government has an international policy.

____________________________________________________

6. A school for girls. ___________________________

7. The work took a year. ___________________________

8. A planet has mass. ___________________________

32

9. The mean distance of the earth from the sun.

____________________________________________________

10.The total solid weight of the brain. ________________________

11.The general development of the mind.

____________________________________________________

12.Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation.

____________________________________________________

Exercise 8.2. Find all the genitive cases in the text.

Retailers report dismal December sales

Adapted from the text written by ANNE D'INNOCENZIO, AP Retail Writer Anne D'innocenzio, Ap Retail Writer.

AP Pedestrians walk past Generations Menswear on 8th Ave. in New York Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009. Retailers RELATED QUOTES

ANF 22.25 -1.49

COST 51.61 +1.49

GPS 12.85 -0.71

JCP 22.04 +0.54

LTD 9.95 -0.75

NEW YORK Retailers reported dismal sales figures for December on Thursday as even Wal-Mart

Stores Inc., one of the bright spots in the industry, finally buckled under the pressures of the

deteriorating economy.

Among the many retailers that reported steep sales declines were Sears Holdings Corp., which

operates Kmart and Sears stores, luxury retailer Saks Inc. and Gap Inc. But the biggest surprise

came from Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, which posted a smaller sales gain than what Wall

Street expected and cut its fourth-quarter earnings outlook.

"This suggests that the lower income group is feeling the pinch more than we thought and this is

clearly reflected in the lower-than-expected numbers at Wal-Mart," said Ken Perkins, RetailMetrics

LLC research companys president. "I think it says the economy is in more dire straits than we

thought."

"The current economy remains challenging for all businesses and retailers have already seen

customers pull back on discretionary spending," Wal-Mart's Chief Financial Officer Tom Schoewe

said in a statement. "Consumers are very focused on value and necessities."

Wal-Mart noted that health and wellness items were the categories that primarily fueled sales.

Electronics sales were solid, while the apparel and jewelry business was weak.

33

Given the disappointing sales and higher-than-anticipated expenses, Wal-Mart said it now expects

to earn 91 cents to 94 cents per share in the fourth quarter from continuing operations. That's down

from its previous projected range of $1.03 per share to $1.07 per share. Analysts surveyed by

Thomson Reuters expected $1.06 per share.

Discount rival Target Corp., which has been stumbling because its merchandise focuses more on

nonessentials like trendy clothes, announced a 4.1 percent decline in same-store sales, better than

the 9.1 percent drop that Wall Street analysts predicted.

Among department stores, Sears Holdings said its December same-store sales dropped 7.3

percent, weighed down by a 12.8 percent drop at domestic Sears stores. The company, whose

brands include Kenmore and Craftsman, said Kmart same-store sales fell 1.1 percent.

Macy's Inc. reported that same-store sales fell 4 percent in December, less than the 5.3 percent

decline that analysts had expected. For the combined November-December period, same-store

sales were down 7.5 percent. But the department store chain cut its fourth-quarter and full-year

earnings outlook due to heavy markdowns and announced plans to close 11 underperforming

stores. The chain operates more than 840 Macy's stores.

J.C. Penney Co.'s same-store sales within its department store division fell 8.1 percent, better than

the 10.3 percent decline analysts had expected.

"Customers waited until late in the month to shop and we faced a highly competitive promotional

environment," said Gap's Chief Financial Officer Sabrina Simmons.

Kitchen gadget chain Williams-Sonoma Inc., which didn't break out December figures, said its

same-store sales dropped more than 24 percent for the eight-week period ended Dec. 28 and

warned its fourth-quarter profit will likely come in at the low end of expectations.

Exercise 8.3. Name the business companies which reported declines in their earnings. (Also, list the most/least-sold items for Christmas and the positions

associated to the financial world)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

34

Una manera muy comn de formar palabras en ingls es la de agregar PREFIJOS (al comienzo) o SUFIJOS (al final) de las palabras. Estudiando estas reglas de formacin de palabras podr aumentar su capacidad de

reconocimiento de vocabulario.

