english

Present perfect simple or continuous Often there is very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable. They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer. I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.To emphasize the action, we use the continuous form. We've been working really hard for a couple of months. She's been having a hard time.To emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form. I've made fifteen phone calls this morning. He's written a very good report.Look at the difference in these examples. I've been reading this book for two months but I've only read half of it. It's very difficult to read. She's been trying to convince him for 20 minutes but she hasn't managed to yet. They've been talking about this for month and they still haven't found a solution.When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form. The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you? You're red in the face. Have you been running?When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form. I don't know them. I've never met them. Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life.

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMARSTRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY

A SHORT COURSE IN ENGLISH FOR ADULT STUDENTS

Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaa

STUDENTS NAME

DEPARTAMENTO COMUNICACIONAL DEL EJRCITO

INDEX

Pg

Content 9

Unit 1 15

Unit 2 27

Unit 3 37

Unit 4 47

Unit 5 59

Unit 6 77

Unit 7 91

Unit 8 103

Unit 9 115

Unit 10 127

Unit 11 141

Unit 12 157

Unit 13 175

Unit 14 191

Unit 15 203

Unit 16 215

Unit 17 225

Unit 18 237

Unit 19 253

Unit 20 263

Unit 21 277

Apendices 297

A short course in english for adult students3

TABLE OF CONTENTSPART ONE: ELEMENTARY LEVEL

UNIT 1

TO BE (Present, Past and Future) THE ENGLISH ALPHABET THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

What?, Who?, How?, When?, Why?, How old? How long? What time? This, That, These, Those; A(N); The ; At, On, In ; Until, For Now, today; yesterday, the day before yesterday; last week / last year / lastMonday, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, two days ago

UNIT 2

THERE TO BE(Present, Past and Future) SOME - NOT ANY - NO - ANY CARDINAL NUMBERS VOCABULARY:- People

How much? How many? Much, many, little, few, a lot, lots of, very little, very few

UNIT 3

HAVE GOT / HAS GOT ADJECTIVES ARTICLES I - Denite and Indenite TELLING THE TIME VOCABULARY:- Adjectives

Uncountable nouns: money, sugar, milk, water, work, etc. Countable nouns: people, men, students, books,etc. Oclock, quarter past / to, half past, minutes past / to In the morning / afternoon / evening; at night Noon / midday, midnight

UNIT 4

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS TIME AND DATES ORDINAL NUMBERS QUESTION WORDS 1For describing people and things. VOCABULARY:- Numerals, Time and Dates

Now, at present, at the moment, at this time, temporarily, for the time being. How old?, How tall?, How far?, How long?, How high?, How fast?,How deep?, How thick?, How wide?, How big?, What color?, What size?, What shape?, What is / are ......... like?

UNIT 5 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY QUESTION WORDS IIFor requesting information. ARTICLES II - General and specic RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Who andWhich VOCABULARY:- Time expressions (I)- Clothes Every day, every week, every month, etc. Always, generally, usually, often, sometimes, never, etc. Once a day, twice a week, three times a year, etc. What?, Who?, Which?, Why?, Where?, How? Whom?, Whose?, How much?, How many?, How often?, How long?, What time?, What kind of?, What sort of?, etc.

UNIT 7

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE IMPERATIVE FORM ARTICLES III - Nationalities, professions, titles and ranks; streets, cities, countries and geographical names. EXCLAMATORY FORM VOCABULARY:- The house

At that time, at 10:30 last night, etc., When Peter arrived this morning, when they got married, etc. Open the door, please. Please, dont do that. An American, a Chilean, an Englishman, etc. A doctor, an engineer, a secretary, etc. Mr. Scott, Cpt. Jones, Dr. White, etc. On Fifth Avenue, In Salt Lake City, In Canada, in the USA, in North Carolina, in the West Indies. What a tall woman!, What beautiful owers! What nice weather!How tall she is! How quickly time passes!

UNIT 8

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE I: Will RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Who, Whom, Whose SOMEBODY / SOMEONE, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE AND DERIVED WORDS VOCABULARY:- The City

John will come here tomorrow / the day after tomorrow / next week / next month / at this time tomorrow / at this time next year, etc. He said that he was tired.He told me that he was tired. Who is he? Whom did you see? Whose is that car? Whose care is it? : The man with whom Mary is working now, The man whose car is parked outside. Somebody / someone, something, somewhere, not anybody / not anyone, not anything, not anywhere, nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere

UNIT 9

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II :AM / IS / ARE+GOING TO....... IT TAKES........ / IT TOOK....... / IT WILL TAKE...... = DEMORAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES VOCABULARY:- Food

John is going to come here tomorrow / the day after tomorrow / next week, etc. It takes me 20 minutes to..... How long does it take to....? Short - shorter than- the shortest Intelligent, more intelligent than, the most intelligent As fast as....... Good - better - best, etc.

