english and communication skills workshop for cat 2011 students - part 1
TRANSCRIPT
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CAT 2011 Workshop
Series
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The Genesis of thisworkshop
How students approach Englishquestions in the CAT
Why they do it this way
Can it be corrected?
Can the English section be handled asmathematically or logically as theother sections?
Is there a method to the madness?
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How we will achieve thisgoal
Revise some important concepts inEnglish Grammar
Review application through examples Probably not today
Extend understanding all the way to CAT
pattern and CAT level questions Not today
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Broad Timetable
Today Cover concepts related to Verbsand Subjects/Objects
Week 2 Cover concepts related toAdjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions andConjunctions
Week 3 Applying our understanding tocrack VA
Week 4 Applying our understanding to
crack RC
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A new way of looking atEnglish
Grammar not a set of arbitrary rules
There is a logic to the entire
substructure
Every rule can be truly understood andthen used
Makes English very easy to understandand English questions very easy tocrack
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What is a sentence?
Words strung together
Communicates an idea
About what?
What do you wish to say about that?
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Therefore, a sentence hasto have
Something + something about that
something
Something Subject
Something about that something Predicate
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Making a sentence
SubjectHas to stand for a thing
Predicate An action related to the
subject Performed by
Performed on
Predicate can be Just action
Action + ?????
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Simple Sentences
Just 2 words
Basic sentence Subject + Verb
More is optional
Even in long sentences, Subject + Verb
is the core Look for the core Critical in improving
comprehension
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Examples of BasicSentences
Subject
I
She
He Birds
Verb
do
sings
bowls fly
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Forming longer sentences
Add what you wish to to the basicsentence
3 places to add bits_____ + Subject + Verb
Subject + _____ + Verb
Subject + Verb + _____
More than 1 of the above
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Examples of longersentences
Iplaycricket
ISubject; A thing
play Verb
Cricket Object What the action is
directed at
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Examples of longersentences
The moviewasvery touching
The movieSubject; A thing
was Verb
touching Describes the subject
veryTells us how touching
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Examples of longersentences
The Indian teamwon by an innings and 75runs
The Indian teamSubject; A thing
won Verb
an innings and 75 runs A quantity (a
thing)
byrelates won to the quantity aninnings and 75 runs Answers the
question How big was the victory?
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Examples of longersentences
The trainreached New Delhi Railway Stationat 7:20 am
The trainSubject; A thing
reached Verb
New Delhi Railway Station Describes the
place reached More about the verb
7:20 amidentifies a thing, time
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Examples of longersentences
The trainreached New Delhi Railway Stationat 7:20 am
atrelates the verb reached to the thing7:20 am
at 7:20 am Tells us the time the trainreached More about the verb
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Examples of longersentences
Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia
TigersThe Subject; A thing
are, live Verb
ferocious mammals Describes tigers
ferocious Tells us more about thedescribing word mammals
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Examples of longersentences
Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia
that Relates ferocious mammals to someother things
the forests of India, Java, Sumatra andSiberiaA place (A thing)
inRelates live to the place the forests ofIndia, Java, Sumatra and Siberia
Answers the question Where?