1. Agregando el SUFIJO AL a algunos sustantivos se forma el correspondiente adjetivo. Por ejemplo:

SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVO

Instruction instructionAL

Chemistry chemicAL Experiment experimentAL

Vision visuAL Observe que, en algunos casos, ADEMS DEL SUFIJO, hay un

cambio en la ortografa del sustantivo.

2. Anteponiendo el PREFIJO IN o UN, a algunos adjetivos se los hace

negativos y expresan lo opuesto. Ejemplos:

A soluble solution An INsoluble solution

Animate objects Inanimate objects A stable economy An Unstable economy Reliable data Unreliable data

3. Agregando el SUFIJO LY a cualquier adjetivo, se forma el correspondiente adverbio.

ADJETIVO ADVERBIO Exact exactLY

Essential essentialLY Possible possibLY

Necessary necessariLY

Exercise 9.1. Complete el par correspondiente, agregando o quitando el sufijo AL. Use su diccionario como ayuda.

1. organization 12. universe

2. theoretical 13. Natural

3. integration 14. Serial

Lesson Nine (9) Word Formation

35

4. information 15.instrument

5. material 16. conditional

6. function 17. Social

7. essential 18.physics

8. principal 19. Additional

9. motion 20.event

10. hypothetical 21. Habitual

11.gravitation 22.part

Exercise 9.2. Use el prefijo IN para negar estas ideas.

1. An adequate example. _______________________________________

2. Human conditions. __________________________________________

3. Direct communication. _______________________________________

4. A complete report. __________________________________________

5. Credible causes. ____________________________________________

6. Essential information. ________________________________________

7. A correct response. __________________________________________

8. Accurate results. ____________________________________________

9. A frequent error. ____________________________________________

10.Valid conclusions. ___________________________________________

Exercise 9.3. Use el prefijo UN para negar estas ideas.

1. Natural causes. ______________________________________________

2. A sophisticated model. ________________________________________

3. Important effects. ____________________________________________

4. A clear explanation. __________________________________________

5. Interesting hypothesis. ________________________________________

6. Solved problems. _____________________________________________

7. A necessary change. _________________________________________

36

8. Successful experience. _______________________________________

9. A true statement. ___________________________________________

10. An able person. __________________________________________

Exercise 9.4. In the following text, find and underline all words using prefixes

in, un and de, and suffixes al, able, tion, ty, ive, ic and ly. Then complete the table below.

Computer Science vs Computer Engineering

What is computer science?

Computer science (CS) is the systematic study of algorithmic methods for

representing and transforming information, including their theory, design,

implementation, application, and efficiency. The discipline emerged in the

1950s from the development of computability theory and the invention of the

stored-program electronic computer. The roots of computer science extend not

unsurprisingly deep into mathematics and engineering. Mathematics imparts

analysis to the field; engineering imparts design. The main branches of

computer science are the following:

Algorithms refer to the study of effective and efficient procedures of

solving problems on a computer. (There is nothing invalid or inadequate

about computers).

Theory of computation concerns the meaning and complexity of

algorithms and the limits of what can be computed in principle.

Computer architecture concerns the structure and functionality of

computers and their implementation in terms of electronic technologies.

Software system is the study of the structure and implementation of

large programs. It includes the study of programming languages and

paradigms, programming environments, compilers, and operating

systems.

Artificial intelligence concerns the computational understanding of what

is commonly called intelligent behavior and the creation of artifacts that

exhibit such behavior.

Other important topics in computer science include computer graphics,

databases, networks and protocols, numerical methods, operating

systems, parallel computing, simulation and modeling, and software

engineering.

37

What is computer engineering?

Computer engineering (CEN) is the design and prototyping of computing

devices and systems. While sharing much history and many areas of interest

with computer science, computer engineering concentrates its effort on the

ways in which computing ideas are mapped into working physical systems.