UNIT 10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE III :AM / IS / ARE+ING MODAL VERBS: CAN, MUST, MAY, SHOULD, OUGHT TO HAVE TO = TENER QUE VOCABULARY:- Parts Of The Body- Time Expressions II John is coming here tomorrow / the day after tomorrow, etc. Bob can swim very well; Peter must be here at 8:15 tomorrow; Youmay use the phone now; They should t / ought to be more careful of what they say I have to buy another dictionary. This one is too old

UNIT 11

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE MAKING REQUESTS ASKING FOR PERMISSION OFFERING TO DO SOMETHING INVITING OR SUGGESTING TO DO SOMETHING TOGETHER ALSO, TOO, AS WELL, SO; NOT...EITHER, NEITHER / NOR BUT POSITION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS VOCABULARY: Our Health

They will be working at this time tomorrow / the day after tomorrow, etc. Can / Will / Could / Would you open the door please? Would you mind opening the door, please? Can I / May I / Do you mind if I open the window? Shall I / Do you want me to / Would you like me to open the window? Shall we / Would you like to / Why dont we / Lets go to a disco tonight; How about going to a disco tonight? The boy also speaks Italian; He speaks Italian, too / as well; The boy speaks Italian and so does the girl. Peter doesnt like golf and I dont like it either; Peter doesnt like golf and neither do I. The boy speaks Italian, but the girl doesnt.. Bob sent some owers to his girlfriend; Bob sent his girlfriend some owers; Bob sent her some owers.

10 A short course in english for adult students

PART TWO: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

UNIT 12 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PLURALIZATION OF NOUNS USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS IVERB + GERUND VOCABULARY:- Prepositions and Connectors I have seen that movie Mary hasnt nished typing it yet Have they arrived already? Just,before, lately, once, twice, three times, never, already, not yet, yet /already?, since, for, ever Book / books; brush / brushes; knife / knives; baby / babies; day / days; etc. Irregular plural forms Enjoy playing, keep talking, etc. Go skiing, go shopping, etc.

UNIT 13

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS IIA. Verb + to-innitiveB. Verb + somebody + bare innitiveC. Verb + gerund / bare innitiveD. Verb + somebody + bare innitive / to-innitiveE. Verb + ing / to-innitive TAG ENDINGS VOCABULARY:- Sports and Recreation

I have been working all day They agreed to meet outside the theater. He will let them play He wants us to go, too I saw her crossing / cross the road. Ill help you do / to do that I like to playing / to play golf The oor needs cleaning / to be cleaned He works well, doesnt he? He didnt come to the meeting, did he?

UNIT 14

PAST PERFECT TENSE ADVERBS: FORMATION AND COMPARISON REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PAST TENSE OF GOING TO VOCABULARY:- Nature

He had seen the lm before The train had already left when he arrived Quickly, carefully, certainly, etc. Fast, hard, early, late, soon More quickly, more carefully, etc. Sooner, harder, earlier, etc. He cut himself; He himself did it; He lives all by himself We were going to play football but it began to rain

UNIT 15

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST TENSE OF SHOULD / OUGHT TO WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER MODAL VERBS II: COULD DO SOMETHING- COULD HAVE DONE SOMETHING- MUST / CAN / MUST HAVE, / CANT HAVE DONE SOMETHING- MAY, MIGHT, MAY HAVE / MIGHT HAVE DONE SOMETHING VOCABULARY:- The Weather

He had been working all day He should have studied harder. / He ought to have done it Youd better take a taxi if you want to be there before your train leaves We could go to the movie We could have gone to the movie He must be very tired He cant be hungry already He must have gone home He cant have done that alone It may / might be true You must have / might have left it in the shop


UNIT 16

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE SEQUENCE OF VERB TENSES THE PRESENT TENSE AFTER WHEN, AS SOON AS, UNTIL, ETC. USE OF ELSE, OR ELSE / OTHERWISE VOCABULARY:- The Workshop

They will have nished the work by then He says hes tired / He said he was tired. When I see her tomorrow....... Do you need anything else? Ill take a taxi, or else Ill miss my ight.

UNIT 17 THE PASSIVE VOICE BE SUPPOSED TO VOCABULARY:- The Armed Forces I The book was published in 1998 The train is supposed to arrive at 9:45

UNIT 18

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER WISH VERB + PRESENT OF SUBJUNCTIVE VOCABULARY:- The Armed Forces II

If you study hard youll pass the course If you studied harder youd get better marks If you had studied harder you would have passed the course I wish I could swim I wish I had seen her I wish it would stop snowing I suggest that she wait a few minutes.

UNIT 19

REPORTED SPEECH A. STATEMENTSB. QUESTIONSC. COMMANDS, ORDERS VOCABULARY:- Regular and Irregular Verbs

He said he wanted to go He told me that he wanted to go He asked me where they were He told me to sit down

UNIT 20 USEFUL ENGLISH PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH FOR TRAVELLERS At a social gathering At a hotel At a restaurant How to get to places At the station / airport Shopping

UNIT 21 ASSESSMENT TEST Students Question Booklet Answer Sheet Answer Key Teachers Text Script


BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY

PART ONE

ELEMENTARY LEVEL

Bl 14

UNIT 1

PART I. TO BE (A fi)

A. Timpul prezent: AM /m/ , IS /iz/, ARE /a:r/

1.Verbul TO BE are 3 forme de prezent: AM - IS - ARE

I am /ai m/( Eu sunt) You are /i :r/(Tu esti) He is /hi: z/(El este)She is /shi: z/(Ea este) It is /it z/(Obiecte)

We are /wi: :r/ (NOi suntem) You are /i :r/(Uds. son/estn)

They are /i :r/ (Ellos/as son/estn)

En conversacin, normalmente se usan las contracciones Im. Youre, Hes, Shes, Its, Were, Theyre.