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Examples of longersentences
Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia
in the forests of India, Java, Sumatra andSiberiaTells us more about the verb live
identifies the place
thatlivein the forests of India, Java,Sumatra and Siberia tells us about thething ferocious mammals
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Examples of longersentences
Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia
India, Java, Sumatra and SiberiaIdentifies 4 locations by their names
ofRelates the thing the forests to theset of locations India, Java, Sumatra andSiberia
of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia Tellsus more about the thing the forests
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What is common to all these
The core - Subject +verb - defines the ideaconveyed in the sentence
The rest tells us
More about one of these
More about whatever we say about one of these
Called complements things that add to the
base
Hence, Subject + verb is the mostimportant thing to learn
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Roles of words / strings ofwords
Things
Actions
More about things and actions
Relate things and actions to other things andactions
Connect ideas to form more complex ideas
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Formalising the roles - Parts
of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
The roles that words and strings of words
play in a sentence
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Introduction to Verbs
Words that denote action
No sentence can be without one or more
verbs
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Verbs and Time
All action takes place at some time
Understanding the role of time critical
Action words in English of 2 types
Those that denote timeVerbs in form andfunction
Those that do not denote timeVerbs inform but not in function
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The 5 forms of Verbs inEnglish
Present
Past
Past Participle
Present Participle
Infinitive
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing
Reach
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing
Reach Reached
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing
Reach Reached Reached
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The 5 forms of Verbs
Present PastPast
ParticiplePresent
ParticipleInfinitive
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak
Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink
Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach
Go Went Gone Going To go
Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing
Reach Reached Reached Reaching
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The 5 forms and Time
Only Present and Past forms denote timeautomatically
Verbs in form and function
Also called Finite Verbs
Past Participle and Present Participle donot denote time
Verbs in form but not in function
Also called Non-Finite Verbs Made finite using Auxiliary Verbs
Infinitive can NEVER be made to denote
time
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Auxiliary verbs in English
Do
Does
Did
Be
Am
Is
Are
Was
Were
Has
Have
Had
Will
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Auxiliary verbs in action
Past Participle(Original)
Past Participlemade finite
Present Participle(Original)
Present Participlemade finite
sung Has sung singing Is singing
Had sung Are singing
Was sung Was singing
Were sung Were singing
Are sung Has been singing
Will be sung Had been singing
Will have beensung
Will have beensinging
Importance in sentence
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Importance in sentenceconstruction
Every sentence HAS TO HAVE onefinite verb
Subject + Present/Past forms is alright
Subject + Past/PresentParticiple/Infinitive is not alright
Subject + Suitable auxiliary +Past/Present Participle is alright
How do you know the right
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How do you know the right
structure? English is a powerful language
Logical relationship between ideas andstructure
Important aspects of the idea that youshould be clear about
Relationship between subject and action
What kind of action and reference to actionyou wish to make
Two important aspects of
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Two important aspects ofverbs
Voice Addresses the relationshipbetween the subject and the action
Tense Addresses the kind of action the speaker wishes to
talk of
the kind of reference to action the
speaker wishes to make
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Introducing Tenses
How many tenses are there in English?
3?
??
20
12 in Active Voice
8 in Passive Voice
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Labelling the Tenses
Simple Continuous
Perfect Perfect Continuous
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2 aspects of Tenses
Form Which combination of words touse
Which of the 5 forms to use?
Which auxiliary/auxiliaries to use, in whichform and in which order?
Function When to use each
combination
12 Tenses in Active Voice
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12 Tenses in Active Voice An Example
Present Past Future
Simple Ram eats rice Ram ate rice Ram will eat
rice
Continuous Ram is eating
rice
Ram was
eating rice
Ram will be
eating rice
Perfect Ram has eaten
rice
Ram had eaten
rice
Ram will have
eaten ricePerfect
Continuous
Ram has been
eating rice
Ram had been
eating rice
Ram will have
been eating
rice
Generalising the 12 Tenses
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Generalising the 12 TensesPresent Past Future
Simple Subject - Verb in
Present Tense
Object
Subject - Verb in
Past Tense - Object
Subject will + Verb
in Present Tense
Object
Continuous Subject - am/is/are
+ Present Participle Object
Subject - was/were
+ Present Participle- Object
Subject - will/shall +
be + PresentParticiple Object
Perfect Subject - has/have +
Past Participle -
Object
Subject - had + Past
Participle - Object
Subject will +
have + Past
Participle Object
Perfect Continuous Subject - has/have +been + Present
Participle - Object
Subject - had +been + Present
Participle - Object
Subject - will + have+ been + Present
Participle Object
8 Tenses in Passive Voice
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An ExamplePresent Past Future
Simple Rice is eaten
by Ram
Rice was eaten
by Ram
Rice will be
eaten by Ram
Continuous Rice is being
eaten by Ram
Rice was being
eaten by RamX
Perfect Rice has been
eaten by Ram
Rice had been
eaten by Ram
Rice will have
been eaten byRam
Perfect
ContinuousX X X
Generalising the 8 Tenses
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Generalising the 8 TensesPresent Past Future
Simple Subject - is/are +
Past participle + by
Object
Subject -
was/were+ Past
participle + by
Object
Subject - will/shall
+ be + Past
participle + by
Object
Continuous Subject - is/are +being + Past
participle + by
Object
Subject - was/were+ being + Past
participle + by
Object
X
Perfect Subject - has/have
+ been + Pastparticiple + by
Object
Subject - had +
been + Pastparticiple + by
Object
Subject - will +
have + been + Pastparticiple + by
Object
Perfect Continuous X X X
?
