english for science im

8/6/2019 English for Science IM

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INSTRUCTOR'SMANUALEnglish or Science


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Muuucmepcm8omoa o6pa3o8aguemo Eay-kama npenolvbq8amosuy.re6uuk3a yqeduqumeom auMga3uumebc3acu,teuo ey,ra8aue a aua-,{ulcku uk, c MameMarnu,reckunpupogo-Ma-meMamu,reckupolDu,!Vqe6Huktmqe nognoMo?HecneuiHomoc-BorBaue samepMuHoloaurma o6,racmma anpupogo-MameMamuqecKumeayklt.


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INSTRUCTOR'SMANUAL

EnglishForScienceFRANZIMMERMAN

l; , / l . l i

- + 4 F

--1E#=EPrentice all Regents,nglewood liffs,NewJersey 7632


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=O 1989 by PRf,NTICE-EALL, INC.ADivision of Si or & schlstcrE glewoodCliffs,N.J.07632

English or Scienceby Frnr ZinnncrltnrnOriginalAnrcricanEditjor Publishcd y Prcnlicc-Hall,nc.,EnglcwoodCIilfs,Ncw Jcrscy,U.S.A.CopyrighlO 1989by PrcnticeHall, Inc.All righls cscrvcd.'Ihis edilion s authorizcdorsalconly n BulgariaISBN0-13-0r4572-6

This edition s publishcdn Bulgaria yTheOpenSociety und-Sofia, 992Solia1463, OB114, Bulgaria q.,\DK ol l ice Bldg.. lrhFl .ISBN 954-520-009-X


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A ' b w s r N ( J . 79xclure . . .Chaptcr Comparing: heElementsAruwcrKey .Lccture . . .Chapter3 Cause ndEfiect Colo.,Light, andSoudAnswcrKey .kcturc .Chaplcr Hypothcsizing: otionandOnvityANwcr Key .

Lecturc . .chaptcr5 Defining:EnetgyA r s w c r K e y , . . . . . . . . . . 2 0L e c t u r e . , . . . . . . . . 2 3Chapter Exemplifying:HcntA N w e r K c y . . , . . . . . . . . 2 4L e c t u r e , . . . . . . . . . . 2 6Chflptcr'7 GivingEvidel|cer oking,Dfugs,ard Alcoholt u E w c r K c y , . , . . . . . . . 2 7

L e c l u r c . . . . . , . . . 3 0Chl|plcr Expcrine tingrElcctricityandMngnetisnr

TABLE OI CONTENTS

Chaptcr Classifying: le ConrpositionfMatter

Lc(ture , .Cbapier Calculaling: iquidsandCascs

Lecture . .chaplcr 0 Reporting: hc Originof Life

L(clure

1 113t4161',718

32

35373t )

chapter 1 Dcscribing: beUnivcrscA n s w c r c y . . . . . . . 4 1L c c t l r e . . . . . . . . 4 3chapter12 Predicting: heWeatherA n s w e r K e y . . . , . . . . . . . 4 5L e c t u f e . . . , . , . . . 4 ' 7


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CHAPTER1ANSWERKEYldent i ry ingGencraland SPccl f lc dc l ' sI LonDcr ead.nrc(urv. s i l !cr : nonfcrrous"ubslance.2. !!q; !.!b.v: cnnrnnsds: sids.bars!.$!5 rncrr l]sgidcs.1 . deer ma mal; :cjo-n: pnon;rc. , : ;nrnond.rnonhous

b. Rocksi Isncous, )rclinr'rph'c. s!!!!!!!!!l!!L7. Colfee. te.. oaint: colluids8. e!4, v99g' 4; 1!9.be. Sa]ts:irrorea,riaomDoundsro.--n""r"1"-"-id",a*try!!s!rql!!a!!,4p:tllbi!-ir gTra.slorr lng In lbrmar ion

\ .,//**a

\ solda un in iu)pPer gcrnra uor

si l imr

CoD:plat lng.ntanccsAnswars l l l vary)l. catcgorics 5. groupcd, lassilicalions2. dividcd,cl scs 6. clnssi l icd3. typ 'T c tego(izcd4. classcd 8. kind

ChonSlng ct lvcVolco o Passivc olco1. Sulfurs cxtmctcdroNvolcaric ock.2. Theelcctricbatlcrywas Dvcnted y Luigi Galva i l?86.3. Thc ANcricanspiceshutlleprogramwrs lerrporarily usperdedltcr heaccidcntr 1986.4. TbePara a canalwas ompletedn 19145. Manypcoplewerekillcd by thc 1986oanhquakcn McxicoCily.6. Nitrogen anbe erlmclcd mln theair by liqucfication.?. Bnctcrias destfoyed y thcwhitecorp!sclcsn thc blood8 Thc crateNon lhemoonwcrcProbnbly auscd y meleors9. Sirrple,one"celled lanlsandanimals rcsonrctimcslassifiedogetbcr'1O Artificial inlelligcnccluy be dcfiredas hecapacity fa conrPutcro initatebuIIlar easoning.


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Using hePasslve olce1. ale expelled 5. is manufactured2. wcrecalculated 6. is called, reneeded3. wasdiscovercd 7. is controlled4. wasproduced 8. wasproposed

vocabulary n Context readlng kl l ls)1 . a 1 . b2 . a 8 . a3 . ^ 9 . 44 . b 1 0 .b5 . a 1 1 . b6 . a 1 2 .a

UndcrstrndlnghcRcadlngAnswers l l lvrry)1. Atonlsareevensnlallcrhrn molccules.2. TIreconcept flhe alomoriginatedDancicntGrcece.3. In ancicntGreece,mnry fioplc bclicvcd n Aristollo's hcory hatnmlter scon'poscd f lburclcmcrts.4. During hc Mjddlc Agcs,lhcatomic hcorywascollsidcrcdoo abstl"ctandwasrejectcd,5. Joln Daltonhougblhatalo s wcrc ol id.6. Thc sizeof thc nuclusnsidcannlo|lr s cornpnrnblc0 hcsizc ofan ant on afootball f icld,7. Aloms onsisl ai y ol spacc i tba dcnscly ackcd uolcus.8. Nculrons avcno clcclricchnrgc.9. E"1cho isrculnlbccl luschcnumtlcrof i ts rotonscqualsthcun$crof i ls

10. Nicls Bohrproposcd modclof thc ator wilh thc clcclrolrscvolvingarouDd11. Elcclmnsarc kcpl n tlcir paths y the orcotattraclio belwcen hcprotonsand lreelectros.12. Theaton cnu rbcrofan ole[rcnt s he nun$cr of electrons.13. A.l lbcaloms l rn clcrn(nl c hc arnc.14. Thcatorns feach lenent rc niquc.15. Thchydrcgen lom s tirc mostconmlon lonl n theunjversc.Vocabullry n Contcxt Ustrdlngkl l l t

l a 6 . b 1 0 .b2 . a 7 . b 1 1 .a3 . a 8 . a l 2 . a4 . b 9 . b 1 3 .a


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Using our Noteso ChssifY1 . M2 . C1 . 85 . C6 . M

7 . M8 . E9 , C

10. E11 -Ct2. E

LECTURE:The Che|l l istry of M:rt te

Wc rcndendicr h this chapler hat nrnllcrnHy lt chssilicd accordnrg o ts Plysic'lslateas solid,liquid, or grs. Bu( ltere is aDolhcrway o chssify mattct Scicrrlisls lassilyruallero th0 basisol chcrricr coml)osilnm s clcr cnls, on\Durrdi, nnd rlrixturcs.ElcNc'rls are thc lxrsic sutrslanccsh (rrr ot lf, dcconTlNcd or brckor down intosim crsrlxtaflccs by oIdinflryclrc' j.nl nrc l|!. WIut rre lhcst balic suh\trrr.cs?Sonrc f l lc c r l jcr Greckfh ibsophc^ , ;nc lud i t rg r i l lo l lc , bc l ievcd ' .1 hc aurhrs icc lcmcnLshr l a l l th ings.rc ) r idc l r rc ca l , f i rc,a i r , nd walcr .But l 'csc t rctc ' r lCrceks wcrc philosophc$, trol scicnlisls, rtrd rs suth lhcy sF(ul.lcd bul did nolcxpcriNcnl. Durirg the Middlc Agcs, thc alclcn)istssccrcllycxl)crir[.Dlcdwilh nrctrrlsF i l l l I Iy n thc 18lhccntury,hccrr ly chcnr is ls isprovcdhc hcoryoi t l rc ( ) r | r lcor .nlswhc tlrcy dclcnrriucd tltrl walcr wns .onrNscd ol ltydnrgcn atrd oxygcn, I'rd air$nposcd ot nilrcgc and oxygcr All(r tlat, rrn,ry )lhc. srlNlarrccswcrc dclcnrrirrcd oh clctnerls, rnd tlicy wcrc cllcgorizcd ns nrclrls nd nonnthls Mclxls nrcludccoPlrcr,s i lvcr ,go ld ,rc l l , l ]ndcld.Nonnr i r ls t rc ludcsol ids,such: rsca)n.ndsul l i r r , d grscs 'su(hd oxygcq hydrogcD, l rogcqandhcl iu t r r -Thc is to lc lcncn lsgrcw tnd cictr l is lsookcd i ) r . p l t lcm nordc. o undcrslrndl r i rbcbavior. ir 1869, tlc Russi.D .lrcnrisl Dnrilri Me dclccv olgtni^d rll lhc kuowtrctcnrc is, accordhgto llcirwcights !nd Propcrtics,nlo. lrblc ()llcd lhc pcrtudichblc oltlrc clcnrcnts.To d.lc,92 Mturil clcnrcnrshrvc brcrr iderrlilic,d. cvcnl othcN, snfh Ilsplubniu'r, luvc bccr p.oduccdadilici.lly. Mtny ol llrcsc arc cxl|el]lcly nru' ON of lhein lcrcstn lg facrsls . icnce s h Lalnros l r l lmr l ter_ ioc lud ingthcscas,Pcoplc ,p lau is ,thceanh- is crcaled ron).bout 20 couuno clcntcnrs.I{ost conuou sul.slanccs rc nol cletrlerrls, ul corrlDu ds ofclcDcnls. AconrPouftlis i subslincc th.t is ndc up ol h'r'o or tuorc clcntnts lLat cinnol be scPafllcd bymechanicDtans.Forcxample, a lcrcnnonlyt scpinlcd r r to yclrcErrandxvgc tryrpmcess known as elcctrolysis.Srll, sugar al.!hol. beuzctre, nd snlfuric acid rc othcrexanrflcs of corDpounds. nch compoundh.s Dole lhar onc lype ofalorr within eachmolcculc,dnd a comFmd lus ch mctcristicshrt are dislirr!:l iom lhe chrr.clcristicsofib consiitucnLs. or exanrflc, whcn lwo atotnsol hydlogcn conrbincwilh o e aton oioxygeq an entirclyncwsubstanccs lanned- HrO, oI wrlc.l Srlt is fl fonrp(rrd ofsodirnrwlich is rn.dive rntal, andchlorine,which is x poisouc,usts Ycl srll bns noncol lhe


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characterisri$lcilherofthese woelements,irnuralcly:Conpounds avc constantriNariableco posiljo[ Forexample,nysamplefwatercontainshesanepmportio ofhydrogcn ndoxygen.Thiss callcd he awofdefinitiorconrposition.Subctflnccshich are not homogenous,r unifom in comf,osilion, re calledmixturs. ir is csscntiilly ninure of nitrogen ndoxygcr Soil,ccrDcnt,ood,mcks,aM foodproducts rccategorizedsnixlures.Theconstituentsf i nixture nlayexist ndifferent roponios. Forxample, cakenny bc prepared ilh diffcrctrl roporLionsfflour,butier, ggr, l|dsugar. lso,cachngrcdicnln a n{xture ctainsls dentjly.f therissugari4 hecak,te cakewi l last wect.