Emerging equally from the disciplines of computer science and electrical

engineering, computer engineering rests on the intellectual foundations of

these disciplines, the basic physical sciences and mathematics. The main

branches of computer engineering are the following:

Network is concerned with design and implementation of distributed

computing environments, from local area networks to the World Wide Web.

Multimedia computing is the blending of data from text, speech, music, still

image, video and other sources into a coherent datastream, and its

effective management, coding-decoding and display.

VLSI systems involve the tools, properties and design of micro-

miniaturized electronic devices (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits).

Reliable computing and advanced architectures considers how fault-

tolerance can be built into hardware and software, methods for parallel

computing, optical computing, and testing.

Other important topics in computer engineering include display engineering,

image and speech processing, pattern recognition, robotics, sensors and

computer perception.

Meaning Stem Word Prefix Suffix

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

38

El SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE tiene solamente dos formas: La base (BASE) y la forma con s (-S FORM)

BASE occurs with all persons EXAMPLES: (I, you, we, they) except third Most planets HAVE satellites.

person singular. Satellites REVOLVE around the planets. Mercury and Venus CLASSIFY as inner Planets.

-S FORM occurs only with third Mars HAS two satellites.

person singular (he, she, it) The moon REVOLVES around the earth. Jupiter CLASSIFIES as an outerplanet.

En ESP, el SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE se usa para expresar GENERALIZACIONES: hiptesis, leyes, ideas centrales y hechos

que los corroboran.

Examples:

Exercise 10.1. In the following texts, identify all the BASE and S FORMS. 4

A. Well, what matters to me is a high salary, long holidays and

helpful colleagues. I only have two of these in my present job!

4 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited,

2004, p14.

HYPOTHESIS A cloud of comets CIRCLES the sun at a distance of more

than one light-year.

PRINCIPLE Every object REMAINS at rest or MOVES at a constant speed

in a straight line unless made to change because of some

outside push or pull. (Newtons principle of inertia).

CORE IDEA and All objects in the universe EXERT a force of attraction upon

each other. This force is called gravitation.

SUPPORTING FACTS Gravitation KEEPS the stars in their courses and the planets

in their orbits. It also KEEPS people and common objects

anchored to the surface of the earth

Lesson Ten (10) The Present Simple

39

B. Bill wants to be a salesman, so whats important for him is a company car, a mobile phone, and a laptop computer of his own.

C. Janet expects a friendly boss, travel opportunities, oh, and a large office.

D. I need fast promotion, flexible hours, and some sports

facilities, because I play tennis and football.

Exercise 10.2. (A) What do people want from work? Read the texts again and make three compound nouns they use from the words in each box.

1. high colleagues

long salary

helpful holidays

2. Friendly office

Travel opportunities

Large boss

3. company phone

Mobile computer

Laptop car

4. fast facilities

Flexible promotion

Sports hours

(B) Match some compound words from exercise A to their meanings 1 to 6.

1. a lot of money high salary

2. a lot of time away from work..................................................................

3. good people to work with.......................................................................

4. the chance to go to different places on business .......................................

5. move quickly to a higher position at work................................................

6. you can change the times when you start and finish work...........................

(C) What are your job expectations? Write a short paragraph.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

40

Exercise 10.3. A day in the life of Bill Gates5

The average day in the life of Bill Gates consists of attending meetings and reading e-

mail. He has three monitors in his office that contain his inbox, the current e-mail he is

reading, and a browser, respectively. Gates receives about 100 e-mails per day that he

reads, but his personal assistant filters out many unknown e-mails. For a man that

runs one of the most powerful companies in the world, that may not be as many as

you would have thought. Nevertheless, he still runs into information overload.

Staying focused is one issue; that's the problem of information overload. The other

problem is information underload. Being flooded with information doesn't mean we

have the right information or that we're in touch with the right people.

What is a man to do when there is more news than there is time? If that man is Bill

Gates, he turns to SharePoint.

