English and American Revolutions

World HistoryChapter 20

England

• The Tudors became the ruling family in England in the late 1400s

• Henry VII – brought stability• Henry VIII and daughter Elizabeth I had the

most success• When Edward VI died, Mary I became first

queen of England• Mary I – a devout Catholic; burned over 3,000

including Thomas Cranmer (an archbishop of Canterbury); was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”; died in 1558

England continued…

• Elizabeth I – made England protestant (and paid a fine if you weren’t)

• Mary Queen of Scots – a catholic; lots of problems; arrested; planned with Phillip II of Spain to kill Elizabeth; beheaded

• Under Elizabeth, England and Spain competed to find the Northwest Passage (Sir Francis Drake)

• Spanish sent an Armada in the English channel; Spanish had low ammo and English cannons were better; Protestant wind eliminated Spanish threat

English continued…

• James I:– From Scotland and followed Elizabeth to the

throne– Would not listen to Parliament– Ordered the Bible translated into English (KJV)– New taxes and alliance with Spain

• Charles I:– Son of James I– Fought with Parliament– Had strict ideas of the Anglican Church– Led to Puritans leaving for America

English Civil War

• A rebellion in Ireland and an invasion by the Scots caused Charles I to give into Parliament and cause a Civil War

• Oliver Cromwell – leader of the Puritan organization and defeated Charles I

• Charles I (in charge of the Cavaliers) was tried, convicted, and beheaded

• Cromwell ran the gov’t as a military dictator

The Beheading of King Charles I

English Civil War continued…

• Cromwell’s government was successful because:

1. Had enough money/taxes2. Irish had no formal army3. His army was disciplined

• Cromwell was eventually beheaded, too

The head of Oliver Cromwell, now at Sidney Sussex College

English to America

• Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to a trading company called the East India Trading Company

• Very lucrative business for England• Several colonies were founded in America but

not a lot of tax was collected because of the company

• Jamestown and Plymouth were established in America for religious freedoms and money

• Britain maintained mercantilism and the idea that the colonies were there to provide for Britain

What is left of Jamestown today

French and Indian War

• A battle between England and France over land in America

• Britain won• Treaty of Paris in 1763 gave more land

to Britain in America• Britain now controlled from Atlantic

Ocean to the Mississippi River (from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean)

America

• As colonies developed, they began to rebel against Britain

• Taxation without representation• Most of the money collected was used

to protect the colonies• Several acts were passed:

1. Stamp Act – taxed stamps and paper2. Sugar Act – taxed sugar3. Intolerable Acts – closed Boston harbor

and allowed British soldiers in homes

America

• On July 4, 1776, the colonists adopted the Declaration of Independence

• King George III hired mercenaries to help quell the rebellion

• The colonists still won and America won its independence

END OF CHAPTER 20!

French Revolution

World HistoryChapter 21

Age of Enlightenment

• During the Enlightenment, people began to apply scientific ideas to politics and government• Enlightenment – the belief that people could apply the scientific method and use reason to logically explain human nature• Rationalism – the belief that truth can be arrived solely by reason or logical thinking

Age of Enlightenment continued…

• Philosophers – men that believed in enlightenment• Examples:

1. Montesquieu2. Voltaire3. Rousseau

French Revolution• Old Regime 3 estates:

1. Clergy of Catholic church (less than 1%)

2. Nobility (2%)3. All others (97%) subdivided:

i. Bourgeoisie – merchants, manufacturers, doctors

ii. Labors and artisansiii. Peasants and serfs – paid rent and tithe

(1/10 of money income to the church)

Depiction of Life under the Old Regime

Factors leading to Revolution

• Little money for the bourgeoisie so they raised the rent (and they wanted more political power)• Peasants pay tax so they blame the king

for higher prices• French saw colonists get their way of

liberty and freedom• French government was broke• King calls a meeting of the Estates

General (1st and 2nd outvote the 3rd so they proclaim themselves the National Assembly)

The Estates-General

To Arms!• King brings troops to drive out the National Assembly• Bastille (a prison) was captured by peasants on July 4, 1789(which also contained weapons)• Events in Paris spread• Nobles fled to England• N.A. passed 2000 laws limiting power of king• King Louis XVI tried to escape but failed

General Lafayette and the storming of the Bastille

Revolution continued…

• Louis encouraged other countries to attack France hoping to restore the old regime• N.A. suspended the monarchy and voted to behead the king by guillotine (a quick, humane death)• Reign of Terror begins – quick trials; lots of beheadings; 17, 000 die; 200,000 imprisoned; led by Maximilien Robespierre; ended when the radicals sent Robespierre to the guillotine

The execution of King Louis XVI

A New Leader• After the revolution, the National Convention of 1795 wrote a new constitution• In November 1799, the new Directory fell from power and 3 men took control of the government: one being a military officer named Napoleon Bonaparte• Bonaparte: 5’2”; energetic; slept 4 hrs/night; seized power in a coup de tat and became dictator

BONAPARTE

Coup de tat

Napoleon’s Reign• Under his military genius, France conquered most of Europe except for Spain, Portugal, GB, and Sweden• Lost in Russia (attacked in the winter)• Sent in exile to Island of Elba• Napoleon escapes and Britain and Prussia defeat him at Waterloo in 1815• He was sent to St Helena where he died at age 52 in 1821

ELBA =>

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