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CHAPTER2ANSWER EYUndentrMing Conpartsons

1. chrornium2. plal irumr. coPPcr4. gold

Using Talrle

5. zinc6. sodium

5 . a6 . a'7. a8 . b

5. l ike

1 . b2 . b

CreafingSentencesAnswerswill vary)1. Thc s0rhcc cmperalurc f Mcrcury s ower lrrn tlat of Verus.2. Th ite spanof I(angaroos Iess ban hatoI cat,3, A cgghns lnost lbsamelmountofcaloricrsanapple.4. Tbc diimetcrot thc carlh s about our timc.shc dia|nctr f the moo$.5. Elcphanls ave l longr cst{tion criod hnngiraffcs.6. ThcP (j i l icOccan as norcthnnwiceasnuchwateraslhet laDlicoccnr.Crerting CornparisonsAnswerswill vary)1. Tclcscopcs ndNicroscopcs rc nstrumenl-shatareuscd o secobjcclsnotvisiblc o thc nakcd yc.Tclcscopcs rc sed for dista cea d nicroscopes

for tlirgs too snrall o scc.2. Subn) i csanddolplh$ botb u ctionundcrwntcr. ulmrrrincs rcshipsandmustbc conirollcd y [urmn beings; olphi$ ar ivirg thi'rgs.3. Conrputc6 dcnldrlfllols rcbolhclccrrc' c dcviccslnt pn'ccrsnfonnrlion.Conrputcrscn lx proganxrrcd;alc.uhto$arnot.Olculilos fxdbnll a ilhn)clicainrtsscs.Cornputcs n nrrc c(rnrpicx'd prccessll kindsof nfonMtion.4. Dcscns nd $nglcsdrcbolh bund u hotcl i nlcs.Dcsens rearid rcgionswitlfcw livirg thitrgs. u glcsrrc wcl, ropical cgio s ihat re dense ithplants,niNals, irds, nd nsccl-s.5. Flolocopicrs ndx-ray nachincs olh reproducc ugcs, Photocopiersrcproducchcsurfacc fsomcthing;x- spcnetrale6olid rbstanceandrcproducehe llside.

Like and As1 I i k c2. as3. as, s4. l ike

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vocabulary in Context readingskillr)

Undelltanding th Reading Anlwerswill vary)1. Oxygcn, itrogen, ndhydrogcn avcsjn larprop.iis ndall ibree6reessentialo litc.2. Thcsubstancehatcauses ood o rot s thesame s bone halcltuscs ppleslo tu r urown,3. Tlrcdccayirgof food s an cxflmplc f slow oxidatio .4. It is tlossibleor tte fir to starlspoDl:rncously.5. Hurnr bcings anmt iv morc ban ive ninutcswilhoutoxygen.6. Nilrogcnco verls o a frcc slllteby aprocessfllled"itrogcn ixrlion.7. ln conlrast o oxygcn,nitrogcn s comparalivclynactivc.8. It theairwcrcpurcoxygcn, mokingwould c nlpcrsiblc.9. Nilroge is used n explosivcs ccausct is unstable.10. Hydrogcns lhc rostabu dn t clcn)crt n tbc u verse.11. Thcsur salNosl urchydrogcn.12. Hydrogcns hcnrostbund l clencnt nourbodicsbccruscourbodiesre

13. Ir col|trasto hydrogcn, cliuur s Donl]aruuible,14. Thccssc inl grcdicDtn fcrt i l izcrss ni lrogcr.Vocabulary D Cortext (listennrg kilk)

1 . b2 . n3 . a5 . b

Skimntirg1 . c

1 . a2 . a3 . a4 . b5 . b1 . 73 . F4 . F5 . F

6 . b'7. b8 . b9 . a10. b

l l . a12. a13. b14. a

2. t)

10. b1 1 .a12. b13 .b

10. F11 .F12 .T13 .F

18. a19. a20. b

Urderst.ndiDgthe Lecture

6 . a'7, b8 . b9 . b

6 .77. T8 .79 ,7

12


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LECTURE:The PreciousMet:rlswlly arcsone netals so ntuchn$revalu.blctbaqthc olhc^? Gold,silvcr' andcoppcr

are mclrls that have beenvdhrcd br lbousands f yeals for lhcif beantiiul luster, ltcirscrrcity, and hcir usetulncssDuring thc Middle Ages, rlchc dsts scrrchcd br a way 1ochangebascNclals, ljt(c lcad, into gold Thcy lhought lhal if lhey could lird tl'e riglrllbrl|ula, lhcy could, for cxrnple, add a ccrhin anrountol tnercury1o crd and plod cegold. Even lc grc.1Sir lsaacNcMon bel;cvcd l could be doncl Why js gold sovahrblc?Gold is lhe nost tlnllcableofall lhc 'nctals llca bchanNcrcd irto shcctsso lin tMl250 of lbelnwould equal hc thickness fa shcctofpaper' Il is rlso lbe rlosl duclile rlr't'1'Oncgranrofgold canbc druwn nto 6 wirc 1.8 rilcs ir l.nglhlGold is thc castchcnricilly ttctiveofalllhc mclalsanddocsnol combincwith orfgcnlo lbrm rus(. Thjs abil;ly to rcsjst corosn,r r)ukes l v$y dunble. i c il rllay 13sLorcer(lrics. Puregold is too sofi lo bc uscd ir jcwclry so it 's usurlly alloycd witl) othelnrctals. hc proportioD l gold jr rar alloy is rrrcrrsurcdn krnls. Purcgdd is 24 krnts A14 karatsgold riflg is rn rUoy of about 58% gold ind srrlrll Pcrccnlngcs t colfcr rnd

Si lvcr s si rn i l i r1( l o ld n mrny wrys. L ikc go ld , t isvcry n l lqb lc .nd du( l i le rdso t jsr lsouscd br jcwclry.S i lvcr i l l cN ionrgold n r lur r sororc cadivc rd trnis lcdwhcncxpostd 0 lc lnrccs lsul tur n hc r i r . S i lvcr u l l idc ,rbhck dcPos;1,ornrs n lssurn'cc.) Purc silvcr js 1oosotl a'rd so i1 is usunlly rlloycd wilh copjtr t' urcrcrsc rtsh rdncssanddurlb i l i l y .S lcrl ings i lvcr is92.5pcr .co ls ilvcr r7.5lr rcc l .oPPcr.Si lvcri s u s c d f o r c o i n s a n d l b r f h o l o g ! p l i c I i l t t r b o . x u s c c c ' t l i n c o r t r p ( r t r r d s o l s i l v c r , s u c hsilvcr brouridc, cllcd ligln. Silvcr is lhc l)cslco,rdu(1or lelc(lrj(ilv known.

Coppcrwas onc ol- t l r l i rst r rc l . ls Io bc lv idc ly uscd. ' lhe rol)Lr l ics l co l ) |c rrcscurblc losc of silvcr ard gold. CoPl[r is uscd i)r dcttrnr wiring bcciLrsc t is verynr l lcab lc , xtrcrrc ly uc l i lc . t rcxcc l lcnLondt( lor , rndcss xPcnsivcl r i s i lver .Oncoftllc pr;nciple uscsdl coptcr is to Prdducc lloys. Prtrcco|Pcr is inrdcqLralci) r lools dnrchinc Pl.ls bccausc l is loo soli. Whcn rlloycd with tiu, howcvcr, l Irodrrccsb'o'rzcwhjch is bnrdel than eitlrcr coPPcrd tini wlrcn rlloycd wilh Tinc r lroduccs Lrnss; 'rrdwhcn alloycdwnh skel, it incrcrscs le 'csisl.nccr)i slccl lo codosi.u. Gfpcr. likc goldind silvcr, is i bcaulilul and ftccid$ rrclal II I lns becn uscd br rges o Prcducc oxrs'jcwelry flndo nn'ents.

1 l


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CHAPTER3ANSWER EYIdcnt l fy lngCause nd Ef fect1. copper s heated o 1083'C, it nrelts2. Chansesoccur in plnns. thcy atsc'ru cncrgy-.1iq1p9g1J . l h e r o t a t j o n o l c o n r l r a \ s n e e J l e . t b c c a n hr n a A e t i c l l e U4.ffi.=ffi-s.@ffirfi;;"*'.a6. Rubbi t rs cornhwith a c lo th .a nesal ivc h ctr iccharsc/ . t is l nrovrn!cbarqcd' i r l jc les. be oni /a t io o l -a lo l ls8. Thc occrn s t ides, lhc ." i r r i i . f f iq. Tbe nrore ron s crnored o nrois l i r . l [e [ )orc r ru.Ls10. Color . hc rcf lect ian f l io l r t .u"o"ffioi, o**t*, -

6 . b1 . b2 . b3 . n

RecoSDlzlDgubordln{t lon1. No oncwaskil lcd, ccrusc2. Wbcn. iron b.coorcs rust fcsislitrl:. @tll,lrlrc-iutt not tcm'unosc4. Thcsrs prcssure crcflscd, ccnusc5. whcn, thc carth's gncricic-iilliiiivhrvc rccnrcvcrsco6, Air thc raleofa chcpriclll crclion ncfclrscs7. Neonsivcsoff liEhl,whcn8, U, t condcnsesireciiil;a solid

UslngSubordlnrt lonAnswers l l l vrry)1. Whcnmercurys hcatcd o -38.9oC,l rclts.2. No sounJ anbc hcarLlta bcl l . \ rruck n r vr(.uu'r).3. Chloropbylldisinlcgrates,ausirgeavcso uflr cd, e ow, ndordnge.4. An echo s herrrd hc a soundwave reltccrs lTanrountain.5. Ions r onncd sanac;d s dissolvedn walcr.6. I a lcns s too bin o. an eyeball s toosborr, pc6on rcconEsrrsightcd.RecognlzlnStruse ndEftcct n a Prragrnph1. Dissolvinghepcllcls n wntercruscd heurtobrcakup.2. Stjrrj g thepcllcts pededp hc reacrior.3. Tbebrcakingft le ctemical ords tsodium ydroxidcause{tbeeleascfenergy.4. Thcrisofthe tcnpcnlurc of tle walcr wasbroughiabour y lhe reteasc fenergy.5. Theybrokento odiuIn rdhydrcxideors.6. It speededhercactior.

l4


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7. A rcl, aseofenergy csullcd.8. lt rai\cd hewater empcraturc.1 . c2 . b3 . e+E

Vocabulary n context (rcadlngskllls)2.,a4 . b6 . b7. a

Mnklng nfaronces

6 . j8 . a9 . d

1 , S2. 13 .N4, 15 .N

6. I7 .N8 .S9 .S10, N

8 ,a9 .a10.b11 .b12.b14. 3

11 ,12.N13.S14.S15.Vocnbuhry In Contcxt0 l ! tcn lng !k l l l s )1 .b

3 .a4 ,b5 .b6 ,aUbderstandlngheLcture1 .72 .F

4 ,76 .F

7 . b8 . a9 . b. 10, b' 11 ,at 2 a7. T8 ,F

10.F11 .T12. F


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LECTURE:The Mus ico [ Soundwhy docs a guitar sounddillcrcnt frcm a clarinct?Ard why do both soundditfc.entlrc r trunrpct or a piano evcDwhcr tlre nole is souDded all lour hslrunrerls? The

snswercanL tbund in a'rexplannlion thoiv sound s produced.Sound s prcduccdby vibmtions ir tbe air and i1 rmvelsh waves.Whcn a hanunerst.ikesa ftil, tbcy bothbegir to vibmte.Tlle vibr.rions push he rotcculcsn the air andprodu.! wavcs.Tlrese oundwavcs rove evcry direction n hcaasinglylargercirctc\.wller lhe wnvcs cacfi heea , thc crr drunrvibmlesand Derves enda ncss.gc lo tlle braintbatwchq. rs sound.The speddt wbich sound .dvcls is detenninedby tfie nEdium llrough wlicb irp.rsscs. ourd lnvcls vcry fasl n a solid subsli oc,slowcr ir a liquid, rnd rhc stowest ntbe air. SouDd mvels 'r thc air al 330 rctc6 per sccond,n{rch slowcr ttl.ln hc spccdoflight.Tlrat s wly wc scc jghrring bcforc we hearlhnndcr.Ttcre h no sound n a vacuunrb(cruse bcrc arc o iir ltlolcculcs o vibmte.Ncxt riDrc ou're in a vrcrLrol don,r bolhcrto turn on lhc odiol Tlerc is no soundwithont trn,vcmcnr.Sound is chrftrclcrized )y ils pitc[ volrnrc, intersily, a d qurljty. pjlc.h rljnN rowhcthcr l lesoud is h ig l or iow Pi l (h sdelcn incdby rhc rcqucncyola ound nve orhow l;rst hc wave vibftrlcs).Fd cxamplc, violinjsr troduccsa higb pircb by shodcnjngthcvk l i r ski g andcausi t lgl lo v ib f t . lc pidly.A chr incr ist ocs hcsanr by slor tcninglh .o lurur olai r . A Iong tr ingor duDr of i rv ib f l rcss lowty,rduci ga Iowsound.' f tc volurc ofa "n,nd isdctennincdry hc.n, f t i tudc, rs izco i lhosou d wavc\.T tc .grmlcr lhr rnDliludc,llrc loudcr hcsound.For ex.ruplc,whc ttrch{adot a Ia gc drunr sstruc& it prcduces rgcsoundwavcswhich crcarca toudsoulld.