Escuche, repita y aprenda:

What? /wt/ Ce? Who? /hu:/ Quin?; Where? /war/ Unde?;How? /hu/ Cum?; This /is/ aceasta,That /t/ acela; These /:z/ acestea; Those /uz/ acelea A/ a/(in fata la o cons) o/un;, An /an/ (in fata la vocala) o/un;, The/e (antes de cons.) , i/ (antes de vocal) el, la, los, las; At /t/ en; In /in/ en; On /on/ encima de; Now /nu/ ahora; Today /tudi/ Hoy da; Thanks /ks/ gracias; Thank you /k iu:/ gracias; Fine /fin/ bien; Very well /vri ul/ muy bien; Much better /match bter/ mucho mejor

What is this? /wt iz is/ Qu es esto?It is a pen. /its a pn/ Es un lpizWhats that? /wots t/ Qu es eso?Its an ambulance. /its an mbiulans/ Es una ambulanciaWhat are these? /wt a:r :z/, Qu son stos?They are books. /ei a:r bks/ Son librosWhat are those? /wt a:r uz/, Qu son esos?Theyre cars. /eir k:rz/ Son autos

Is this a pen? /iz is a pn/ Yes, it is. Its a pen /is,it iz. its a pn/Is that a house? /is t a hus/ Yes, It is. Its a house. /is it iz its e hus/Are these books? /a:r :z bks/ Yes, they are. Theyre books. /is, ei :r. eir bks/Are those cars? /:r uz k:rz/ Yes, they are.Theyre cars. /is, ei :r.eir k:rz/

Who is that man? /h iz t mn/ Hes Mr. Jones, the new instructor. /hi:z e ni: instrktor/Whos that woman? /h:z t wman/ . Shes Miss Black, the secretary. /shi:z e skretri/Who are those men? /h: a:r uz mn/ Theyre Bob, Jim and Tom, the students. /eir e sti:dents/

Where is Bob? /war iz bb/ Hes at home. /hi:z at hum/ Wheres the car? /warz e k:r/ Its in the garage. /its in e gridll/ Wheres the book? /warz e bk/ Its on the desk. /its on e dsk/Where are the cars? /war a:r e k:rz/ Theyre in the car park. /ir in e k:r p:rk/Where are the students? /war a:r e sti:dents/Theyre in the lab. /ir in e lb/

How are you? /hu :r iu:/Im ne, thanks. /im fin, ks/Hows John? /huz dlln/ Hes much better, thanks. /h:z mtch bter, ks/How are the children? /hu a:r e tchldrn/ Theyre very well, thank you. /eir vri wl k iu/

2. La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra not. Normalmente formando las contracciones ISN T /znt/o AREN T /:rent/

Iam not /ai m nt/----------------------------Im not /aim nt/

You are not /i :r nt/You arent /iu :rent/Youre not /ir nt/

He is not /hi: iz nt/He isnt /h: znt/Hes not / h:z nt/

She is not /sh: iz nt/She isnt /sh: znt/Shes not /sh:z nt/

It is not /it iz nt/It isnt /it znt/Its not /its nt/

We are not /w: a:r nt/We arent /w: :rent/Were not /w:r nt/

They are not /ei a:r nt/They arent /ei :rent/Theyre not /eir nt/


Escuche, repita y aprenda: is not /iz nt/, isnt /znt/ ; are not /a:r nt/, arent /:rent/;here /har/ aqu; there /ar/ all; over there /uver ar/ all

I am not a pilot. /pilot/----------------------------Im not a pilot

They are not students /sti:dnts/.They arent students.Theyre not students.

He is not here /har/.He isnt here.Hes not here.

They are not there /(ar/They arent there.Theyre not there.

It is not a train. /trin/It isnt a train.Its not a train.

Bob is not very well /vri wl/He isnt very well.Hes not very well.

The students are not in the lab /lb/.They arent in the lab.Theyre not in the lab.

Escuche, repita y aprenda estas preguntas y respuestas:

Is this a pen? /pn/ No, it isnt. (Its not a pen.) Its a pencil. /pnsl/Is that a tank? /tk/ No, it isnt. (Its not a tank.) Its a truck. /trk/Are these books? /bks/ No, they arent. (Theyre not books.) Theyre magazines. /mgazinz/Are those chairs? /tcharz/No, they arent. (Theyre not chairs). Theyre tables /tiblz/.

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa mediante simple inversin de orden con el sujeto de la oracin.

Am I? /am ai/Arent I? * /:rent ai /Are we? /:r w:/Arent we? /:rent wi:/

Are you? /:r i:/Arent you? /:rent iu:/Are you? /:r i:/Arent you? /:rent i:/

Is he? /z h:/Isnt he? /znt hi:/

Is she? /z sh:/Is it? /z it/Isnt she? /znt shi:/Isnt it? /znt it/Are they? /:r ei/Arent they? /.rent ei/

*Debido a que no existe una contraccin para AM NOT, habitualmente se usa ARENT en este caso. En conversacin coloquial se usa la contraccin AINT /int/ Ejemplo: Arent I your friend? Aint I your friend?