SharePoint puts me in touch with lots of people deep in the organization. It's like

having a super-website that lets many people edit and discussfar more than the

standard practice of sending e-mails with enclosures. And it notifies you if anything

comes up in an area you're interested in.

When the day has come and gone, Gates puts the kids to bed, and, get this, he reads

his e-mail! There's no better way to relax than by reading e-mails that may have

slipped past you during the day, right?

Now that you have an idea of how Microsoft's head honcho lives out his day, do you

feel that you can relate? I do. Like a lot of us, his day is filled with meetings and

technology. That's just the way the IT industry works whether you are providing tech

support or managing a multi-billion dollar company.

(A) Now answer the questions about Bill Gates life.

1. How many e-mails does Bill Gates receive everyday?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Does he read all of them?

_______________________________________________________________

5 1one Microsoft way < http://arstechnica.com/journals/microsoft.ars/2006/4/4/3461 > [Consulta, Enero de

2009]

41

3. Who cleans his infobox?

_______________________________________________________________

4. How does he solve his problem of not having time for everything?

_______________________________________________________________

5. How many monitors does he have in his office and for what purpose?

_______________________________________________________________

6. Does the author think of Bill Gates as a normal person? Why?

_______________________________________________________________

7. What company does Bill Gates own?

_______________________________________________________________

8. What do you think Bill Gates marital status is?

_______________________________________________________________

9. How much is Bill Gates company worth?

_______________________________________________________________

(B) Vocabulary. Match the columns. Relate the two columns according to their

meaning.

Words in the text New words

1. Be in touch A Direct an enterprise

2. Transfer information B Big boss

3. Run a company C Download data

4. Honcho D Be present at a reunion

5. Attend meetings E Be in contact

When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use frequency

adverbs. It is possible to use them when referring to the past, present or future:

The following list shows the most common adverbs of frequency, with the one that refers to things that happen most often at the top, and least often at the bottom:

Always

Usually

Frequently

Often

Sometimes

Occasionally

Rarely

Seldom

Grammar Focus: Frequency Adverbs

42

Hardly ever

Never

Facebook always keeps me in touch with friends and family around the globe.

(=every day)

I usually clear myr browsing history. (=happens most days) I frequently

surf the net. (=it's common)

I often browse the web. (=many times)

I sometimes pay cash. (=at particular occasions but not all the time)

I occasionally change my passcode. (=not happening often or regularly)

I rarely go on YouTube. (=it is not common)

I seldom have a chance to go to the theatre. (=almost never)

I hardly ever use my cell phone as a level to hang pictures. (=almost never)

I never lock my computer. (=not at any time or not on any occasion)

Adverbs of frequency can occupy different positions in the sentence. With most

verbs, the normal position is between the subject and the verb. With the verb "to be", the adverb normally comes after the verb:

Pedro occasionally downloads new information. She is often busy at work.

Exercise 10.4. According to the reading and based on the grammar focus

above decide how often Bill Gates does the following things.

1. Have lunch at home

_______________________________________________________

2. Attend school meetings

_______________________________________________________

3. Put his kids to bed

_______________________________________________________

4. Check his infobox

_______________________________________________________

5. Have money problems

_______________________________________________________

6. Depend on his personal assistant

_______________________________________________________

7. Turn to SharePoint

_______________________________________________________

43

Exercise 10.5. Read the following interviews and complete the table

below. Interview 1. (I. Interviewer/ R. Rosalinda)

I. What do you do when you get to work? R. I always check my e-mail. I. Where do you have lunch?

R. I usually have lunch at home because its close to my work. I. How often do you travel on business?

R. I go to Italy once a month to meet customers. I. Where do you come from? R. Well, I am from Bolivia, originally.

Interview 2. (I. Interviewer/ Is. Isabella)

I. What do you do when you get to work? Is I usually look in my diary. Then I have a coffee. I. Where do you have lunch?

Is. I often have a sandwich at my desk. I. How often do you travel on business?

Is. I never travel on business. I. Where do you come from?