Tl)c inlcrsily ol thc sorud rcllN (' rhc arircunlot cncrgy hc soundwavc is carryi g.I r lc i ls ; ly s rc l . lcd oaorp l i tudc ihcgrc i lc r Ic ;nrc s i ly , hc oudcrr scc rs .Thcqur l i l yo l - l l rcsoundclc ls o d i l tc ic ces in thcty l )co lsoursuc l s thcvnr i . r ioNi tl'c son ds ot nrLrsic instrunrcnts.Tlrcsc .rc dctcrorjrEd ry rhe nrjxlurcs of tlcvibnlions. Diffcrcnl n]strumcrlstrcduct differc coorbiI|J|ijorrst vibmrions.Thc rcsulris lat cach Dshuorchrsi lsowrto (qur l i ry .Tlcst r ingonavio l inpruduccsadi i ic rcnrnr ix l r rco l v ib f t l ions h tthccolunnrolai ron!( i r incl lvhich, inturn,p,oduccsdj f lcrer tvibrrtiorN brn thc hcad f a dnuD.Tod.y, (.rrrpuleN arc rci g uscd, mr o ly ro rccognircand siNUl.rc luDranvoiccs,but cvcn lo "pliy" mLrsic. o synrhcsizc hurrrn voic1:, )c corrpulcr vjbraresa sp.rkcrconc o l ry tosimulr io hcicoust ic, r lwl lvcal tcnN rcducrd y tbcbunran oicc.Tophya pin icu larp ieceol rus ic , l le omlrutersprogr inn cd for t lc prec isc j lcha ddual ioofeacl notc.Thcrc have cvcnbccn afte rpts o have a compu c 'compose' nrlodjes bypmgmrmi g it 10nDdonrrysclcclnoles lal Iollow rulesofhrnDony and nelody. So nr,Mozr rt and Bcc{hovcndon't h,vc lo worry.

t 6


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CHAPTER4ANSWER EYldcntlfyng Hypothcsesn Sntences

1 . b 5 . b2 . h 6 . b. 3 . a ' 7 .a4 . a

Idcntlfylng ypothesesn ParagmphsTime,likespace ndmolion, s rclativc; here s no rcalor absoluteime.IdentlfylngP.obablllty

1. semit s. appeaN2. could e 6. asfarasweknow3. are hought.,. o b 7. tbere s a theory4. suggests 8. may

UslngModekof Prob!bl l l ty Ansrers$l l l vtrry)1, The"gtecnhouseffcct"maybe wanningour carlh.2, Thepandasn Chjnamay bc bccoming xlinct.3, fie ocean'sidesmaybe slowinglhe otation fthe eartt.4, Ouf,rrsnf ly bcviolcnt ly xplodingalaxies.5. Thc contincnlsmaybc ddfting or movingon be surfrccoftbe earlh.6. Tberadi activea lout rcm nlclear estexplosions .y be bannfulo the r!mosphere.7. Thepopuhlionofthc wodd m{y bc ncrcasingat dangcrcusate,8. Compulrs ayb revolutionizingndustry roundhe world.1. transparent 5. transmitled2, tmnslafe 6. lransfefted3. transfusion 7. trd$splanb4. transistor 8. transfonnd

Vocabul!ry n Contcxt readlngkl l ls)l . b 6 . b 1 1 .a 1 6 .b2 , ^ 7 , b l 2 . a 1 7 .a3 . a 8 . b 1 3 . 1 8 ,b4 . b 9 . b 1 4 .^ 1 9 .b5 . b 1 0 .a 1 5 .a

17


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Understa$dingheReadinS2 . F4 . 75 . 76 . F7. F

Vocabularyn Context l istenlnSkl l ls)1 . a2 . ^3 . ^

6 . aUnderstandlnghc Lccturo

1 . F2 . 74 , F5 . 7

6 .F9 .710.T11 .T13 .T

7. a8 . a9 . a10. a

l l . a

6 .77. T8 .F9 T10.T

LBCTUREIO b e y i n g h e L r w o f C r a v i t yBrlicr in the chapte.,we readaboutNMor's studics f horizontrl not'on.ButNevnonwasalso;ntcrcstcdn vcrticrI rotion.Hcwas ookinsforanexDlanariotrbrwhtholdshc moon n ils o'bir.Hercponcdfixtoned^y,whilcsir;ng n hisga de'r,e noricrJanappleall from he rc.Hc bcgano speculatebour ow hc orce fgiivity exlcnds 0tle topoftresandeven o thc 1o[uof nrountaiN.Ift extendslltt far,pefhatdt exle ball theway o themoon.Nc\*'lon ndalrcady slablisledhat an object nds onmve n a striighl ine f rooutsjde orceaclson it. Themoondoesnotnrovc n a strdightine,howevc5 ncnloonrcvolves roundheeanh.NeMonm ocludedhat hegmvitationalbrccol thccadl Ircldsthemoon n its orbitaroundhearth. hissaft gnvihtionalpull holds be sunandUcplanetsn thcirplaces.NcMondetenninedlat weight s hcgmvitatiomlorceorpull acling nanotjecL fyou r.tvcl o thc mooq hemass fyour bodywill bprecjselyhesamc tt yourweiglt

18


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uill be css, re o thepropon;onallyrnalle.sizefthc moon.Similarly,l youhnvclledto different lanets, ourweightwould vary with rhe mass f eacbplaneth oursolarNeMonwasablc o calculatehe elarivc ciglrts fthesun, heearth, nd hcplanetsry comparingheir elative irvilrtjonal trcnglh- hegreaier.he assoftwo bodies,hegieaicrs the orceofaltnctionber^,cenhcn].Thus, le lbrceof altmclion crweenheeanhanda 200-pounde$on sglealerhan i forceofattmction dwcen heeadh rd a100-poundcnon.Gravilalionalorcedepndsnoronlyor thenDsses fthc lwo bodies, ut alsoon rhedistanceclwccnben.Thus, stronaulsxpcdnceighuessnessn hewayto hemoonbcauschry arcnotciose nough,o caffectedry tnegmvitalion.l ul lof tle earth rrhcNewlon xlcndcd is awevcn unhcLHe sad thatevery bjc.t tr rheunjvene xedsa g.avitatioal pull on cvcryotherobjecl.This neaflslal youdrc cxcrlirga forceon apeNonsittnrgnexl(o you,you.desk s cxcnirg a forceon your pctrc;I, rc. f youarcwondcring lrywe don'l ccllhis orce, t is bccruse mvily sonlya strongorcewbenahugL ody, uch s heeanh, s nvolvd.Ncwton lso explairedhc tidcsof lhe occ n. For housandsfyeflIs, r wis nolicedtlnt tlerc w s a conalaliorbclweenhc oc.an's ides d thcphiscsof tbemoon, utnoonewasalr loo cxplr int He easo d{haljustastbecl|r lhpull sonflrenrcon,tbcmoonpullson ]lcci rlh.Thcgmvitationalr]lotlhc |lloonbas iulccffcrronour andnr0sscsutilp lls on he occinswhicharc rcc1omovc.Thrs, he awofgmvily rppties verywbcrcin llc univetsc. he conccpl l u ivcnill gmvitywas hc grcalestmrlribulionof IsaacNcwlor,thcnr r rnaryconsidrr1oconcol lhcgrcrtesrbinkcls fallti e.

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CHAPTER5ANSWER EYAnalJz lng Dct in i t ions

!!!:!9!lgl, orEanisnsdevice, bq!t!r4!!lq!!!!_!!9rgl!ralu!!!E lum ro anotterpad of thebnin. tha i rs he cDlcrof l ;?sonins-subslance. ha docilroiia nJuail;;l i-Ar icictoua.4@tg=!Egrq!4studv.of thecnviionmenF(clc{ t i i lbod\, hatorbits not lercejcsl ialodrCorrect lnS eflnlt ions1. Circular cf ini l ior.Bettr:A scienlific hory s a proposedxplanrlion fwhy something ccurs.

2. l,acksa chsrification.Belter: n rpple s a rui l hat sround,cd, nd bouthcsizc ta f isr .3. Tells owyou eelabouti lbutotwhrr r is.Bctlcr: Calculus s a systcmof c?lcularion evelopcd ry lx,rh Newron andlxibniz.4. Defirjtion $ moredilTjculthan enn bcingdctined.Bcltcr: n car sanorgan f hcaring.5. Ncgrl jvc cf i ' t ior, h t is, t tcl lswhati l s nor, ocsn' l tcl l har t is.Beltcr: unicoms a icl iot lr lhon'c i lhonchon n thcocntcrof i lsorhead.6. L:rcks olh hssif ical ionnd hrr ictcr isr ics.Bct lcr: lor ado sa rype tsror withhigh, irculnrwjrds.7 Lacks isl jnguishingchamctcri sr ics.Betler: .diuN sa nctal l ic lcn)cnthal s highly 'diorcrivc.8. Dcscribcscomprssutdoesn'rdcl i i l .Bclter: A coDrpasss an iDstrurrcnt hnr dctennincs ircctionby ufans of amtat irg lrgncl ized ecdlc.9. Givcsexarrplcs utdoesnot define.Bct lcrAn amphibiansa crealurchat an ivceilher n dnd r in he ea.1O Circl ' lar et ini l ion.Bcttcr: supemovasa starlhalsuddenlyxptodcs,econing uch r igl erandrbengraduflllyading.

1. Protol lsrcposit ivelyhirged arr iclcshat re ont ncdinthenucteusofthe2. A black ole s anarean spicc hn! as nvitat jonalput lsoowerl i l hatnothing, ot even ight,canescape.3. Mari ne iologislsre cient istshostudyhcanimalsnd tantslat ivein rhe4 Theslratosphcres thIXrnion flhe almospherehrl is oversven ites high.

20

2.3.4.5.6.7,8.


21/48

5. Insuli is a hormone roduced y lbepa crcasbal s uscd n thc rcatncntofdiabetes.6. Bactria resimple onnsolplanl Iife thatare he mostabundart om of lifeon earth.7. Oxidations a chemical eactionhat rvolves he ossofone o. norc clcctronsry anatomorton.8. Nitrogen s a colorless, dorlessas hat makesrp 80 pcrccnl fihe air.

FormuhtiDgDetinlt ions1. An a loebos a orc'celledanimal hatconstanlly harges ls shnpe.2. An antibiot icisdr gthatcurcs 6clcr ialdiscascs .3. A lung s anorganofbreatting.4. Acoustiss le science fsound.5. Photosyntlesiss theproccss y whichptanlsmanufacturcood.6. A calalyst s n suktance hatspeeds p, but s mot hangedy a cheNicalreacl ion.7. Acaloric;s un;t o ncasuringcat.8. A cyclotrons anapparrtushatborrbardshc nuclciof atonN.

CrentlngDeflnlt lons Ansverswll l vAry but shouldhrve o classlf lcat lonlusd s lngu shlng charoctcrlslcs.)1, A canrcms a device or takingphotographs.2. Abridgc sastruclurcba(dl lowsrssrgcovcraivcr, o d,orlhcl ike.3, Ar x"my s a photographakcn hrcugh solidsrbstance sirgelectromagneticmdiat ion.4. A bultcrfly s an nscctwilh l rgeand {icqucnlly olodul wings.5. Gcologys be tudy f thcphysical istory t hccartb.6. A dinllroM s aprccious tonc hat s rradcofal$rostpurcoryshllizcdcnrbon.7, An echo s be rcpetitiorofa sound auscd y tbc rclleclionof soundwaves,8. Avirus s asub r icroscopicgcntbalcauscsiscasc.9. Catlt incis drugfoundncoflce, lc! , n. l ol drink,th lactsasasLinultrnt.10. An aqunriums a glassankwhercaquntic lantsandanimals regrown.Prcflxes

1 . d 4 . b ' 7 .c2 . e 5 . i 8 . h3 . f 6 . 9 9 . a

2 l


22/48

2.3.4.5.6.7.

