english grammar complete guide
TRANSCRIPT
ARTICLESDEFINITE ARTICLE The
INDEFINITE ARTICLE A/An
● The (SINGULAR AND PLURAL)a) When a singular noun (animal or
thing)stands for a whole class
Eg: The tree is known by its fruit
NOTE 1) When you want to use a plural noun i.e ‘trees’ instead of ‘tree’,then you should avoid the article ‘the’-trees are man’s best friends.
NOTE 2) “The” is never used before ‘Man’ and ‘woman’ when these words represent the whole class.
Eg:Man is the most intelligent of all living ceatures
b)To denote a particular person ,thing or one already mentioned.
Eg: I forgot the name of that fair haired girl
c) With superlatives:
Eg: This is the best biryani that i ever tasted
d) When we refer to classical books of scriptures
eg:The Gita.
e) When referring to names of newspaper or periodicals.
eg:The Reader’s Digest.
f) When referring to the names of rivers,canals,
Oceans,seas,gulfs,mountains,peaks,hills,glaciersbays,groups of islands,straits,ocean currents,sea channels etc.
Eg: The Ganga, The Himalayas.
g) When referring to the various geographical imaginary lines.
eg:The Tropic of cancer ,The equator.
h) Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an adjective.Eg: The great Amitabh bachchan
I) Before nouns that are unique
eg: The sun, The Earth etc.
j) When emphasis is needed to be given to a noun.
Eg: Rohan is the man of the match
k) Before comparatives as an adverbeg:The more one’s effort the greater his success will be.
l) With ordinals:
Eg: The fifth chapter of this book is very boring.
m) With names of musical instruments
Eg: The guitar,the mouth organ,the trumpet.
“A” (SINGULAR)
a) Before a word beginning with a consonant to denote one number.
Eg: a table,a rupee note etc.
b) Before a word starting with a vowel having a consonantal sound to it.
Eg: a unit,a useful article,a university etc.
“An“ (singular)a) Before a word beginning with a vowel
i.e a.e.i.o.u;
Eg: an eye ,an aeroplane etc.
b) Before a word beginning with a vowel sound even though it is starting with a consonant
Eg: an hotel,an hour,an historical monument.
Note: With the words hotel and historical ‘a’ is also used though the more correct form to use is ‘an’.
Omission of the articlesa) Before the two common nouns ‘man’ and ‘woman’
when these nouns are used to represent mnkind or womankind as a whole eg: Man is not immortal
b) Before a proper noun: Eg: Mumbai is the commercial capital of India
c) When used before common nouns taken in their
Widest sense.
Eg:What kind of bird is this?
d) Before Abstract nouns:
Eg: Silence is golden
e) Before material nouns:
Eg: Gold is the king of metals.
f) Before titles preceding proper nouns:
Eg: Grand Canyon
g) Before languages: Eg: We speak Hindi at home.
h) In many phrases in which a Transitive verb is followed by its object.
Eg: To setfoot,to send word ,to give ear,to pay attention etc.
i) Before names of relations,like sister ,brother etc.
Eg: sister leaves for mumbai tonight.
‘The’ is used to be used before the superlative degree.
‘The’ is used for what has already been mentioned
‘The’ is used before races eg: The Aryans.
Exercise:
1) The Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganges.
2) Most children remain in school of the ages of six and sixteen (preposition).
3) He saw a star shooting down towards the earth.
4) The rich must always help the poor
Degrees
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
KEYWORDS:
Positive degree: Comparative degree:
1) As-as 1) er-than
2) So-as 2) -
Superlative degree :
1) the_est
Regular forms
Tall-taller-tallest
Small-smaller-smallest
Y=i1) Easy-easier-easiest
2) heavy-heavier-heaviest
Double + er
Thin thinner thinnest
Hot hotter hottest
Fat fatter fattest
Irregular forms:
Good better best
Bad worse worst
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Type 1:
(Comparison between two people or objects)
Here only two people or two things are compared therefore only two degrees are required
I.e positive and comparative
There is no need to change into superlative degree.