Escuche, repita y aprenda:

Am I right? /m i rit/ Estoy correcto? Arent I right? /:rent ai rit/ No estoy en lo cierto?Are you all right? /.r iu: :l rit/ Ests bien? Arent you tired? /:rent iu tiard/ No ests cansado?Is he a captain? /z hi: a kptin/ Es l un capitn?Isnt she a nurse? /znt shi. a ne:rs/ No es ella una enfermera?Are they busy? /:r ei bzi/ Estn ellos ocupados?Arent they happy? /:rent ei hpi/ No estn ellos felices?Is my answer correct? /z mai :nser korkt/ Isnt this question correct? /znt is kwstchion korkt/

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Use the correct form of the verb TO BE (am/is/are)

1. The teacher in the classroom now. 6. Doctor Smith busy right now.2. John and Mary good friends. 7. The train ten minutes late.3. The men tired. 8. an undergraduate student.4. Those vehicles slow-moving.(vehculos lentos) 9. The instructors name John Doe.5. Those weapons powerful. (armas-poderosas) 10. The instructors in the staff-room. (sala de profs.)

Ex. 2. Answer these questions, as in the example

Is Tom a pilot? Yes, he is. Hes a pilot.1. Are you in the ofce?Yes, 2. Is that man Mr. Clark?Yes, 3. Are we ready to go?4. Am I a good instructor?5. Are the students in class?6. Is Miss Jones a secretary?7. Is this a modern plane?


8. Are the manuals updated?(actualizados) 9. Is the bank open?10.Are you hungry? (hambriento)

Ex. 3. Answer the questions as in the example:

Are they instructors? (students) No, they are not. (They arent instructors)1. Are the boys angry? enojados (hungry) hambrientosThey re studentsNo, ( )

2. Are you thirsty? sedientos (hungry) ( )

3. Is Bob at home? en casa (at work) en el trabajo ( )

4. Are the children happy? felices (sad) tristes ( )

5. Is your brother a doctor? (an engineer) ( )

6. Are your friends American? (British) ( )

7. Are you a navy ofcer?(an army ofcer) ( )

8. Is the table clean? limpia (dirty) sucia ( )

9. Are the men old? viejos (young) jvenes ( )

10.Is Cpt. Bowman on duty? de servicio (off duty) de franco ( )

Ex. 4 Ask questions, as in the example below:

The Browns - at home Are the Browns at home?1. The manager / in his ofce2. Peter and John / in class3. The course / interesting4. Your friends / from Canada5. The computer / connected to Internet 6. The package / light or heavy (liviano o pesado) 7. The pictures / clear (ntidas, claras)8. The children / in the playground.(patio) 9. The CDs / in the drawer (gaveta)10. The maps / in the library (biblioteca)

Ex. 5. Ask questions using the wh-words What?, Who?, Where?, How?, as in the example:

Its a plane. Whats this? o Whats that?1. Its a knife2. Theyre books3. The cigarettes are in the bag4. Im ne, thanks5. The cats under the sofa6. Its a chair7. That boys my brother8. The books are on the table9. The children are tired10.That womans my wife


Ex. 6. Complete and practise these dialogues with a partner.

1. Robert :How do you do? My name Robert Brown.Jack:How do you do? My name Jack Richardson. Where you from, Mr. Brown?Robert :I American. I from Appleton, Wisconsin.Jack:Oh. That very interesting.

2. Frank :Hello. My name Frank. What your name?John:My name John. How you?Frank :I ne, thanks. you a student here?John:No, I not. I an instructor.Frank :Oh. Pleased to meet you, Sir.

3. Peter:Hello, MikeMichael :Hello, Peter. Who that girl?Peter:She Mary. She a new student.Michael :Where she from? Peter:She from Australia. Michael : she single?Peter:No, she . She married.Michael :Oh. Thats bad news.

4. Jack:Where you, Jim?Jim :I here, in the library.Jack: you alone?Jim :No, I . I with my friend Janet. Come and meet her. (pausa)Jim :This Janet. She my classmate . She from London.Jack:Hello, I glad to meet you, Jane. How you?Janet:I ne, Jack. Im glad to meet you, too.

B. EL TIEMPO PASADO: WAS /woz/ - WERE /wer/

1. El verbo TO BE tiene las siguientes formas en el tiempo pasado: WAS /woz/ - WERE /wer/

I was /ai wz/ (yo era/estaba/fui/estuve)You were /i: w:r/ (T eras/estabas/fuiste/estuviste)He was /h: wz/ (El era/estaba/fue/estuvo) She was /shi: wz/ (Ella era/estaba/fue/estuvo) It was /it wz/ (era/estaba/fue/estuvo)

We were /wi: w:r/ (Nos. ramos/estbamos/fuimos/estuvimos)You were /i: w:r/ (Uds. eran/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)

They were /ei w:r/ (Ellos/as an/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

When? /wn/, Cundo? Why? /wi/, Por qu?; How old? /hu uld/ Qu edad?Last week /l:st w:k/ ; la semana pasada Two days ago /t: diz agu/ Hace dos das Yesterday /jsterdei/ ayer;The day before yesterday /e di bifr jsterdei/ anteayer Last night /la:st nit/ anoche

I was very busy yesterday. /ai woz vri bzi isterdei/ (Yo estuve muy ocupado ayer)John was at home all day today. /dlln woz at hum :l di tudi/ (John estuvo en casa todo el da hoy)We were in Paris last year /wi w:r in pris la:st ar/ (Nosotros estuvimos en Paris del ao pasado)Mary was the best student in my class. / mri woz e bst sti:dent in mai kls/(Mary era la mejor alumna de mi curso) They were very good friends. /ei w:r vri gud frndz/ (Ellos eran / fueron muy buenos amigos) Mr. Jackson was here three weeks ago. /mster djkson woz har r: w:ks agu/ (Mr Jackson estuvo aqu hace 3 semanas).