Underst .ndin S he Readlng Ansvars* i l l ymy)1. Energy can be tmnslomcd front one type to anolhcr or transfcrrcd romorcKinticenergy s he cnc{gyofmotior.Lik mattr, nergy rnnotbe created r destroycd.Potential nergys thenergy fposition.Einstejn aid fiat hc conseNationfnmfier and hc conseraatior fenrgyarcrelated.Einslcjn's heoryabout le conscrvationf atterandenargywas roved.Thc dcvclopnlent f atomic energy cmo stnles hfltmalter anbc colvcnedrllio ercrgy.8. When rnatom s spl i t , tgives f fneutrons.9. An atomic xplosionccunasa rcsult f thc ipidcbaif l eact ionl spl i t t ing

10. Fusionhkcs plnce n thesunwhcn wo hydrogen toms rcconrbiflcd.11, Extrclllehcrt is roquiredorfusion to takcplrce,12. Fusionproduced n hc carlh csults[ a bydrogcn o$rhvocnbulrry n Context l lstcnlngkl l l ! )

Vocabularyn L-ontext1 . a2 . b3 . a

l . a2 .b4 ,a

UnderstandlngheLccturc2 . b3 . b

6 . b8 . a9 . a

10. a

'7, b8 . a9 . a

6 . a

8 . b9. tr10. b

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23/48

LECTURE:The End of the UniverseWc havc lrerdy read hal e erg/ ftnnol be creaiedor destroyed.Thi,s aw of srNNationot cncrs/ is also rcftned to as lle fiIst jnw .rf $ermdyMnics. However we slrculd never

assu re thal we bave an imexhanstiblenpply of energ/.we conshrtly nced nrorccncrg/tx,causewleneve. we ure enrg/, we degnde tbat eners/ into sonle less useful fonr-Encrgycontirually runs downhill fonr a highcr 10a lowcr godc. This is ollcd 1bcseco d law otthennodyDanrics. lthoush energy s alwaysconselvd, l rsually wjndsrprs hcal cncrgy. For cxdmplc, f you rub your hands ogclhcr, hcy will gct w!rN. Yourmnsclccncgy hrs (hlng.d {o hcnl cnclgy.Hcal en(gy is a lower foml ofenergy. Considerwbrl hI|ppenswbenyou drop a rock.Inyour hr d, thc rock hnsa polenlialcncrgywhich changcs nto kincLic 'rcrgy n! it Ii:11s.Wrcn it lils lle ground, t! kinetic cncrgy chingcs 1(}bcnl cnc{t/. Heat cncrgy s a lowcrli,on of rncrgy b{"cluse t (''|nnot cadily bc tmrsfonncd inlo uscful work. Whcn lhc rcckw,rs n lhc rir, jt had Fnctrtrl cncrgy o do work, suchas drjvirg a stick nrto tbeground.Allcr thc rock hils thc groLrd, it is no longcr .rl]flblc of doing ry work. Encrgy wrsPrcsc^td in thc prcc(ss, n( siflcc hcal cnc.gy s n lowcr fon otclcrgy thar lxltcntirl orkirctjc cncrgy,orcrgy is runrnrg downhill.Orc sign of thc dcgnrding fcDcrs/ is tlrt hcatahlays lows tio.r r winD.r objcct1( )(oolcro'rc; l u.rvcr oc,j hc rcvcnc.Ilyos pul an icc.Lrk in. hol drink, cal llows reN thchot iquid Lowrror rrclt llrccubc.Hcl t cnc s/ ncvcrLlows nnD'r(old olrjccl o hotonc,r)llknrg l)c(old objc(t (oldcrrnd lhc lrol objc(t lotlcf. Hcatcrcrg/ is r low gnrdcof cncrtyr d ll)c (nvcrlhc cnrpcmlL'rcollr objcct,llr lowcrlhc gmdcolcncrg il.rorlaiG.] l lc downgnd;ng l ct rcrgys omn; lcs 'cdn othcrwry. Nalunl p( )ccsscsc d 1opr({ 'ccdowa!d sh lc o lgntcrd iso cr .Nolhinggds hnr disordcr to rdcr .WhcnyouoN . trolllc oi pcrlirrc, thc lrclccul.s ol rlc |{rlunrc nrshoul irlo tlrcrir in disordcrlyl i r s l r i o . T h c y l l c v c r g o b l c k io t I c b o l t l e r n d r c l u r n t o . D o r d c r l y s t n l c l S i r n i h r l y , i l y o ushooksonD srll rnd pcppcr ogL hc , I hry would bccourc rixcd.'Ihcrc is no wry you corldr)rix,slir, or shrkc lhc urixlurc rJcxtmcl lhc Mlt lrorn lhe pcpper nd rcslotu:wo ordcrlyp i lcs l d is l inc t ubst lnccs.I lcdisordcr f lbe u ive$ecol r t i j lu r l lyi . rcases.If tlis mrdiljon cxistscvcrywhcrc, ])e ralunl outcoDr will te lhat cvcrylhitrgnr hcunivcNcwi l ldrgcncnlc ! r lodisordcr ,l le ergywi l lbcdeplc tcd,nd r l l I i lc wi l l (onr Loa! rc t ld .T l r isnt rurgd.w' rolenergyisal f rcdlors"cnlmpy"or lhc'hcNrdcr t l "of thcu ivcrsc. Howevcr,you d.n'i nced o worry dMlt il, unlcssyou phr lo bc amul]d i a

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CHAPTER6ANSWERKEY

2. Somebi s travel enodnousdistanceswilboul rcsli Theruddv umstonelicsnonstopiom AIaska10Hawaiievrvvear.

l. gqr!g!_r@!!! !l! e!t!_rg!tpg',nd'.orsaniccornpounLlsonrain(lfton incombinntion ith tvdrosenandoxvsen,

3. Parnsitesr ivinE hinss hatfcdoffotbef livinslhinss.Themistltoe lantl ives [ f spple,maplc, r pnplarrccs. ausinshernodie i ;--4 Scvcnl theories have bcenproposed o explflin thc natureoflisht. ChistinnHuysens susscsted bat light travels n wavs.Atbert Einstcin ororxr]6iiF

Ant r lyz lnSExempl t l lca l ion

os is s he coexis tenccf l iv ins r tbcir mr l ' ia lbenef i t .P la f l t iceor aphidsi\ ewithnnts n a svinbiol iccht ionshio.Atouric cscnrch as iJlolhilii ctoiiiiiG d-iura y nrenredetenrenrsqlqcscnrchha"IeJto hidi iclopr nrc d-i lrattv rent lredtenrenls.Ei ' rr lciniuor,ef lr) iunr,al i tornium. , l hcrkcl iuDrre t t nan' trrdcRocognlz lnS xr Inp lcsl . a , c2 . b3 . a , c

5 . s ,bUslnSMod.lsof Ncftsslty1 rusl nlybcad r inistcrcd2. m$stbeprcp rcd' 3. |nuslbc produced4 ust alwaysbe urncdoff5. nu$t not bc nhaled6. ntustbc tnilizd7. must c vcrbc l lowcd8. must evcrbc relcasedFornulrt lnSSent.nces l thN.ccsslty1. Thc elcctricilyshould e sh!t olf.2 Th biooddonols houldbe estedbranenria.3. The radialionmonitoring evices houldbe calibnrcd cgutarly.4. A t ircext irguisherhould cavailablcn hc abonlory.s. Thecxplosive evices hould propcrlynsulrred.6. The echnicia6shouldbepmtcclcd rom excessiveadi.rion.7. Tte redls hould c sterilized clbrc he njections.8. Thepaticnls hould e mnuflizcdagairst he lu.

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Sufflxes1. shoten2. b0aden3. dcepen4. darker

l . b3 .a4 .b1 .72 .F4 .F

UnderslandlnS he Lecture

5. widcn6. weaken7. soften

6 , 41 . b8 .a5 . F6 . 78 . F

9. tighten10. loosen11. brightcn12. frightcn5. to exemplify6. to hunid;fy7. to elcctrify8. 10 larify5. excmplific{tion6. humiditication?. electrification8. clarilic.tion

1. t8 . b9 , b

6 .b8 .a9 .a10.a9 .a10.b11 ,b12.b9 .710.T11. T.r2. F

14.15.

slrengthenlengthcnsha penstraighten

1. lo identifY2. to solidify3. to iquefy4. to purifyf. idcntification2. solidification3. Iiq!c{lcation4. purification

Vocabulrry In Conlext1 . b2 . a3 . 6

DrawlngConcluslont2 , 63 . b4 . a5 , a

Voc&bulnryn Context l lstenlnSkl l ls)


26/48

LECTURE:The ChangingStateof trIatterWe rcaJ-car l i .in h;s l laph. r t \ ]u th^wtfnr l ,er i turci i . . t . .Ln cr .Or, \u i rbr In. lr l r l { n a n l l c c l . ! l h f l r ^ t h i t i l " , h r I c e h .s " h . o l a . ! h , l . , c I F I t . , l i . r t ^ i , t i J ug a s . r . r , , , ' l L . r r r . . n n q ur ' r r n t i n i n r r b !g e o i t r t r ) . i , . t , r , . . w c t d r o rt . r " r c r , a r r' * cturcr to Inn n\ ' . or bL-, .JsJ , t r i t i t th . j j r rJ (brng. . lu qc i l r or \a l ur . u: th r t ,ca.lditionor subtraction f heal,alnrostaI substas citr lr convcrredLonioDc ptrysjelMcltirg is the coDve.riotr f a solid lo a fiqu;d. I we ticara b]ock ot i(c, whcn ttetellllxnturc ot lhe nr reachcs .C, theNoteculcsoi iccnad lo nove so .ast halibc;ord;rbrea lsdown.nd rhcy unble al t over crcb ort l . r .Gmdual ty ,h , , . " l *g i , , " ; ; ; , ; i ;Subshnces@nven Irem onc strrc to anottrc.at fixcrt tenrpceturus.F". ";,,,,,pi", ;] ;n 'c l t lnt 1063'Cardironar1535.C.Frorcnoxygcnwinrc l ia l 219'C.