Type 2:
Superlative -the best
Comparative-better than any other
Positive-no other as good as
Type 3:
Superlative- one of the best.
Comparative- better than many(or most) other
Positive- very few as good as
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative degree
1 ) As-as not er-than X
2)Not as-as er-than X
3)No other as-as er-than any other the est
4)Very few as-as er than many one of the est
/most other
Eg 1: Virat is as tall as Sachin-Positive
Sachin is not taller than Virat- Comparative
Superlative : X
Eg 2: Kashmira is not as fat as Rohini- Positive
Rohini is fatter than kashmira- Comparative
Superlative: X
Eg 3: Sachin is a best batsman -Positive
Sachin is better than any other batsman-Comparative
No other batsman is as good as Sachin.
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word which is placed before a noun or a pronoun and many indicate different things:
Prepositions denoting place: in,at,on,into,among,against,before,behind,below,
between,beside,from,near,over,through,towards,under
up,within ,without,upon.
Prepositions denoting time: on,by,in,during,after,from,at,before,behind,for,under,
Since,throughout,till,to until,with,within,upto.
Prepositions denoting possession: of ,with.
Phrase prepositions:
Are made up of more than one word
Eg: according to,fond of,in order to,because of,instead of,on account of,in comparison to,owing to,in lieu of etc.
Between: is used when two person is there
Among: is used when more then two person is there
Upon:when there is any activity on the table.
RULES:
1) Interchange the position of subject and the receiver object.
2) Add verb ‘tobe’ in the tense of the Active verb
3) Add the past participle of the Active verb(in some cases it may already be present in the active sentence)
Active and passive voice
4) Add the preposition(Mostly by)
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
I me
She her
He him
They them
Active voice Passive voice
We us
Who whom
You you
It it
Tense Active voice Passive voice
Simple present
s+v1(or)s-es form+o+c
o+is/am/are+v3+by+s+c
Simple past s+v2+o+c o+was/were+v3+by+s+c
Simple future s+modal+v1+o+c o+modal+be+v3+by+s+c
Present continuous
s+is/am/are+v1+ing+o+c
o+is/am/are+being+v3+by+s+c
Past continuous
s+was/were+v1+ing+o+c
o+was/were+ being+v3+by+s+c
Present perfect
s+has/have+v3+o+c
o+has/have+been+v3+by+s+c
Past continuous
s+was/were+v1+ing+o+c
o+was/were+being+v3+by+s+c
Present perfect
s+has/have+v3+o+c
o+has/have+ been+v3+by+s+c
Past perfect s+had+v3+o+c o+had +been+v3+by+s+c
Future perfect
s+modal+have+v3+o+c
O+modal+have been+v3+by+s+c
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE We go We went We shall go
CONTINUOUS We are going
We were going
We shall be going
PERFECT We have gone
We had gone
We will have gone
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We have been going
We had been going
We will have been going
Degrees
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
keywords:
Positive degree: Comparative degree:
1) As-as 1) er-than
2) So-as 2) -
Superlative degree:
Superlative degree:1) The-est
Regular forms:
1) Tall-taller-tallest.2)Small smaller smallest.
● Y=i
Easy-easier easiest
heavy-heavier-heaviest
Double + er
Thin thinner thinnest
Hot hotter hottest
Fat fatter fattest
Irregular forms:
Good better best
Bad worse worst
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Type 1:(comparison between two people or objects)
Here only two people or two things are compared therefore only two degrees are required
I.e positive and comparative
There is no need to change into superlative degree.
Type 2:
Superlative -the best
Comparative -better than any other
Positive- no other as good as
Type 3:
Superlative degree - one of the best
Comparative degree - better than many (or most)other
Positive degree - very few as good as
Positive Comparative Superlative Degree Degree DegreeAs-as not er-than x
No other as-as er-than x
No other as-as er-than any other the est
Very few as-as er-than many/ one of the est
/most other
Present
A) Simple present
Eg: He goes to school.
Interrogative
Eg: Doesn’t he goes to school.