2. La forma negativa se expresa usando NOT despus de WAS o WERE. Normalmente se usan las contraccionesWASNT /wznt/ o WERENT /w:rent/. Escuche, lea y aprenda:I was not very busy last week. /ai woz nt vri bzi l:st w:k/(Yo no estuve muy ocupado la semana pasada)John wasnt at home this morning. /dlln wznt at hum is mrnin/ (John no estuvo en casa esta maana)We werent in New York last year. /wi w:rent in ni: irk l:st ar/ (Nosotros no estuvimos en N.Y. el ao pasado) Mary wasnt a good student at high school. /mri wznt a gd sti:dent at hi sk:l/ (Mary no era una buena alumna en el liceo) They werent very hardworking. /ei w:rnt vri h:rdwrki/ (Ellos no eran muy trabajadores)

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa invirtiendo el orden de WAS / WERE con el sujeto


Were you in class this morning? /we:r i: in kls is mrnin/ (Estuviste en clase esta maana?)Was John sick yesterday? /woz dlln sk isterdi/ (Estuvo John enfermo ayer?)Was Mary a good student at school? /woz mri a gd sti:dent at sk:l/ (Era Mary una buena alumna en el colegio?)Where were you at this time yesterday? /war w:r i at is tim isterdi/ (Dnde estabas a esta hora ayer?)Why was Jim absent from work? /wi woz dllm bsent from w:rk/ (Por qu estuvo Jim ausente del trabajo?)

EXERCISES:

Ex. 1. Complete these sentences with the proper form of the verb TO BE, present or past:

1. John in New York the day before yesterday but he in Chicago today.2. They free today, but they at work yesterday.3. Today Monday. Yesterday Sunday.4. Where the Johnsons last weekend? Where they today?5. The elevator out of order last night, but it working well now.6. John nt in the ofce at ten this morning because he at a meeting.7. Bob very sick yesterday, but he much better today.

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) Negative b) interrogative

1. The secretary was busy at midday.

2. They were good friends at school.

3. The weather was ne that day.

4. The men were tired after the long walk.

5. Mary was late for the train this morning.

6. Henry was at the movie at 7 P.M.

Ex. 3. Ask questions using wh-words like What? Where? When?,Why?, How?, How old, Who?

1. Tom was at home at midnight last night. 2. John was in the car at that moment.3. Liz was in bed because she was sick.4. The Smiths were in Chile in 1985.5. George was a little better this morning.6. Mr Clark was about 85 years old when he died.


C. EL TIEMPO FUTURO: WILL BE /will bi:/

1. El tiempo futuro del verbo TO BE se expresa mediante el uso del Verbo Modal WILL seguido del innitivoBE. Normalmente se usa la contraccin ll en la conversacin diaria informal.

I will be /ai wil b:/ (Yo ser / estar)You will be /i: wil b:/ (T sers / estars)He will be /hi: wil b:/ (El ser / estar)She will be /sh: wil b:/ (Ellas ser / estar)It will be /it wil b:/ (Ser / estar)

We will be /w: wil b:/ (Nos.seremos / estaremos)You will be /i: wil b:/ (Uds. sern / estarn)

They will be /ei wil b:/ (Ellos / as sern estarn)

Tambin se pueden usar las siguientes contracciones:

Ill be /il b:/ Youll be /iu:l b:/ Hell be /h:l b:/ Theyll be /eil b:/


How long? /hu l/ Cunto tiempo? Until /antl/ hasta; For /for/ por What time? /wt tim/ Qu hora? Tomorrow /tumrou/ maana;Next week /nekst wi:k/ la prxima semana; The day after tomorrow /e di :fter tumrou/ pasado maanaI will be very busy this afternoon. /i wil b: vri bzi is a:ftern:n/ . Estar muy ocupado esta tardeJohn will be in class until 1 oclock. /dlln wil b: in kl:s antil wn oklk/ John estar en clases hasta la 1Itll be hot tomorrow. /tl b: hot tumrou/ Estar caluroso maanaIll be on leave for two weeks. /ail b: on l:v for t: w:ks/ Yo estar con permiso por dos semanas

2. La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT despus del verbo modal WILL Normalmente se usa la contraccin WONT /wunt/.


I will not be very busy tomorrrow. /ai wil nt b: bzi tumrou/ No estar muy ocupado maana Mary will not be at home today. /mri wil nt b: at hum tudi/ Mary no estar en casa hoy da. They wont be here all day. /ei wunt b: har :l dei/ Ellos no estarn aqu todo el daIt wont be cold tonight. /it wunt b: kuld tunit/ No estar frio esta noche

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa usando el verbo modal WILL o la contraccin WONT delante del sujeto.