. . l l . . r ( v r F r o t r h , r r c t l i n g p r u . , . . s r . l r . c , ? i r g . F r . . , , n q i : t . s u r i r l t r . r t , . , , I , c r , , t . r r c o t, r , q u r d s n t l r ( r r n r t y t u c l n n g c i l l u i s ^ t i J . T l r c t r . , ? i r C l { i r , r . t r{ t " i i . 1 r \ t i r r \ . . r ! , . , ,i l s nr l t i g t r in l For ex.nrptc ,iqu idsotd l so|di ty r r 1036.C, .n d rs3; ,C, " ; ;x fgcn 1-219'C

. - .X _t ., i1 : , ia r hc. , r , ,u I i . i ( r t t ) . r t wi t ! i t . r t r t 1, , r \ rn . , . , L: . , ( . r . r 1r , , r rs. . ,1.ra,rNin, , rUroIr x t r . t I rJ i , Ur i . . i r r \ . r t i ! . r : , , . , J , r . , t ,^ r . r r r . , r .i . r r r qrr r i r : t r r . . r r ,_t_r r ' ( . r r ' l c c u t r \J . ! 1 r r r rn . n a . i n d t v i . , l . r r r , . t , . , t . , r 1 . t , * , t r i r , , I r 1 , r r . , , r , . , t , f u l t , . rr l l o r ' ( u r c \ .h ' y t r y t u f . { . , t r c l t n l h , . i i r r t r J i . u t , t , t . ,n . t , , r . , J . v r r , t . r . , t \ . t t r fl r . l . r , h J i . , t { ^ f i n r , , r t , c . , i r i n L t r h c $ r r f r S r . , J u 1 , t ,r " , , , . r , . . r , . , , , ,, , , . t , , , , . i , , , , , . , , .\ c c r . ' { , \ . r ' t t ' o t U I : $ l r n $ . , h . r M . h . t r h , i t i n . , i. r t , , t i t , | | , t . ( . , , r f \ , r i " , , . r , \ , r t L , u lboi l i rg.L iqr ids hd cvapnlc crs i ly , l l l r l i s 11 (N r ,"p"rr r , " "" , " , " . - . , ; r , " ( ] , , " , " i , , l\ , . l , r i l A l , ' h , l , i ' r J , F - r , . r n 1r r v , , t , r i r (j . l . r i J . ., , u . . r . . J { , . t . i t . J \, , , t . , . : i t ; ; ; i , i - i i ;r x r y , r , \ r f f r r r h r r I c t r | l ( , , \ r n . d .* -nr . rcvcsc of d{bml jon is c.ndons:r r io l ,t rc !nv(nion ot.a vrDor nt( , tnru id .Durins ,rdcns.rion,rr 'notcotcr r., ,rs co,,c,, ,r, . , ,"; ,r, ,q,. ' , ,r:r i, i , , i , i, , , i , ., , : l l l l l ; l] , r . ,1:i - r , r ,n. , r i , r ,1" , , i , r . , .ur , . , . ,, , . , r . , , j , , ,, . , " . . l r; ; . , i ; , ,L\r i l rcsot14 dLrs jon rrcrhc tu,r Lr tb. lroon,,ro,,,,,rco,duld(,,,",",;,,;;il;;;il:,T;:[:il;iJ:,],lii'#;ll:.ll';li1: : : : I 'nn : "1 , , " , iF , " rJn ' |$ r , rn r , . i, , , run . , r. { , J , , , - . , i ,n r r . . , , , . | ,. , I | , , , . ' , 1 , ;u l n n r r r . c . u l , J q I \ g J r . f r L i . . v , n . J r , . . r t i , t . r . J i t, i . , . d t , J { r r . . i . r , r . \ r n !i 'd usf i r f rocrcsescqui ruhc iquei jcn l ionot , i r rnd l t rcrgrscs.w h c n r L f n r c u f c r a p on r r o n i . . x i c r t y r , t r i t r , . r t , u i , r ; . o t, , , , . r h r . r . . t . h . f. ' t l r / .Dn Ir cr |ct : .AI r$ l rn l f n i rh i .nc,ur"q h. I t i t I iJ i . i r r cto" J ( , ! r . , i r r . 5 , r . . ^ iI lc I ro l | ru les, , t lc l iqu iJ vap. i , rc , rn, l rcF rsc n,o t r f j r r . iJ r bc , , r . l . r i r . \ r thc( , | ' r e r u , r c . n r l l | r rI r ^ t c c u h f , i i J c r L c , ^ I | : l i n c r . oJ . \ \ i r h r L c , u r t , f , L . t i , r . ! J l u Jco dcnsc t hcsanr speed, rd Lhe Druntot . l iquid ld nrour[o fva l ! r i lhcc.n lx incr

26


27/48

CHAPTER7ANSWERKEYIdentirying ridencc

I'3. Thcci rth s rcund.ApeFonnveti di rec( lv 4st ron l heequr torwi t leventurly Rturn ol l i r r tH:+y-!!+++!s!$r!',,r.!!!qr:!rlr_ed{s! !!s!r!!

:. ! q!g!!!Ile,r'r,me i' r;R;r"n ;; "to.e,lm

arc molccules 10 ranstnit r.

6. Morrhine s rddiclive,Hos lj!nls wbo re eivcr ro:Lrre s 4e now l cinl|or xist n venus. b,R i\ o o...--r:::r: r.:_:i:r s. r_!lqf!_ff!14!Iilf!qrf_l

allrgjpqlnslq"ci,'n anhmncc ol reath l ien oL un whcl lJru*qnrrr l cr.Ccdri ' rqnrhinit ions f nlcotal.r s crn be ir l l .##:ii3d!|-!!-!1slL!1q]s"r,'ft,,llr*j-'",' ",,,,Drrr1lng Conclustonsrom Evtd0nce

l . b2, 13 . b

Ivn luat lng Evldcnce1 . c , d2 . c3 . a

Idcnt i fy lngDeduct ivcud

5 . l l6 . f l'7. a

4 - , b , d5 . a , c6 , n , b , c

Induct lvc ersoDlng'1 . I2. r3 . I4 .D

UsirS RctrsonlnSTherc is no altempl here o teachincrcase warencss f fttse reasonjng.

5 . D6 . I1 . D8 . D

lbnrrl logi(.Tbr ohjedof lbr cxcrciscs ontyro

Conclusionsrom Dductiveeasonjrgnayorlnaynotbe rue.

27


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l . l :a lse.dcducr ionccauscir" r f rcrnise s atsc.Al l b i rds o not ly. (AI t b i rdsDxve eatbet5.J2. Falscinducrive reasoning.Althoughtle chamctcristics oexisr n Ejnstein,thcle is no cviderce oftheir relationstip.J . Even f i l ln re la l \ $ ercso j iJ nn r ruc,nre^ ury s, I iquiJ nerat) .r t toes orro ow raat sotrds remctal_4. Conclus ion ^esnor o oq f rorn heprcr ise.preUr;cdoesnorsDeci tv har- anr j l rd ls rec las i l led ccorJ ing o I hewly rhey$a Ik.) . ra tsc nru i t ' \e reasoning. xarnptes nor epR\enlr r ive r (yp icat .6. Tbe fi6r prenis is not a inctusivc.Tbat is , jt doesnot say ahlllall elcnnrsarecr t ler gases r l iqu ids.?. Fakc in t iucr iv ! caso' r in8. \anrptcs nur lp iL . l tor npre5enl i l i !e ." :i i l i i i l l* "'"* Beinsscniusnd orkinsarJIEnor ruiuart)9. Co clusion oes ot o owfmmprcn)jse.he ack fproofrhatt ishannfutsnotcvidencchatt is salc.

1 O E v c n j f a l l n i a l s b a v c l a i t s , i l d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h r t v c r y l h i n gt h r r b a s a t i i l iananinui.cxc i tab i l i l y i r r i t b i l i tycndurarcc lo lcmlrccnolcnough insu1I ic icr tpcrsladc - conv;nccharmlul detr imcntal

r . con'rcct io 6. gnvi lat ion 10. at lrrct io 14. speculal ion2. corduct io ' r 7. lubricat ion 11. nhsorprion 15. extcnsion3. rndial jon 8. catcut:rt ion 12. correlrr io,r 16. dcmonstrarion4. insulai ion 9. ct iminalion 13. excrl ion 17. tbrnutat ion

2. rad ia tor3. insu la tor

Voc$bulnryJulldlnScxcitcs stirnulitcslircd - lirtigucd

5. accc le f t tor 8. spccula lor6, dc rcNtrator 9. Iubricator7. correlator 10. calcutato.

28


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Vocabulary n Context readlngskllls)1 . b 8 . b 1 5 ' a2 . a 9 . b ' 1 6 b3 . a 1 0 b 7 1 .a4 . a 1 1 . b 1 8 b5 , a 1 2 . a 1 9 b6 . a 1 3 b1 . a l 4 , a

sklnlmlng1 , a2. cocrine,anphetamines,arcotics,martuam,barbitumtesUnderstandlng he Raadlng

7. F8 .79 .F10.T11 ,F12, T6 ,b8 .b9 .b10.ai. r8 .F9 .F10.T

11 .F12. T

1 .F3 .F4 .F5 .7

Vocalulary n Contaxtllstanlngkllls)l . a2 .b3 ,b4 ,b

UDderstandlnghc Lec!ure1 . F

4 .75 .76 ,7


30/48

LECTURE:The physiologicalEftectsof AlcoholSo far, irrhis cbnptcr,",e }ave disclssed hc hnntut effectsofsmoking ard dnjgs.Almhol is anoth r substace thrtatfecrsour ninds andour bodicr.Unlil recentyeais, itlle was knowr about bc c|feds of atcohot.Reccnr csearc[has-hown h, i l omc|eoph ire rroF t rkct ) nbeo!.e aJJir t .J [ . , r o thea.hut r , nut ro$ r ls nt . | l lcc lsuep.nJo bo$ j r ,u( i r { t r )nsuJ JnJo\ cr s In pfr ioJcl r i rc . i thcr t j \ .ounccs fwinc, lwelvcou ces fber,or oneandone,hatfoun;csf80 troofry idtswi l lpu 1wo [irds otia ouncofp!!c atcohol rlo rhcblturrsrrean.once an ounce r arcotorjs akorbed iDlo le bloodstrcsm,r takesaborr an bour for thc body ro l)um il. Dd ki ;coflcc or1ak g a sbowcrdoesnot spcedup rbepnxrss.I t isan i tcres l jng ndpotcnt ja t ly angerousi rcr har nra l t n lounrsfa lcohot .nnnukc so' e pmtle lccl goorl wfiile trrger anrou rs nrrke lhcm fect dcfrcsscd. .nisobrcrvatio h.stcctr spporlcd by evidence.Alcohot laken r sma qLrntiijcs can bri g

t l r , , . .ur- \ l , hc l , f ig . , ,J t r .c "orr p( ,df i t " ,* r ur r t iJcnr r r r r j .^ { r t I ,o i . f . t reL h n 5 c ri c \ I r h c J r , i t h i t r y t , c u t , t c t t i l t r , r r , l r | l t ] , { d . , . J t , . t , . , . n I" | 1Thc lruth is th.t sludics vc sho,vn hrr srnrll doscsof l..ohotpu rp up thc ho,rltmtcwhilc fiigh do.rcs rtr dcprcssor skrw down lhc he d nrtc aru ti aa ro ar]l];iri.,n. +trtrorgtrsn la l lquru l i l i cs nay nor tr h.o l i r t , a tohol t rkctr ;n Irc qu nl i t icsc, ru .os cr i ( ;s, h . r n g c \ i r l I , ' n J ) c h f r r h t N . . , l t r r i l | g r r . r r t v f v , . r v t , . , r l . , t l t h . \ , r t ) .A L o h ' l h . ' L r I r . r l l c J ( t t c , . , , ll . n ( r v , , u . , \ y . t J I r . t I I ^ , J f i r . r . t r . ,r u , . . . i r r r r ] l {lLncf i ( i r l in rc l icvnrgc$;o,r A l t t r s nrc i r r rc, judgrrrcn tardoort inar ionan:nrpr i rcd,sl 'ownby l lc t r ( l lhr l r l ( , lo l jsa urclor r ruorchin l) l I or . r t ih l rurornohi l ( :c: id.rdix N" th Alr , r i , r . AI '1, | | , ' l I r t , r rA r tr r ' , i t i r ) , , l t t I nrrur .1. j tL , . r r l jd r t I t r \ . .1rr i ., , t u ! . . t r l t r u , t . . r \ t { , \ h . r , t J r J \ r . r , n . , , , . td , r t " , , r , l , , :, 1ntcnnryo l in tox;cxtcdl to t lc .C l r ron i ( bohol isnr t lccts he l [ . ( tcs i ! lhc x)dy.Rrso.r .hsh,ws rar lc , rNscl ls, ' l h . n \ ) u . ( ^ . r i n r l h r 1 d n J t , . , $ i r D . . ., tJ . g f r 1 1 . r l i . i , ,r J n f t r . . r t , - . ! , , , ! . r i u r ( lrn l r rg{d urdiq! u J(r l l , .A lco lb l l tc ls scxur l iLy r rcpmdudn)r . t l loughnr cf l tcxr rn)u sca jnc( .scscx1l i ldcsrrc, . lcoh. lu$r l ly decrcaseshc:rbi t i ly o pcr lonn.Chro n, ! t&)hol isn ar ' , t r . . . p r d , r t n r t J u \ 1 i r t r . , r , J t f . , J t o L , f U t r t y . ' I . } r . i . . l q r l l \ , . , r \ . . J h ) r t , . . J . . t r , . . t , . , . ,rhrL \cx h' rn n c. lc\ lu\ 'c&rnc, th( l j \c r .Chroniclcohol ism rs a ( le tnnrcnhl l tcc to lhc ivcr .Hcr\ ,ydr ink ing ruscs .a l orccu r r l i l lc inthc l ivcr .p ,ssageot b loodbrco rcs lnpoi rcd,hecdp.rc i ry; lLIrc ivcr oprocessood decredscs,rd rhegencnt hc,rlrhofrr,c indivjdrr l dcteri(n[s.Onc of tle wo6t effccts ot at.olrol js on lhc branr. Hcavy drinkitlg cxn lcad loc o n l u . j n l : r | c v e u n . o n $ o u s s c .P n g r l r n 'w o r j , n j ( . r J \ i L . J n d r n J n r , t r j , ,e . t r . i i l l y I I h c . . rl ) I r n u r L s .. . a u s ,n f r h r b r n . r r r ( r r , 1 u . r r L c u n b u , I b . , t , y . A t c ^ t , r i!,ffcl: eachr$on d iferenrly,a d cveryuscrsho!1dbc awarcofirs porcntialcti.ccts.ryshodtenn b!netitsnuy be ouLwejghedy tory rcnn ncgrtivecllccrs.