SIMPLE PRESENT
1) In this tense ‘the verb’ is also in present form
2) If the subject is of singular nos then ‘es’ or ‘s’ is added to the verb.
3) If the subject is of plural nos the verb remain as it is
Eg : they write letters.
4) if the sentence is neg or interrogative ’does ’ with singular no.subject and ‘do’ with plural no.subject.
5) if the sent is in passive voice from then ‘is’ or ’are’ are used as ‘to be’ form of the helping verb & the main verb is used in it’s third form ‘past participle’.
Q.where to use this tense
1.Indicate habit.
2.Indicate routine.
Clause Analysis
A complex sentence is made up to main clause and a subordinate clause.
Noun clause: what ? (ask)
Type example explanation
1) subject of where he hid his The subordinate
the verb money is a noun clause comes
mystery before the verb in
the main clause
Type Example Explanation 2) object of do you know why The subordinate
the verb the animals look noun clause
sad ? comes after the
verb in the main
clause
Type Example Explanation
3) object of an The child tried to The subordinate
Infinitive explain what he noun clause comes
saw after an infinitive
in the main clause
Type Example Explanation
4) object of a it all depends The subordinate preposition how you speak noun clause comes after a preposition in the main clause
Type Example Explanation
5) Complement A man can The subordinate
of a verb become what clause noun
he thinks completes the
meaning of a verb of
Incomplete prediction
Type Example Explanation
6)
In apposition It is certain that The meaning of
to a noun or you will succeed a noun or
a pronoun pronoun in
Type Explain Explanation
main clause is
expressed by
the subordinate
noun clause.
Eg: 1) They agreed that one of them would work
Ans: They agreed: Main clause
that one of them would work- Subordinate
Noun clause object of the verb ’agreed’ in
the main clause.
Adjective clause :
It qualifies a noun or a pronoun in main clause
ask : which or who to the main clause
Q:1) One of the places that i visited was the Buddhist temple
One of the places was the Buddhist temple -Main clause
That i visited -subordinate adjective clause qualifying the noun ‘places’ in the main clause
ANSWER
Adverb clause:
It modify a verb,an adjective or another adverb.
Three types of adverb clause can be identified by asking questions whereas the rest can be identified with the help of subordinators.
Ask: when ,where ,how?
Type QTS Subordinator Examples
Time when when,whenever, she left
while,till,until, after she
after,before, had given
since her vote
Type QTS Subordinators Examples
Place where where,wherever He makes
friends
whereever
he goes
Type QTS Subordinators Examples
Manner how as,asif It happened
as I told to
You
Type QTS Subordinators Examples
Reason Sub as,since,because since you say
so, I must
believe it.
Type QTS Subordinators Example
Purpose Sub so that,such that, we eat so that
In order that we may live
Type QTS Subordinators Example
Contrast Sub though,although This would be
even though, a good place
evenif to come to
Type QTS Subordinators Example
relax,though
when the
weather
warmed
Type QTS Subordinators Example
Condition Sub if,unless,whether If I make a
promise,
I keep it.
Type QTS Subordinators Example
Result Sub so...that,such...that He was so
(so,such_main clause happy
that-sub clause) (that he
jumped
with joy.
Type QTS Subordinators Example
Comparison Sub as….as,so...as , He is not
than(first as, so rich(as
so-main clause he
as,than-sub clause) appears)
NOTE
The 1st seven types modify verb in main clause
The 8th type modifies the adverb in main clause
The 9th type modifies the adjective or adverb in main clause.
Transformation of sentences Types of transformation
1. Interchanging affirmative to Negative sentences.
2. Interchanging exclamatory to assertive sentences.
3. Interchanging interrogative to assertive sentences.
4. Remove ‘too’.
5. Use ‘Not only….but also’.
6.Use ‘No sooner…..than’/As soon as
7.Remove ‘If /unless’.
8.Use ‘Question tag’.