Is. I was born in Italy, but we moved to Wales years ago.

Interview 3. (I. Interviewer/ S. Steven) I. What do you do when you get to work?

S. I always say hi to my colleagues. Then I check my e-mails. I. Where do you have lunch?

S. I usually have lunch in the cafeteria with my colleagues. I. How often do you travel on business? S. Twice a year I go to sales conferences in Europe and the U.S.

I. Where do you come from? S. Im Australian.

Rosalinda (Bolivia)

Isabella

(Italy) Steven

(Australia)

1. What do you do

when you get to

work?

2. Where do you

have lunch?

3. How often do you

travel on

business?

4. Who do you have

lunch with?

5. Where do you

come from?

44

In the simple present tense, negative and question forms are made using the

auxiliary verb "do".

Forming a negative

Negatives in the simple present are formed by adding don't or doesn't

before the simple form of the verb:

Subject

Auxiliary Example

I don't I don't sing

You don't You don't sing

He doesn't He doesn't sing

She doesn't She doesn't sing

It doesn't It doesn't sing

We don't We don't sing

They don't They don't sing

Exercise11.1. Our agency interviewed four people about the

biggest problems their companies are facing. Here are the answers:6

6 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited,

2004, p 24

Lesson Eleven (11) The Present Simple Negative

Only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) use DOESNT the rest use DONT

A

45

Match the answers in Exercise A with an appropiate heading. Use your dictionary. A) changes at work

B) space problems

C) money problems

D) difficult people

Find words in the replies which mean the following.

1. the money you pay regularly to use a building (reply 1) ____________

2. when a place is too full of people (reply 1) ___________

3. large, with a lot of space (reply 1) __________ 4. unhappy about something (reply 2) ___________ 5. someone who works well with other members of a group (reply 3)

________ 6. people you work with (reply 3) ___________ 7. a piece of paper showing how much you have to pay for something

(reply 4) ________ 8. amount of money coming into and going out of a company (reply 4)

______

9. documentation that provides information obtained through investigation (reply 3) ___________

10. A situation, matter, or person that presents perplexity or

difficulty(reply 4) ______

B

CB

We pay a lot of rent for an office floor in the city centre. There isnt enough room for all our staff. Everyone is

crowded into small offices. We really need a spacious office. We want to move outside the city centre a.s.a.p.

There are a lot of

modifications in our company

at the moment, and staff are

worried about losing their jobs.

They arent very happy. They

dont come to work on time

and often leave early One of our sales team is not a team player. He doesnt work well with colleagues.

He doesnt attend meetings. He never helps anyone, and

he doesnt send reports on time. He isnt very popular

Our biggest problem is that we spend too much money. We need to cut costs because we are having difficulties paying our bills. We have a problem with our

cash flow

2

4

1

3

46

Exercise 11.2.: Study the Case, and list the problems that the

companies involved are facing. (Use the Negative forms of the verbs)

DETROIT (AP) - February 4, 2008 -- A dispute between Chrysler LLC and parts supplier

Plastech Engineered Products Inc. forced Chrysler to shut down or cancel a shift at five

factories Monday, and the automaker said it could idle all 14 of its assembly factories. In its

lawsuit filed Friday, Chrysler claimed Plastech no longer can meet its production demands.

Plastech has 36 facilities and 7,600 employees in the United States and Canada and

supplies Chrysler with about 500 plastic interior, exterior and powertrain components for

nearly all of its vehicles, according to a lawsuit Chrysler filed Friday in U.S. Bankruptcy

Court in Detroit. Chrysler terminated its contracts with the Dearborn-based supplier on

Friday, before Plastech filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

Plastech's contracts with the automaker were worth about $200 million, Plastech

spokesman Kelvin Scott said. Plastech does about $1.3 billion in total business, he said.

Faced with stiff competition and a shrinking market, many suppliers are willing to take on

work if it means getting contracts, said Craig Fitzgerald, a partner in Plante & Moran's

Strategy and Global Services Group.