3 0


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CHAPTER8ANSWERKEY1. Make2. Tle3. INert

rranglng tems hronologlcnl lyt . 3 , 7 , 4 , 22 .5 ,3 , r , 4 ,23 . t , 4 , 3 ,24 . t , 3 , 4 ,26 .4 ,2 ,1 ,3

tlslng ln)perntlveVerbs(Ansvfts trill vary)1. Obtai a bflttery, ome|)sul:rted irc,a llil, ard sotrepapr lips.Z Connct ne d otthe wire to a batterynode.3, Coil hcwircaround nail .4, Comcct te olhcrendoftbc wirc to hc othcrbrttcry node.5. Usc hcnsil topickuppaper l ips.(Explanationr lcchic currcnls ioducemagnctic iclds. Iyoll disconnccthe nilfrontthe baltery, t will no ongerbenlagnetized.)Chooslng orbForms1 .a2 .b

5 .aWordRoots

3 , c

4. Move5. Place6. Check

6 , a8 . d9 , b

10. a7.8 .9 .

7.8 .9 .

fc

b

5 . b6 . j

Vocabuloryn Contcxrrcrdins ki l ls)1 . b2 .b3 .a


32/48

Understandlng he R.ad lng1 - T3 . 75 . F6 . 7

vocabulnryn Context lhtenlng k ls)l . a3 . a4 . b

l lnderstnndlnSheLecture2 . G3 . E4 . E5. SN6 , E

7. F8 . F9 . 7

10. F1 1 .T'\2. F

6 . a

8. WN9 . G10. SNandWN1 1 .Gt2. E13. E

LECTUREIThe Four Forces of NtaureIsaacNcMonidentificdravilyaso c olihc b sic forces f nrturc.SirceUre& tborforces h{ve bccn discovercd. hysicisrs clieverhcrcare four tbrccs n ndlurc:agnvitationalorcc,an electrouugnet icbrcc,a strong ruclc"1rorce, rd a weaknuctcarGravilations hc orce y wtich all bodics reatrracrcdo eacb thcr. l kcernDta clsin beirorbirsnd akesapplcsfalt frcnrtrc! ' . I t isacruallyrhc*eakesotrhcfourforccsbut tseffccrs estronglyelI becauseclcstiabodesa c soma s;ve.Theelectromagneticorcesconsidrsdy nnnyscienrsls o bc le mosi mporrantofall. Theelectnnragneticbrcc s thepowcrtut trn('lionof urJrke te.lri(.ilt h;raes nJrctuhion ot like chirgcs.Tbe nuclcus f an al.)nrbasa posirileetenric cbarseanJclcflrons rbilingbe nucleusave negalivcbxree. inctoppositebacs ltmci rheseeleclricorces ausehc ruclersand helectmN o bca tncred 0 ach ther. lis is tleundcdyingorceof chenistybecauser h rcsponsiblcor bindinghcpanictes far alomlogclher, oldingatons ogethero fonll nolccules, nd kecpingmole$les ,ogcrhero


33/48

Ionn liquids and solids. n nonnl lile, we are nol awareof the clcdnml ft'rce bccausewhcn positiveandnegativc bi rgcss!c cqurl,lhcy canceleacnotherout andno lbrcc s lclta ta l l .The ele.lrcnragrclic iorcc causcs riclion. For example,as you wrlL thc rlorrs andnolcculcs on the floo. aDdotr your fccl arc prcsscdout of shapeand the elect.ic orcc ofone ads on lhe olhcr.All conlact brcesarc basjcallyelectricrll.For cx.nrplc, when youpush or pull an objectwith your hand, hc clcclrical lbrce acts o move ille object, andprcvidcs he resistince o trcvcnt your hand rc goinglhloughtlle objecl!Thc clcclricll force is eve in aclionwbn you fut a bond nid o your firger. Tlesticlrysidc oflhc bdnd-aid as a chemical bat ooscnlshc clcclrcm so lhey ump over toyour finger. Yon. thrgcrb(@mcs ncgllivcly cirarged rd tle band-aidbcconrs IDsitivclycba gedso thc rtlntclion ofopposilesbolds hem togetlrcr.Tbe electrica forcc is sinnhr to lhc gravihliorrl lbrce, actnrgacross mply spa(, o.nlhcr an clcctrcm.gnclic [c]d. Howevcr gnvitxtioll orly allncLs. Elcctrically (hrrgcdsulshrccs ciLbcrallmct or reF.l. Filr.|lly,lhe clcctrical brce s al work in all (hcPrcrcsssof thcbody.Thc lctrill|nrnrg wa lbrccs a.c lhc ruclcrr lo.ccs lhrt rct o ly wilbin tLe atom.Scicl(isls divide lhcur irto 1wocrtcSorics, lc sl(,ng nuclur lbKc rr lbe wc k ruclcarlbrcc.nreslrorg orcc s thcot ]c h t ic tso lhc rc lcLrs f lhca lour to o ld logc l l rc . lhcproto,rs.Sincc tlc protor|! rrc tx)silivclyclrls.d. thcy rclLl crcl otltof and a lcry stro glbrcc is nccdcd o hold lhcrr (ogcllcr. TIrc wcak lhl(c is thc orc rcsponsiblc o. ccnanrtypcsol ndbaolivity.

Forr lorg 1iruc, l wls thougll lh.l r11 vcnts r tlrlrrc (ruld bc cxtlaiocd ry lhcsc burItrccs. Rccc lly, howcvcr, scicrt;sts [vc dis.overcdp()blcnrs with ilris hcory. For oncrh ing l lc g ' rv i lx l iot la lpul l dccp r rn Aus lnr l i^ Inr i c wrs l i )urd 1() E slx ' rgcr l rnngnv; ly on hcsu. lacc l l l r cnnh.Als,) , ot l rccxI{ r inrcrrsvo ruvcr lcd i l l c rcnccs' r lcn ' tc ccn. i t ro l , jccls i r l l .wird lhc crnlr . To cxf | l r i r ) lcsc d i l lc icncs, p lys ic is ts urveproposcd hat thcrc rMy I{ a tillh li,(c opn'ling ir lhc t|nivcsc. Trris iorcc, ollcdhyporchrrgc, is thoLrghto hc wc!kcr lhnn gnrvity ,rd counltn(1s thc lolcc ol gnvily atshort dista ccs.So hr, rbrc cxprineDhfior is ncccssrrybchrc lhc hypothcsis l a ljllhlbrcc bl-conl().\cceplcd lcory.

l 3


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CHAPTER9ANSWERKEYUnderstandingMaurematicat erms

3 . v = l . w . h

5. k=;( . v)"

7. 'c=;cF-32)I||dtln te Artlcles1. pe cillin, a drug, diseases2 . a q u n s a r . a g n l a x y3. zinc,a moderatelyctivemetal4. hcat,encrgy5. ligllt,ancxha luorescentigbt6. iron,glasses, lass7, alpha ays,beta ays.gamma ays /

8. a colorless,dorless,llrd astclessasDellnlteArticle!1. A biochemistry rofessor,n experimcnt,uinea igs,Tte expcriment,lteprofessor,hanimals2. ThHumbcrBridge, hc ongesl uspensionridge,bewortdJ, a conret,hecomet4. Erkcrt,Maucbly, he irstall elechonic omputcr5. Thc cffect, ivingrhings,hc amount,t rareNunlberPre{ixs

l . d2.e3 . a4 . c

6 . kt 7 . j8 . f9 . h

10. i

34


35/48

Vocabulary n Contxt(readingskills)1 . aZ . ^3 . n5 . a6 . b

DrowingConclusions1 . b3 . b4 . b5 . b

Vocabolary n Context lis en ng skllls)1 . a2.b3 . a4 , a5 , a6 . a

Understandng tho Lecture1 . 72. 'l4. 'l

7. F

7.9 .10.

11 .

6 .7.8 .9 .10.7.89.10.

l l .12.. 8 ,9 .1 0 ,1 1 ,12.

TTFTFF

bb

bb

b

b

LECTURE:The Remrrkable Behavior ofGasesOnc of tle reasons cjentish iudygasess that the behavior f gass an beundentoodn quartilalivccnns.Thbehavior f gascsssubjecto three elntedactonltempenture, ressurc,l|dvolunc.A chinge n oneof theseacioirs suchasa drop nternpenturecanbringaborta changen theother aclo$.Morcovcr,hbchavior f anyonegas s thc sane or all gascs r mixturcs fgass. hcrcforc,asic ulesor scjentificlaws havc bccnstablishedo helppredict he effectsof e vironmental langesonternperature,ressurc, ndvolume.Thefirst of these aws was discovered y the British

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scrcnlistRobcrlBoyle in 1662.Boylc found th.t ifte squcczed rlblrcr balt, rhevc,lulllcotair ir]sidc t decreascd. he n)orche squcczcd,he css he volunrcoftlc co hedair.Ihct, ifhe dorblcd theprcs{re, tbc votunledccrcised o prccjsetyhaltofnhal ir was.I|requadruplcdhc pressurc,lhe olunredecrcrscd o onequaderofwhrr jt wast Accordirgly,lle establislrcdhat hc volumc of i gas s nrvelsetyproportional o the prcssure pptic; ior1 ,provjded1hc cnrpemlurc cn)iiN constanr.Boyle h|d demoNrrrlcd rbat trcssur! and volunrc are nrveBcty relarcd.Howcvcr,lcnrpcmture lso rffecls thc volurncof a g;rs. n the :rte1700s, i Frrnce,JacqucsChrlcsnotcd {halasa gasgcL!coolcr, rs volunrcconkacls.In tacl, wilh eachdcgree i gclscoolcrits volunc gctss rllc.so thaL fyou coolcd t lo ,273. Cclsius, twould.strir*jo norlingand djsappear! uckyJicqncs Charlcsdid nor hrve tc,worry abc,ut rcvnrghis hypolhcs;be(ausc o one conld get cnrperaturcsown lbrr lowt _.. 'Ihe silrihr bdravior of grscs lcd tbc ltrlirn chcmirr Arn.dco Avogrdro 1t) rhcdh(ovc.y ofn o lhcramnzing act. r l le ycr . t8 , Avogrdro igurcdo;t lhNlequl lvo j i ' n rcs f a l l grscsat lhc srnrc cnrpcr urc nd prcssurc o hjn r le srnrcnuorbc; fpr r l ic lcs . r assnr d hcp.r t idcswcrc tonBbut tn lc . lhcywcrcdcter rn incdobcgnrpsol lonrs , r n lccu lcs. vo$dro 's , ,motccutariy l )o lhcscs. "i t sknow lodry, s ; c; frJ. , r , . " t i r r tnrr ' r t , . i , r { t , t , \ n l (hLrr , . r , \ . ,nJ n, r t , l i . . . , r juu{t , t . r j . , l . , ; . t . . jn r t t rr \ r lo i r t r ' r ' l thc t t , ' rn ich.^ry.Willr 1lr dcvcloporcntol rhis hytollcsis, rhc volutrrcoi I g.rswis u dcatood lo bcrcl.lcr to Ihc nnvcnlcrl ol-lhc rrr'lcctrlcs. hrr is, thc volurr0 ot a grs incrcascs).crusca1.. iUlnr n, , r t t r . , lur f . . i , l 'aul . . . I r , 'v ' t l r \ t . r . n. , tuI rg I r . , rc \1 , . r . . t , r L. , ! f r r , ,uIJ.Corvcricly,.t l(^vcr tonpcrirurcs, r)r.,lcculcstow dow , rcquiri g tcssspa.c,rnd grscs(mlncl- h th. 186{)s, rilisl ftrysicirr Lord Kctvin suggcncd lDl jln gis wcrc .cdu;d ro-273"Ccls ius,L would nol shrnrk oJ disapl ) l r r , s Jacqucs hr lcs l rd srggcs lcd.lnsted, rhccncrgy l l lc tno lc .u tcs ouldb( r .duccd Jzcm.Tr is rcn)pcnrurc473. t6a , l \ i u \ r , , 1 4I , n ' i . . ' . r r . ( , , r , r J , . r , . J r t r . t , , w r \ r t r , L . r t , t ,. , , n , , r r u , . ' . . j . . , t " , . r , , t , t , r .i l \ r r , r ' ' , 1 h f . ' t t . k n , , q , , , . t . , r . r . , t \ , . t ,l , . r , , , , , z , r , , K r t r r nr , r r 1 , r r r r r r i . r , r . r u . rcxr )ml. l ]sould l hc lp r r hisk i , rd |cnr t)cf t ln ic.Td giv. you n . r o t h, ,w.otd l is ,on thcKclvnr ca lc , 50" 'smldcr l t ra r t lcnatr rx l lcnrpcalurcata spotor)crr rh.P[ys c ins od iy cor ; ' c tosludyr trcrcnrark lc l )chv ioro lgrses, rni .u lnr tyr t owtdnpcn'turcs. With ihc use ol rodcrn lcclniqucs thcy [^vc bccn abk r; !rIrjnrcnrtctul"rcs is low is o e millio lh ot a dc{rcc bovc arxoldc zcro (o.0finXX.K)lAbsoluiczeb, howcvcr, c rirs ulla aimblc.