Will you be free tomorrow evening? /wil i: b: fr: tumrou :vnin/ Estars libre maana en la noche?Will the test be difcult? /wil e tst b: dkalt/ Ser dicil la prueba?Will they be here on Monday? /wil ei b: har on mndei/ estarn ellos aqu el lunes?Wont you be at the meeting? /wunt i. bi: at e m:tin/ No estars t en la reunin?When will they be here again? /wn wil ei b: har agin/ Cundo estarn ellos aqu nuevamente?How long will they be in Washington? /hu lo wil ei b: in wshiton/ Canto tiempo estarn ellos en Washington?What time will you be back? /wt tim wil iu: b: bk/ A qu hora estar Ud. de regreso?

EXERCISES:

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences as in the example:

John is not at home today, but he (will be at home) tomorrow.

1. Tom and Jack arent in the same class this semester, but they next semester.2. John isnt absent today, but he the day after tomorrow.3. It is not very cold now, but it this evening.4. We are not busy right now, but we after lunch.5. I am not in my ofce at the moment, but I in ten minutes.6. Mr.Johnson was not at the meeting last week, but he next Monday.7. The weather was not very nice last month, but it next month.


Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the negative and the interrogative forms.

1. John will be in class today.

2. Itll be hot tomorrow.

3. My friends will be here before 12.

4. The program will be interesting.

5. Maryll be in the ofce all morning.

6. Ill be in the rst team.

7. They will be in the next town before midday.

Ex. 3. Ask questions using Where?,When?,Why? How?, How long?, What time?, etc.

1. All the shops will be closed tomorrow because its Sunday. 2. I will be free next Tuesday morning.3. The students will be in the lab this afternoon.4. They will be here at ten-thirty.5. The weather will be very nice this month.6. Mary will be in New York next weekend.7. She will be back in Chile on Wednesday.8. They will be at home all day because the weather is not good. 9. Mr. Johnson will be absent from work for three days?

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions, in English.

1. Where were you at this time yesterday?2. When will you be on vacation again?3. How are you today?4. Who was absent from class last Monday?5. Why is your friend in bed at this time?6. Where were you last weekend?7. Who was with you at the party last Saturday?8. When is the next general meeting?9. Where will you be at this time tomorrow?10. Why were you absent from class last Friday?

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Ellos estarn muy ocupados maana en la maana. 2. Esos nios no son muy buenos alumnos.3. Dnde estn tus amigos ahora?4. Quin estuvo aqu esta maana?5. Nosotros no estuvimos aqu la semana pasada.6. Ella ser una excelente secretaria.7. Ellos fueron buenos amigos en el colegio8. Los informes no estaban listos todava.9. Mr Jackson estuvo en la ocina todo el da.10. Cundo estn ellos libres todo el da?11. Quin era ese hombre?12. Este no es un libro muy interesante.13. Alguien estuvo aqu ayer en la tarde.14. Cundo estar Ud. en esa ciudad nuevamente?


PART II.THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

Vowels:A/i/E/i:/I/i/O/u/U/i/

Consonants:BCDGPTV

/bi://si://di://dlli://pi://ti://vi:/

FLMNSXZ

/ef//el//em//en//es//eks//zed/*

JHKYQWR

/dlli//eitch//kei//ui//ki//dbliu//a:r/

* En Ingls Americano la letra Z se pronuncia /zi:/

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

Ex. 1. Puede leer estas series de letras?

1. E - I - O - A - E - I - E - O - U - I - U - A -E

2. P - G - B - V - T - C - Z - L - F - N - S - X - D - B - C - L - M - X - V -B

3. J - Y - Q - W - H - K - Y - R - C - L - H - G - N - Y - Q - T - X - W - R - Z - J - K - F

4. E - C - L - M - X - V - B - A - I - B - D - X - S - N - F - O - G - U - Q - Y - W - A

5. U - I - E - J - O - G - K - A - T - E - P - I - W - O - Q - A - X - O - I - A

Ex. 2. Escuche, lea y aprenda:

1. How do you spell your rst name? /hu diu: spl io:r fe:rst nim/2. My last name is Vasquez, thats V-A-S-Q-U-E-Z. /mi la:st nim is vskes, ts vi: i s ki i: zd/3. Tom works for IBM in LA. /tm w:rks for i b: m in l i/

Ex. 3. Practique estos dilogos con algn amigo:

1. A: My brothers name is Ignacio. 2. A: When did you buy your VCR?/mi brerz nim iz ignsio/ /wn did i: bi io:r v: s: .r/B: Can you spell that, please B: Last month. I bought it at the PX/kn iu: spl t pl:z//l:st mn i b:t it at e p: ks/A: I-G-N-A-C-I-OA: Was it very expensive?/ai dll: n i s: i u/ /wz it ekspnsiv/B: Thank you B: No, it only cost me eighty-ve dollars/kiu:/ /nu it unli kst mi:iti fiv dlarz/

Ex. 4. Puede deletrear estas palabras?

YorkshireWashingtongeographyKalamazooJapanwhisky

MexicoQuebecChicagoVenezuelaShanghaiTokyo


Ex. 5. Estudie estas siglas (acronyms) de uso frecuente:

USABBCPLOATMDCCEO

B.C.UCLAUSSROASCODUK

A.D.VATVCRIBMGPSUNO

FBIUFONBTCIAGMTDEA

OKNCOCOIRAMIAMP

ITTPTOADCMITPh.DFOB

a.m.p.m.ESTAPCOBECIF

Puede agregar algunas otras siglas de uso frecuente?