Fitzgerald said Monday. "Production values are declining; there is high debt, weak earnings

and cash flow, and difficulty in getting credit."

Although Chrysler has an inventory of vehicles made by the plants, it will not benefit from

any plant closures, said Aaron Bragman, an auto industry analyst for the consulting

company Global Insight. "When a plant is idle, you're not making any money. You've got

people standing around, so it's just a cost," he said.

The shutdowns are having a ripple effect as auto parts maker Dana Corp. canceled Monday

night's second-shift at its modules plant in Toledo. About 150 people work at the plant,

which supplies drivetrain parts for Chrysler's Toledo Jeep plant.

Chrysler employees will be notified of return-to-work schedules from plant officials or

through local media, the automaker said. Chrysler's work shutdown should last no more

than a week or two, Fitzgerald said.

"I think they will not have any problems filling the void," he said. "There is a lot of excess

capacity. Chrysler would do everything to get up and run."

CASE STUDY: DETROIT ... WE HAVE A PROBLEM

47

Adapted from a report made by Corey Williams Associated Press Writer on the Net.

Example: They dont benefit from plant closure.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

48

En ingls existe un grupo de verbos DEFECTIVOS (tambin llamados MODALES) muy usados en el lenguaje corriente con el significado de poder, deber, querer. Estos verbos no se conjugan en todos los tiempos y presentan algunas caractersticas especiales.

Son iguales para todas las personas

En las formas negativa e interrogativa se comportan como el verbo auxiliar be.

No llevan la s en la tercera persona del presente (he, she, it).

CAN significa poder, ser capaz de, saber (tener capacidad fsica o conocimiento suficiente para hacer algo). Se utiliza tanto para el afirmativo como para el interrogativo y SIN auxiliares:

CAN'T es la forma contrada o reducida de CANNOT (nunca se escribe separado):

Can I swim very well?

Yes, I can swim. No, I cannot swim.

You can swim.

Can you swim very well?

Yes, you can.

She can swim.

Can she swim very well?

Yes, she can.

Can he swim very well?

No, he can't. He can't swim.

Can we swim very well?

No, we can't. We can't swim.

Can you swim very well?

No, you can't. You can't swim

Can they swim very well?

No, they can't. They cannot swim.

Lesson Twelve (12) Can / Cant (cannot)

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Exercise 12.1 Choose the correct answer.

1. She cant ___________ Italian.

a. speak b. to speak c. speaking

2. ________ play chess?

a. Does he can b. Is he can c. Can he

3. We ________ go to the party.

a. dont can b. arent can c. cant

4. Can you help me? Sorry, I ___________

a. dont b. cant c. m cannot

5. __________ I see the doctor tomorrow, please?

a. Can b. Am c. Do

6. Can he swim? Yes, he _________

a. do b. can c. is

Exercise 12.2 Mix and Match the columns. Draw an arrow.

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/can/exercise1.swf

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Exercise 12.3 Decide whether the following uses of can refer to requests, offers or possibilities. http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/can/exercise2.swf

Exercise 12.4 Read the following passage in your own time. Use your dictionary to help you. Then answer the questions.

SCALES AND GRAPHS. 7

In engineering it is often necessary to describe quantities and relationships. We can give a pictorial representation of vector quantities by using vectors. Scalar quantities are simply described by giving their magnitude in a suitable unit of measurement. For example, we can describe the mass of a body as a quantity of grammes, the capacity of a container as a number of cubic metres and a period of time as so many seconds. We can also illustrate scalar quantities by points or divisions on a scale. Thus, a clock is a scale for measuring time and the clock hands indicate the passage of time. Similarly a metre stick is a scale for measuring length and a thermometer is a scale for

7GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9

th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991,

22p.

You can do it!

51

measuring heat.

Scales can also be used to make calculations. For example, engineers use slide-rules for quick multiplication and division. The slide-rule consists of two logarithmic scales.