i 6


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CHAPTER1OANSWERKEYIdeb lfyinI 1 enses1. 4 a. sinPlepast b. acl ivc

2. a a. pltsentPerfect b. aclive3. 5 a. PastPcrlcct b. PassiveUslns be Simple astTense

l. wrotc 5 was onned2, were ound 6. reprodrccd3. appeard ?. werediscovcrcd4. lived 8. rolatcd

Uslng hc Prescnt ertect cnsc1. b:'sbcconrc2, havcbcen ude3. lave becrdiscovcrd4. hasstill not beenbund5. hns ccently endiscovcrcd6. basustgone7. havckrown8. hfls rccn ccn9. hnvcdcstroyed

Chooslnghc CorroctPrstTensebclicvcd wilscovcrcdgcnrated dcaycdwashcld werc 116c1cdpcrtornrcd laidplaccd were ourdwas ctl dcnronstnlcdwascovercd hnvcPedonnd

forn| lnSScntcnccshat Report Answer i l l vrry)1 Thc fi6t tesftubbabywasborn n Ergland n 1978.2. Theprinciples tgconctry weredevelopcd'y Euclid n AlexaMria,EgyPt n300 .c.Thcplanlsandanin$lswercclaslifiedby thcswcdishCarolus innacusn1735.4. In 1911,MariC{ric ofFrance eceivcdhc NobclPrize or thcdiscovery fplutoniumardadium.5. Pi-shcng I China nvcDtcd rinlingwith movablcypc n.he 11lhccnl!.y.6. h 1942, he talianErricoIcnni accoolplislcdhccontrolled rclflrfission f


38/48

7. Tbe irst aDdingn be rpon;a(nradc y beAmen(inpmjccrApolto n1969.8. William turvcydhcovercdbecirculation fthe blood n Engtandn 1628.c. ln I96I,JuriCagarin f rhcSovicr nionnaJcbc i,sl n:rc; t ishl.10. TbeAnrrican onas alk evctopedpotioaccinc ,, 9:54.11.Tbc trcandcscenranrp rs nvenredt Thor,)asdiso,rr Arncdcan18?9.1 . c2 . e3 . b4 . f

Voctrbuhryn ConrexrreadlDgkl ts)L a3 . b4 . a5 . a7. ^

S k l m m l h gl . n 2 , cDlst lnSulsl ' ln8 rct f ro l l l Optnlon

6 . d7 . 98 . h8 . a9 . b

10. b11 . b12. b

3 . O6 .O8 .F9 .F10.F

1 1 .O12. F13. O14, O15. O6 . b7. b8 . a9 . a

Vocar)ularyn Conrcxt t istenhg k ts)1 . a2 . h3 . a

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t lndcrstandlngheLecturc1 . F2 . F3 . F4 . 75 . F6 . 7

'7. T8 . 79 . F

10. T11 .Ft2. T

LECTURE:T h e S c i e nc c f Ce n c t i c sMostot ushlrc t forgmntcd bntwc havc rhcrilcd cnrin(hrnc{cristics.We rightbc all 'kc our ather, usicnlikc ouruolher,brcwn-cycdikcourgnndrnolhcr. utwlyis twc inh..itsomcraitsand ololhcrs? ounrjght hinkyouarcvery ftcrcflt romyoubrolhcror sistcr, ct otherpcoplcnotice fanily resemblaflce.ow on wc cxplai thcdif fercnccsand he ini lar i t ics?ndhowca adoggivcbirthtorl i t tcrofpuppic satare l ldif fc.cnr?ccnctjcs s Urc rranch f scicncc hit sccks o dclcnni c lhc rnswcrs o lhuscqrest io ,n'rdodiscovcrhowl nlsandmi alshlvcdcvcloprdovert l rcnst lwobil l ionycn6.'Ilrc licld otgcnclics Lg.rirwilh thc discovcricsl'r ni ctenlh ccllury Arslri nnrcnkn rcdGrogorMc cl,whowllsn at| i . lcurbolist .His niquc o lr ibut jon sthathcstudicd ncch nrclcrislic a limc o scchow l waspas,icd.ourorc gcrcnrlionorrn{ficf.Hr p!rlbn cd cxpcnmcnls ilh rcd nd whitc lowcrcd rrdcr pcisr'rdol'laincdso'r)cnlcrcstcdcsulLs.Mcndcl ook hc nulc cclls nllcn gnrirts)ron a rcd owcf rnd llrced lhcrr on tficlcmrlc clls(phrilt ofa whitc0o\vcraproccssallcd ross-pollinrlion).hcn hc lowcrproduccdccds, c pl rled hc sccds, bcn,wlcn lhc tlowc$ trcgano bloonr,Mcndclobscrvcdll lr t stc.d f l lcpinkf lowc'sorlnixturcofredandwhilclowc$hccxl)cclcd,al l hcf i lsl cncntjonl loweIscre ed.NextMcndcl ook hcmlc cells.ndDIa.!d bcNon bc cnraleellsoi trese altrc edllowcn (a proccss allcdsc -pollinrrtio). Agai ihe lowc$ pmduccd ccds, rd aglirMcndclphnlcdhcn. Tbissccoldgc cnlionproduccdourecda'rd or)rc hile lowcrs.Thc nrlcrcsl g partof thiswas hit thc nlio of rcd lowcls owfiitc vrs rcciscly hrcc oonc! Also, thcrcwrrc no pir* flowcls.ThusMcndclsbowedhat a rrixturcoi chanc-lcristics id rot blcnd nloso,nelhinghrt was bclwccn hc two. Rnuer, hc char.c-tcrislicscnn'ncd istinctn lle ncxtgcnemtion.Mcndcl :oNl ded hat hercarecenain actorslater allcd encs)hil dctcrnrinchccoloroflhcphnis.He also shbl;slredbat he cd actorwasstrongcr rdonrirrnt,.ndbewhilc ador wasweaker, r recessive.ut hc reccssiveaclordid no1 isippcar;t oDlyL.ecalllc iddcnand soDrl;nrs enrrgcd a latcrge enlion (wihess: hc rcd flowcrsproducedwhitc flowcn). This cxplahs why, lbr example, wo dark-hiircdparcntssometimcsivc bidh io a blondchild.Boll pirenis nayb carrying cccssivccncsorblond ah.

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GregorMndel nude genetics nro a sciem, He \lrs able to prcdicr exnctty lhenurnbcrand type of plantshis experimcftswourd producc.Untappitt for hinl, M;dd,sworkwasnotrccognizedn thescientific ortdunxit 6yea$aftrhjsdcarh. jnc hen,experimcntsave bccnpedormed ith numEmlsmitsofpt.nls andarnnabwhichhav;demonstBled[e uDive|satppticabilty f Men,tct.sindi;ss.ThepdnciDtest heRdilvlbdlMendelcstabl;hed14eresignit jcanlinsutstnl l l iadrgDarwin.slheory'ofevot

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CHAPTER11ANSWERKEYUsinSPreciseDescr ipt ions

1. Too vague. Spccifiingwhcn life beganwould rlrake t morc scicntific.2. Does notiDdicalc it5,500 fc.t is lhe width, depth,or lcngh.3. Does not indicate item otconpanson. Cooler than what? anotherstar? nnerIayelS?4 Agajn, doesnot indicate tcnofcotnparison. Less cormsive than what?5. Does notspecify unit ofncasurc'nent. DgreesCelsius?DegrcesFrhrcnlcit?6. Does not indicatepoint ofrcfercnce. Away fro'n wbat:l7. Dos not indicate basis or con,parison.Highest n the Hirftlsyas? in Asia? nihe world?8. Dos llot specify a.m. or p.rn.Docs nol indicit date.

Dcscr ib lngwlth AdJact ivesAnswerswl l l vory)1. sal(,sugar2. wood,papr 12. slccl, diflnlofld, narble13. rubber,sponge,musclc3. fruils,vegetablcs,rains 14. tfcesnp, nv04, carbonmonoxide, $enjc 15. rubbcr, lantgxln5. lcmon,gmpcfrujt6. gold, i lvcr8, tilc, nnrblc9. sand, rcc bark

10. glass,lowcr11. ghss,wrterUslngAdJoctlvesl th "edond lhg1 . a

2 . ^3 . b

lormlng Cornpound ouns1. cheuical eaction2. waterdisplacement3. air conprcssion4. fuelpump5. gas ensiiy1. Iargcoil corlaincrz excessiveir pollu.ion

16. air,wl| tcr17. f l lcohol,erlunre18. lbg, jungle19. thccrr lh, nirbow20. gasoline, ctrolcunl21. acids sulturiccid)

6 . a8 . i9 . a

10. b6. foodpreservalion?. bird Nigratior8. wordprocessorL acid din

10, drugaddict

4 t


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3. bigl blood pressure4 seriousbiith defbct5. powed'.'l radiationdetcctiondevjce

wr l t lng Snooth sentencesAnswers i l l vary)L Umnus, thc third largeslplancl, s orbilcd by nany thin dngs and at least 15

satellites.2. CianiLc s a fard and shiny igncous rock lhal is nl.dc ofsever ] kjnds ofnetals.3. Calcium is a silvery netal tbat s found in liflrestone,nurble, cb.lk, and narine4. The brcniosauruswas a largc,30 ton platrt{atitrg dinosaur hat livcd itrshallow5. Quasars re staFlike objccts hat emit more ndiation than entirc galaxies.6. The crebrum, le largestpartoflhe bmin, conlrols the snses nd the muscles.7. Hcnophilia is an infcrilcd djscasc n wbich thc blood does not clot propcrly.8. Thc grccnhouseeffect is the gradualwanning of the crdh by gases hat $re

Vocobuhry n Contcxl rendlhg kl l ls)l . b ' 7 .a2 . ^ 8 . a3 . b 9 . "4 . a 1 0 .n) . 0 l , . a6 , ^ l z . b

tmpped r thahnosphere.1 I2 . e3 . c4 , 95 . a

Sklmnl lngl . b

Maklng In ferences1 . S2 . N3 . I4 .S5. I6 .S

6 , i'7, b8 , de.

2 . c1.8 .9 .10.

l l .12.