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Why so many Tenses?
There is a lot of variety in
The kind of action we wish to refer to
The kind of reference to action we wish to
make
The English language provides aframework for each one
The variety in referring to
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The variety in referring toAction Aspects of time
3 aspects of time associated with anyaction
Speaking time
Reference time Action time
Tenses it gives rise to
Past, Present and Future Perfect Tenses
Understanding the aspects
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Understanding the aspectsof time
Speaking time The time when thesentence is spoken
Always the present
Action time The time when the actionis said to take place/be taking place
Reference time The point in time fromwhich the speaker chooses to view theaction
Possible relationships
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Possible relationshipsbetween ST, AT and RT
ST vs RT ST = RT - Present
ST > RT - Past
ST < RT Future
RT vs AT
RT = AT Simple Tenses
RT > AT Perfect Tenses
RT < AT Not possible
The variety in referring to
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The variety in referring toAction Nature of action
Attainment of status of completion Simple Tenses
Perfect Tenses
Being in progress
Continuous Tenses
Perfect Continuous Tenses
S i i th th d
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Summarising the method
Nature ofaction
RT vs AT
Attainment ofstatus of
completion
Being inprogress
RT = AT Simple Tenses ContinuousTenses
RT > AT Perfect Tenses PerfectContinuousTenses
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
Where the 3 arrows fall relative to each otherand the nature of the action decide the tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
All 3 at the same place, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Present Tense
The special case of the
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The special case of theSimple Present Tense
There is no such thing as the present orinstantaneous action
The present is either the future or quickly
becomes the past
All action takes some time
Hence, Simple Present Tense refers only to
habits and repetitive natural phenomena
He eats (does eat) rice
The sun rises (does rise) in the east
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Reference
time
Actiontime
RT < ST, RT = AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Past Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Reference
time
Actiontime
RT > ST, RT = AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Future Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
ST, RT and AT the same, Being in progressPresent Continuous Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Reference
time
Actiontime
RT < ST, RT = AT, Being in progress PastContinuous Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Reference
time
Actiontime
RT > ST, RT = AT, Being in progress FutureContinuous Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Action
time
RT = ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status ofcompletionPresent Perfect Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
RT < ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status of
completion Past Perfect Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speaking
time
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
RT > ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Future Perfect Tense
The time-line method of
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
RT = ST, RT > AT, Being in progress PresentPerfect Continuous Tense
The time-line method ofh i h T
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choosing the Tense
Speakingtime
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Actiontime
RT < ST, RT > AT, Being in progress Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
The time-line method ofh i h T
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choosing the Tense
Speaking
time
Earlier Later
Referencetime
Action
time
RT > ST, RT > AT, Being in progress FuturePerfect Continuous Tense
How does this help us
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How does this help us
Gives a framework to work with
Be clear about the idea you wish tocommunicate
Identify the voice and tense you need touse
Pick the correct combination of verb andauxiliary verb