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

This alphabet is used in radio / telephone communication to spell difcult words:

as in

A/az in/

as incomo en

Alfa /lfa/for

N/fo:r/

forpara

November /nouvmber/

Bas inBravo /brvou/OforOscar /skar/

Cas inCharlie /tch:rli/PforPapa /ppa/

Das inDelta /dlta/QforQuebec /kuibk/

Eas inEcho /kou/RforRomeo /rmiou/

Fas inFoxtrot /fkstrot/SforSierra /sira/

Gas inGolf /glf/TforTango /tgou/

Has inHotel /houtl/UforUniform /unifo:rm/

Ias inIndia /ndia/VforVictor /vktor/

Jas inJuliett /dllulit/WforWhisky /wski/

Kas inKilo /klou/XforX-ray /ks ri/

Las inLima /lma/YforYankee /iki/

Mas inMike /mik/ZforZulu /zlu/

Examples:

1. My name is JUAN. I spell: J for Juliett; U for uniform; A for alfa and N for November: JUAN2. The commanders last name is CLARK. I spell: C as in Charlie; L as in Lima, A as in Alfa; R as in Romeo and K as in Kilo: CLARK


Bl 24

KEY TO ANSWERS

UNIT 1

Part 1

A.Ex. 1. 1. is 2.are 3. are 4. are 5. are 6. is 7. is 8. am 9. is 10.are

Ex. 2. 1. Yes, I am. Im in the ofce. 2. Yes, he is. Hes Mr. Clark. 3. Yes, we are-Were ready to go. 4. Yes,you are. Youre a good instructor. 5. Yes, they are. Theyre in class. 6. Yes, she is. Shes a secretary. 7. Yes, it is. Its a modern plane.8. Yes, they are. Theyre updated. 9. Yes, it is. Its open. 10. Yes, I am. Im hungry.

Ex. 3. 1. No, theyre not. They arent angry. Theyre hungry. 2. No, Im not. Im not thirsty. Im hungry. 3.No, hes not. He isnt at home. Hes at work. 4. No, theyre not. They arent happy, Theyre sad. 5. No, hes not. He isnt a doctor. Hes an engineer. 6. No, theyre not. They arent American. Theyre British. 7. No, Im not. Im not an navy ofcer. Im a army ofcer. 8. No, its not. It isnt clean. Its dirty. 9. No, theyre not. They arent old. Theyre young.

Ex. 4. 1. Is the manager in his ofce? 2. Are Peter and John in class? 3. Is the course interesting? 4. Are your friends from Canada? 5. Is the computer connected to internet? 6. Is the package light or heavy? 7. Are the pictures clear? 8. Are the children in the playground? 9. Are the CDs in the drawer? 10. Are the maps in the library?

Ex. 5. 1. Whats this / that? 2. What are these / those? 3. Where are the cigarettes?.? 4. How are you? 5. Wheres the cat?6. Whats this / that? 7. Whos that boy? 8. Where are the books? 9. How are the children? 10. Whos that woman?

Ex. 6. 1.R: is J: is - are R: am - am J: is2. F: is - is J: is - are F: am - Are J: am - am3. M: is P: is - is M: is P: is M: is P: isnt - is4. Ja: are Ji: am Ja: are Ji: am not - am (pause) is - is - is Ja: am - are Ja: am

B.Ex. 1. 1. Was - is 2. Are - were 3. Is - was 4. Were - are 5. Was - is 6. Was - was 7. Was - is

Ex. 2. 1. The secretary wasnt..... / Was the secretary ....? 2. They werent..... / Were they....? 3. The weather wasnt ....../ Was the weather....? 4. The men werent ..... / Were the men .....? 5. Mary wasnt ..... / Was Mary....? 6. Henry wasnt ...... / Was Hernry....?

Ex. 3. 1. Where was Tom at....? 2. Who was in the car.....? 3. Why was Liz in bed? 4. When were the Smiths ....? 5. How was George....? 6. How old was Mr Clark when....?

C.Ex. 1. 1. will be in the same class 2. will be absent 3. will be very cold 4. will be very busy 5. will be in my ofce 6. will be at the meeting 7. will be very nice.

Ex. 2. 1. John wont be..... / Will John be ....? 2. It wont be ..... / Will it be....? 3. My friends wont be... / Will my friends be....?4. The program wont be ... / Will the program be...? 5. Mary wont be... / Will Mary be...? 6. I wont be... / Will I be ....?

Ex. 3. 1. Why will all the shops be closed tomorrow? 2. When will you be free? 3. Where will the students be this afternoon?4. At what time will they be here? 5. How will the weather be this month? 6. When will Mary be in New York? 7. When will she be back in Chile? 8. Why will they be at home all day? 9. How long will Mr Johnson be absent from work?

Ex. 4. (open answers)

Ex. 5. 1. Theyll be very busy tomorrow morning. 2. Those children are not very good students. 3. Where are your friends now? 4. Who was here this morning? 5. We werent here last week. 6. Shell be an excellent secretary 7. They were good friends at school. 8. The reports werent ready yet. 9. Mr Jackson was in the ofce all day. 10. When are they free all day? 11. Who was that man? 12. This isnt a very interesting book. 13. Somebody was here yesterday afternoon / evening . 14. When will you be in that city again?