When there is a relationship between two sets of observations, we can often express this as a mathematical formula. We can also use a graph. A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship. This is often more easily understood than a law. For example, if we make a graph to compare the safe working loads of steel ropes with the circumference of the ropes, it is easy to see how the safe working load varies with the circumference. In addition, we can use the graph as an information store, rather like a simple computer. In this way a graph can present at a glance the information contained in a law or a collection of tables.

A more complex kind of graph is the nomograph. This can show the relationship between more than two variables. A simple nomograph can consist of a number of scales arranged in a special shape. For example, three scales could be placed parallel to each other or in the form of the letter N, or even in curves. Such a nomograph is read by drawing a straight line to cut through all three scales. With a nomograph of this type an engineer could relate information on the horse-power of a motor, its speed, and the diameter of driving

shaft necessary to transmit the motors power.

More complex nomographs are made on special graph paper and may even be in three dimensions.

1. What is a vector used for ? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. How can we describe a scalar quantity ? _______________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. In what way is a thermometer a scale ? ________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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4. Name two uses of scales. ___________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

5. What is a slide-rule and what is it used for ? _____________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. Name two ways in which a relationship between two variables can be shown. __

________________________________________________________________

7. Describe the advantages of a graph. ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8. Give one difference between a graph and a nomograph. ___________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Exercise 12.5 Study the following graph and then explain all the variables.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

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El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se usa para describir acciones que

han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:

She cleaned her house.

I broke the window.

Observa que la estructura de la oracin es similar a la del Presente Simple:

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE

I worked Did I work ? I did not (didnt) work

You worked Did you work ? You did not (didnt) work

He worked Did he work ? He did not (didnt) work

She worked Did she work ? She did not (didnt) work

It worked Did it work ? It did not (didnt) work

We worked Did we work ? We did not (didnt) work

You worked Did you work ? You did not (didnt) work

They worked Did they work ? They did not (didnt) work

En las formas interrogativa y negativa se usa el auxiliar DID (que es la forma

pasada del verbo "DO") y el verbo principal va en su forma infinitiva. En las

negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contrada de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En

el cuadro superior se eligi el verbo work a modo de ejemplo.

Lesson Thirteen (13) Simple Past

54

Forming the simple past tense (with regular verbs)

With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED. However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here

are the rules:

Verbs ending in... How to make the

simple past Examples

e Add -D live - lived

date - dated

Consonant + y Change y to i, then

add -ED

try - tried

cry - cried

One vowel + one consonant (but NOT w or

y)

Double the consonant, then add -ED

tap - tapped commit -

committed

[anything else] Add -ED boil - boiled fill - filled

hand - handed

The three most important irregular verbs

The three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. BE is the most difficult, because its forms are different depending on the

subject:

Pronoun Verb

I was

You were

He / she / it was

We were

They were

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HAVE and DO are simpler:

Base form Past Tense

have had

do did

Other irregular verbs

Other irregular verbs fall into three main categories:

Category Examples

Verbs which don't change cut - cut hit - hit

fit - fit

Verbs which change their vowel

get - got

sit - sat drink - drank

Verbs which change completely catch - caught bring - brought

teach - taught

Exercise 13.1 Reading Comprehension.

Read and then do the exercises below.

A SPACE DISASTER8

The wife of an Israeli astronaut who perished in the Columbia space shuttle disaster today paid tribute to the crew of "angels" who died onboard.

Rona Ramon said she was consoled by the fact her husband Ilan had died chasing his dream and "with people he loved in a place that he loved".

8 http://www.miguelmllop.com/practice/intermediate/readingcomprehension/shuttle.pdf

A

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And she spoke of the comfort relatives of the Columbia crew gave each other.

"We are one big family," she said. "What unites us is the knowledge they really enjoyed being there and loved being with each other. They are all angels and

will remain that way. "The children are not saying much. They are trying to get used to the fact that he is no longer here." Rona revealed her last contact with Ilan was via email

moments before the shuttle prepared for landing. He also sent emails to former US President Bill Clinton and ex