SNIsI


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Yocabularyn Context l istcninski l ls)1 . n2 . b3 . a5 . a

t,rdcrstaDdingheLecture1 . 72 . F3 . F4 . 75 . F6 . F1 . T

6 .7.8 .9 .

b

8 . 79 . F10 .F

1 1 .F12. F

LECTURE:B c y o n d O $ r P l u | l c tOnc f l lc l | rostlscinrt irglopicsl |scicrrccs hc tudy l whrl ics cyor d urPluctd wl)cthcr hcrc s al|y ile out hcrc s wc ktrow t Our solnfsystcr)rorrsistsl ni c

phrcts and lcir s.lcllilcs,plusnuotrousaslcroids, omcts, rrdnrctcor"the

plr clsirivcl ir clliplic.l otuits r.und lhcsu\ kcpl n Placc y thcsun's r,rvitatiornlbrcc.Thc closcst h,rct o lhc sotr s Mcrcurywhi(h s orIIyslighly ltrrgerbanourmoonMcrcurysvcryhota d h s non Nosphcrc.llcaforc, hcrLsnoPossibilily lilc.Vcnris,thc ncxtplaret, s ah rst bcsaure irc as hc cilh. Dcspilc t\ floxitrrily o tlrecnnh, lssurlaccs socloudyhtL cicrlisls amolscc l. Vcrus s sohotanddry, rere s iltle bopeotlir i gany lifc on tssurface ilhcr.Thc hird ln ct inorderfrontbesunislhccrnba lhcfourthplanelisan Malshas nggcd c16 wilhhugcvol. ' . t rocsanddccpcanyons.Likc1beeanh,it lrxsicypolnrrcgionswhich chnge with th scasons. ccordigly, scienlisls M write$ ol scicncetiction havealw.ysbce intrigucd y itr Poie irl lor sust nirg lile Howcvcr,cccntexplomtionsflve ottunrcd parycvide ceoflilc.BcyondMaN bcrcare nnnnrcriblcslcroidsr nrirorPlrnclshat flybcPiecesfaplanethrl onccexplodcd. ttcrthe$tcfoidscoNcsJrPiler,l1ealgcstPl. er Jupitcrhs16lnoons.ILsnussisconrFsed.lNostenlirclyof lrydrcgcqnrditnmyjnfcibeabaIlofgaswitb o surfaceatall. oNescienlistsbclicvcbeplarct nybc shrirfti g. uPitc.spi srdpidly n ts axis lndnovcsslowlyarou d hesuu,giving t shortdays nd onsyeaIS ftlEre s lilb on Jupiter,t nusl be verydifferentioDl ilt on earth FiBtly, Leorganisrnswouldnotbreilheorygenbccauseupiier's l|llosPhereasnone Sccondly,heywouldhavoo floatongas.Of coulse, upilersso dr frornlbe un hnt l is ikely o bc oo cold


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to support ny fe. Butsome cicntisrsave suggcsredhata prorcctjvetmosphereaykcepd1e larct$"dnn.Or,Jupitcrnlayhava differenr ource f encrgy uchasencrgyproducedy theplanet ontmcline.Satum,bebautiful laDet jlh thc ings,ollows upirer. h! rings renolsolid;ttleyarenadcupof epamtcart icleswhichorbitSatuOreof hcmostspectrcrl larsiql rsif lr h c u r v e ^ t ' n u s t h e r h e v i r s f n r m s 6 r u n t o f i l s ' r D g n i t i c cr i n g s ! ^ i r h r h e s u n s h i ; n g o ntlEmtopmduce njnbowofcoloN asisbthunanbinss ilt ncvcrseel). arunhas ver20salellitesnd s te secondargestplancrUranus ndNeptunc renexl n ode. Thcyarebolh argcptanetshar re quite .arfraln hesuna'rd, ccodingly, erycotd.Unnus sorbited y rhin ings n{t Dnymoons.Plutoisasma,da.kplat, lhc nhest ronl hc un.tyouwere npturoD.he ;nwouldComcts rEalsopartof ourso a syste .A conler onsislsfa cenlfftnussof cosrnicrmtterwilb a lail thatstllflnrsaway mnr hsurLConrcb n.vct hrouAhursohr systemsoflcl imeswcctingon( mu|'dursun nd rnishingrrosfs.c.Ha ev.s o,ncr. nledtbrDcmonHallcywhoprDdjctcdtsoftil, rcrumso theeanb vory76yenls.Mcrcor" n bit5 fcos,I ic rancrhrr nrcr ur rrn.phcrc,, ; , j,u;rut. Th,) atpeartousas allingstfln.Mcrcoritcsrc'i)crconhar uNivc hc.rDospbercnJh,rd;n;;nh.h bctwee[ hscnriouscelcstial odics,hcsc s Doat] osobcr.o air. no w.ter.Moslofour univc^e \ jusr 1IFv sI,.(\'.A. for Iitl rxi.rinEctirwhcre.nlost (icnrisrsbclicvc.thnt'illtclligcrtljfc" probrblydocsnotcxjsrnr o r sotir sysrcn!but t prctMblydocs xistout tcrc bcyordoursotarsystcm. emay rcvcrcacbhcsc lherworlds, ;ttbcy rc ahDostcrtnirlythcrc.


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CHAPTER 2ANSWERKEYIdent i fy lngPredlc t ions

l . P 5 . P2 . r 6 .H3 .H '7 .P4 . r 8 . HFornulat ingHypothct lcal redict ioDs1. Ifwe studied, c wouldpass.2. r a curewc.c found or lcukcmia, any livcswouldbe savcd.3. IIchlorinewcrc nhaledD argedoses,t wouldbe atal4. ff mercurywerc heatcdo 357"C, t would boi1.5. It the uel igniled, hecngitrcwouldstart.6. I f i twere a clcarr ightwc would ce hecli f lsc.

?, ff thewjrcswere llsulalcd,lhey ouldbc uscd1() arrylecl.iccurrent.8. If lhe air temPcrdtureroppd clow0'C, tlr flinwould urn to snowFor uht lng I l Iposslble redlct lons1. lf wc hadstudicd,we wouldhrvc prssed.2. Uwchlldspokc thcsamelf lnggc, wcwould avc ndcrstoodncb tberbcl lcr '3. lf wc Imdnrovcdbeclocksbflokonebour,wt would havchrd r extr hourofdayl ightn tbcnlorr ing.4. lf thc bridgeLadbccr propcrlydcsig'rcd,l would ol hrvc collrFscd5. It lhc standrrdsad bccr lowcr, norcstudcnls ould avc frsscd.6. thcsalcl l i lc adnotbccn rLcrruplcd,t would aveconlinuc. ln lsorbit .7. If tlrccgg ccll hadbccn cnilizcd ryspc crrryirg a'r x chfoNosonrc,hcbabywouldhavc cn gir l .8. I f hc bnd r lcD balnrccdict,hcwould vcbcc Lcallhicr.Con|plct ing cntences

2. brd prediclcd

5. will hibcrnate6. would rus17 wouldhavc umed8. would iq cty

creatingPrcdict lonsAnswtrswll l v ' ry)1. pcople id '! dr ink nd rivc2. thcyexerciscd ore3. we drovcclectricaulonobiles4. lhercwcreno tests5. thcrcwouldbe css ratTic n hc ieeways


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6.7.8.9.

therewouldbemanydisputes boutwhocontrolstEnglishwould beeasiero learnI couldsleep ater nthe mornjngI would o10... .

1. tnnsmitld2. aq[educt3. psychosomatic4. psychomotor6. cadioc

Vocabulary n Contextl . a2 . b3 . b4 , b5 . a6 . a

DlrtlngulshlngFrct frotn Oplnlon2 . F3 . O4:a5 ,O

Vocrbuloryn CoDtextl lstenlngkults)

3 . a

7. submit8. ductile9. hel io

10. cardiogrsph11. geonetry

8 . a9 . a

10, a1 1 .a12. a7, F8 . F9 . F

10.o1 1 ,Ot2. o

8 . a9 . a

10. F1 1 .T12. T

Undcrstandlng the L|!cturc

4 , b5 .b6 .b

7. F.8 . F9 . F

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LECTURE:T h e W o n d r o f W r t e r

It is difficult to overesti rale bc impnancc ofwaler in ourlives. All living rtter,includbg mcks, bod, and mincrals, o'rtai|rswater.TletE is walcrundcrgroundand n 1bcahosphere. Arcas ol llle world that havc an adcqualc upply ofwater pmv;de lbr lertjlelands hat c?n supportnliny peoplc n conlBst lo arid desertareaswbere peoplecannotNearly hree-founLs f thc errth's surfae is orc big ocean n which tle c{rntincnts rctl1hrge hlands. Most of the earth's lifc cxisls in lle oclanj and llre ocean mnlainserlomrol]s uantiliesof nearly vcry clcnrcnt, ncludingumdur\ rulg csiurr, silver, ndgold. Dcsp;te ts irnFnalce, u lil rccenly.?N, !s lilllc was known abnt the oceanasatEut anolhcr planct.Today we k ow, tur cxdnplc, lhrl lhc land sufac of lheoc.an scxt rcmey hig! no nt . i r rs t rddccfva l lcys. hc sl r rd otHrwai i is thc opofr nrour la jnllut is 33,000 f.ct high ' highcr tha rny rrounhnr nr thc Hirnahyas. And thcre aret l rdclwr lcr r t ryonsh. l arcvas l lyhrgcr tu ' r hcC.atrdC.nyon;n f icU i lcrStales.wlllcr is a cobrlcss, odorlcss, aslclcsr iquid lhat is tra'$l)flrc t. Thc grccn or bhccolorof t l rcscr is l iDnd oDly n dccf w lcr .Any l ste lhc wl tcr is usml iyduc o hcprcsemc oi ruiftillils djssolvcd ll lhc wrtd.Watcr js tlc nrcstvc^jalilc suhilnn(. ll is ltuquctrtly callcil th. urivcrsrl solvr tl)cmusc nnry sutxih ccs dissolvc in walcr srgar, grses, salt, d nuny nineft'ls.Sc;cr s ls f l i cv . thcsxl t ,n l lcocc iu walcrcon$ I nr t r r lc c 'os;on f rocks.T i rcr l i l lmho clr lh s ur i ( tuc nrong l l lhcph nc ls n or rso l , r rsystcnrn h l l i t l lowswr tcr to cx;s l n r l l lh rccs la tcs: o l id , iqu id , t rd9s. wl l lcr is oncol thc cw nr tcr i r lslvlrn,l cxpandswhcn il liccrcs. Forcx rrplc, l yoLricczc I closcd ,ottlc i11cd itl wnlcr,thc lxrttlc lvil1 shl1r.. This ex|rrLl;ng lir.ilily brfrks sti) cs a d nr;rkcs in oul ('{ ((:ks.

SiNc i lc l rkcs up nr)rc str .c l l r rn wr lcf , i l ;s lcssdc sc ud l loatson thc k ,0 \ dl ' lheo.crns. l l iLdid rol , oDioorns w.uld I ) . l tuzt so l id .Anolhcr rk lLrc .hrhc lcr is l icl water s hr l i t I r r ts rnd cools r r ) ru lo$l yr lnn oros lollrc lr.lcrinls,cslaCi.lly othcr liquids. l lrkcs moru o lx)il wrter or nrclt i( tfi.n ntsrsubsl rrcs rcqLrirc. hcsctroplrti$ ol lvitcr cxcrt r powc.lul n[dcnti g clled oD ourc l inmtc.mte r lcnds o l l rodrntc l lc cnr l { r r lurcal lyc r rcund.Arcas ci r 1 l r occaD regencr.r l lywanrcr i l lw ir lerat ldcooler ins lncr t tun in l0nd rcas.wlller is rcrrrkrue nr a otbcr way- If wc could nlow drof ol walcr wc uright i dllll1il lr.vcls rround Lhcworld. .ds hc su wflnns hc occan, onreoi lhe valcr evapofttcsirto lhe .ii ds thc air riscs o ctulcr prrls ol llc xr|1]osphcrc,t co dcnscsa d lbnnsclouds.Sonr cof lhcwatcr l r l lsassowofni o thc lourhirN- r t lc str ing, l rcsnowrcl ls nd t l rewalcr urN ownhi l l rmughstr . rn is r l ld ivcN.EvcnlL[ly nDsto l t l rc lvr lc rrciunts o lhe (rcln vii thc grcund, vt|tcrlxlls, trcllnrs,ivcr". Thisperyclualcircuhtion ofwNlcr ioN thcocernso lhc i r lo hc r rd a l lck10thcocea S isca l lcd lhcwalercyc le .

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