Q.1 Interchanging affirmative to negative sentence & vice versa
Negative Affirmative
1. Nothing except / only
nothing but / None
Negative Affirmative
2. not allowed to/not prohibited from/
more than forbidden from…..ing.
3. could not + verb failed to + verb
4. Negative adjective opposite adjective
Negative Affirmative
5. Not only…..but also As well as /both… and...
6. not many few/hardly
7. not often rarely/seldom
8. never always
Negative Affirmative
9. no one everyone
10. neither -nor both...as…./as well as
11. positive degree of The comparative & super-
comparison is very lative degree is generally
affirmative
Negative Affirmative
So….that + negation too...to+affirmation
nowhere anywhere
If + negation unless + affirmative
No sooner….than as soon as
Negative Affirmative
Couldn’t unable
do ,does,did refused,hardly
Little much
Q.2 Interchanging exclamatory to assertivesentences and vice versa
There are only two types of exclamatory sentences
1.How…..!
2.What a…..!
3. How is used for pronoun(He,She)
what is used for nouns or a/an is used
Q.3 To convert exclamatory sentences to assertive sentences we use indeed, really,truly,extremely.
4.The assertive sentence ends with fullstop while exclamatory sentences ends with (!)
Q.4 Remove ‘too‘
1.Too = also /not only…..but also/as well as/both… and….
2.Too= very/extremely.
3.Too-to + negation=so that + affirmative
Q.5 Remove ‘If/unless’
Q.6 Use ’not only-but also’
Q.7 Use ‘no sooner-than’/As soon as
Q.8 Question tag
Statement ,Auxiliary verb + subject pronoun + ?
RULES:
1. Statement is affirmative then Question tag is negative
2. Statement is negative then Question tag is opposite(affirmative)
3. If the sent contains an auxiliary verb,use the same to form a Question tag.
4. If the sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb,use do/does/did to form a Question tag.To the above sentences do not contain an auxiliary verb so we do/does/did.
If the verb in the sentence is a form of ‘to be’ use the same verb as an auxiliary to form the question tag.
Imperative sentences
Eg: If it is an order the question tag is ’will you ? ’
If it is an a request the question tag is
‘won’t you’?
Some peculiar types:
Eg: I am angry, aren’t I ?
Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
There were many people on the road ,weren’t there?
Everybody has learnt the lesson ,haven’t they?
Modal Auxiliaries
Two types of auxiliary verbs:
a) Primary Auxiliary and
b) Modal Auxiliary
Three types of primary auxiliary verbs:
1) to be: am,is,are,was,were.
2) to do: do,does,did.
3) to have: have,has,had
Functions of modal auxiliaries :
Can
Ability,permission
Polite request Permission
Suggestion
Past tense of can
Past ability
Could
●May
Possibility
Permission
Prayer,Wish or Curse
Offer help
●Might
Past tense of May
Remote possibility
●Will
Future tense Determination/willingness,
Polite request certainity.
Order
Invitation
●Would
Past tense of will
Polite request
Action in past
Shall Should Will
Threat Past tense of shall certainity
Prohibition Obligation
suggestion Probability
Suggestion
Condition
Must Ought to Used to Need
Obligation Obligation Past habit Necessity
Guess Probability Existence of
Compulsion something
in past
●Dare
Courage
Challenge
Question Formation
Interrogative word Denotes
Where Place
When time
Who subject
Interrogative word Denotes
Whom (Person)direct object
What (Thing)subordinate object
Whose Possession
Why Reason
Interrogative word Denotes
How Manner
How much Quantity
How many numbers
Which Specific things
Eg:1) Mini turned off the T.V ?
Ans: Who turned off the T.V ?
2) The end of school was a momentous occasion
Ans: what was a momentous occasion?
Figures of Speech
1. Simile : direct comparison
Words: so,as or like
2. Metaphor : indirect comparison
Words: as,so,like are not used
Antithesis: Words with opposite meaning
Alliteration: Sound of initial letters is repeat
Inversion : order of sent is changed
Personification: giving human quality
Repetition : words are repeated
Interrogation: A question is asked
Euphemism: A harsh fact is stated in a mild way
Climax : words are arranged in ascending order
Synecdoche: It could denote part for the whole for
the part used to signify a part of
something
Eg: The whole world is used to signify people
Apostrophe: direct address to something non-living
or dead
Paradox: opposite or contrasting ideas
Exclamation: where exclamation is used
Hyperbole: exaggerated statement
Transferred Epithet: adjective is transferred to
other word
Tautology: use of unnecessary words to express
the same idea
Onomatopoeia: sound or echo
Pun: play upon words
Simple, Compound and Complex
Making simple sentences :
Simple sentence contains 1 subject + 1 finite verb
You may have to change from compound to simple or complex to simple or synthesize two or
In all above cases the question will contain more
than one finite verb and your task while making a
simple sentence is to retain one finite verb.
more sentence into one single simple sentence.
The question you face is ‘what can i do about the other Finite verb ? ’
Well,the other Finite verb can be deleted if it repeat or the following option can use:
Non finite verb like participle(ing),gerund or infinitive (To +V) or other forms of verb like Noun,adjective,adverb.
● By using participle
ing form or past participle ‘en ,ed ,t’
By using infinitive:( To + verb )
By using preposition with gerund or noun gerund -ing preceeds by preposition
By using noun or phrase in apposition
By using adjective
By using adverb or adverbial phrase.
Making Compound sentence
A Compound sentence is made of two or more co-ordinate clause, joined by coordinator
By using cumulative coordinators:
Ideas are similar : and,both...and,as well as,not only...but also,not as well as
By using adversative coordinators:
Ideas are opposite : but,yet,however,still.
By using alternative coordinators:
Choice : or,either/or,neither/nor.
By using illative coordinators :
Cause,reason,effect relation,so,for,therefore
Making simple to compound:
One part of the simple sentence ,which sounds
as a complete sentence should be retained as
one coordinate clause.
The other part which could be a phrase or a word should be made into a clause by adding a subject and a verb.
Both should be joined by using a suitable coordinator.
Making complex to compound:
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses,which starts with a subordinator
The main clause should be retained as one coordinate clause.
The subordinate clause should be changed to a coordinate clause by removing the subordinator.
Both should be joined by using an appropriate
coordinator
Making complex sentence:
Made up of one main clause and one or more subordinate clause starts with subordinator
Subordinators
Who,whoever,which,whichever,what,whatever,
When,whenever,where,wherever,why,while,
Whether,if,so….that,since,how,as,after,although,
before,such that,because,unless.
Making simple to complex:
One part of simple sentence, which sounds as complete sentence should be retained as Main clause
The other part which could be a phrase or a word should be made into a subordinate clause by adding a subject or a verb.
Making compound to complex:
A Compound sentence has two coordinate clause join with a coordinator.
One of the coordinate clause should be named as main clause.
The other clause should be changed into a subordinate clause by adding a subordinator.
The coordinator should be removed.
Basic Grammar
A verb tells about a person in state of:
Doing, being, possession
Verbs can be classified into:
Transitive : passes over from subject to object
(action)
Intransitive: does not passes over from subject
to object
Finite verb: Action + tense
Non finite verb : Action but X tense
Types of non-finite verb:
1. Praticiple:
Present participle: verb+ing
Past participle: ed/en/t/nt/n…...
Collocation
2. Gerund: verb + ing
3. Infinitive: to + verb Eg: concrete jungle
Strong tea
Determiners
Definite: This ,may, the etc
Indefinite: Many,some,few ,much
Negative: No
Word formation
Noun form :
Adding ance, al, ty,ment,sion,tion,ence
answer should be a abstract noun
Eg: accept: acceptance
Inspire: inspiration
Adjective form: Hint:to be
Adding to a noun: al,ous,ve,ate,ful,ic,able,ly,y,ent,
arcy,ory,ant.
Verb form: verb governed by subject
HINT : to
Adverb form: adverb modifies a verb add ’ly’
Eg: glamour : glamourly
homophones:
Sea:see
be:bee