Bl 26

PART I. THERE TO BE (HABER, EXISTIR)

A. PRESENT TENSE: THERE IS - THERE ARE

UNIT 2

Estas expresiones se usan para indicar la existencia de algo. Son equivalentes a la expresin HAY, en castellano. THERE IS /ear z/ se usa con sustantivos singulares o incontables. THERE ARE /ear :r/ se usa con sustantivos plurales. Normalmente, en el singular, se usa la contraccin THERES /arz/.

There is a book on the desk /ear z e bk on e dsk/ (Hay un libro sobre el escritorio) Theres a car in the car park. /arz e k:r in e k:r pa:rk/ (Hay un auto en el estacionamiento) Theres some water in the glass. /arz sam wter in e gls/ (Hay agua en el vaso)There are 10 students in my class. /ear :r tn stidents in mai kls/ (Hay 10 alumnos en mi curso)There are some chairs in the room /ear :r sam tcharz in e rm/ (Hay algunas sillas en la sala)

La forma negativa se expresa con THERE IS NOT / THERE ISNT /ear znt/ o THERE ARE NOT / THERE ARENT /ear :rent/

There is not a book on the desk. /ear iz nt e bk on e dsk/ There isnt a car in the car park. / ar znt e k:r in e k:r pa:rk/ There isnt any water in the glass. /ar znt ni wter in e gls/ Theres no water in the glass /arz nu wter in e gls/There are not 10 students in my class. /ear a:r nt tn stidents in mai kls/ There arent 10 students in my class. /ear :rent tn stidents in mai kls/ There arent any chairs in the room. /ear :rent ni tcharz in e rm/There are no chairs in the room. /ear a:r nu tcharz in e rm/

La forma interrogativa se hace mediante simple inversin del verbo con la palabra THERE.

Is there a book on the desk? /z er e bk on e dsk/Is there a car in the car park? /z er e k:r in e k:r pa:rk/Is there any water in the glass? /z r ni wter in e gls/Are there 10 students in the class? /:r er tn stidents in mai kls/Are there any chairs in the room? /:r er ni tcharz in e rm/

Hay dos palabras interrogativas estrechamente relacionadas con There is y There are: HOW MUCH? /hu match/(Cunto? Cunta?) y HOW MANY? /hu mni/ (Cuntos? Cuntas?)

How much whisky is there in the glass?Theres very little (whisky).How much ice is there in the glass?Theres a lot (of ice).How much water is there? There isnt any (water). Theres no water.How many doors are there in this room? Theres only one (door).How many windows are there? There are three (windows).How many chairs are there? There arent any (chairs). There are no chairs.

Como ud. ha advertido, la palabra SOME /sm/ (algo, algunos / as) solamente se usa en forma armativa. En las interrogaciones se debe usar la palabra ANY /ni/. En la forma negativa se puede usar NOT ANY /not ni/ o NO /nu/.

Estudie la siguiente tabla:

AfrmativeSOMETheres some water in the glass. /arz sam wter in e gl:s/There are some trees in the garden /ar :r sam tr:z in e g:rdn/

NegativeNOT ANYThere isnt any water in the glass. /ear znt ni wter in e gl:s/There arent any trees in the garden. /ear :rent ni tr:z in e g:rdn/

NOThere s no water in the glass. /arz nu wter in e gl:s/There are no trees in the garden. /ear :r nu tr:z in e g:rdn/

InterrogativeANY?Is there any water in the glass? /iz earz ni wter in e gl:s/Are there any trees in the garden? . /a:r ear ni tr:z in e g:rdn/


Note el uso de LITTLE /ltl/ (poco/a), FEW /:/ (pocos/as) y A LOT OF /e lt ov/ (bastante/bastantes)

Theres very little water in the glass /arz vri ltl wter in e gl:s/ Hay muy poca agua en el vasoTheres a lot of ice in my glass. /arz e lt ov is in mai gl:s/ Hay bastante hielo en mi vasoThere are very few desks in the room. /ear a:r vri : desks in e r:m/ Hay muy pocos escritorios en la salaThere are a lot of chairs in the room. /ear a:r e lt ov tcharz in r:m/ Hay bastantes sillas en la sala.

La expresin a lot of normalmente se usa en oraciones armativas. En las oraciones negativas e interrogativas se preere usar las palabras much o many, segn sea el caso

Afrmativea lot ofTheres a lot of sugar in the bowl /arz e lt ov shgar in e bul/ There are a lot of books on the shelf. /ar :r e lt ov buks on e shlf/

Negativenot much not manyThere isnt much sugar in the bowl. /ar znt mutch shgar in e bul/There arent many books on the shelf. /ar :rent mni buks on e shlf/

Interrogativemuch?many?Is there much sugar in the bowl? /iz ar mutch shgar in e bul/Are there many books on the shelf? /:r ar mni buks on e shlf/

El artculo indenido A/AN (un,una) no tiene una forma para el plural, por lo tanto se omite. Normalmente el artculoA/AN se reemplaza por las palabras SOME /sam/ algunos/as, SEVERAL /sverl/ varios/as, MANY /mni/ muchos/as.

There is a tree in the garden. There are trees in the gardenThere are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden. There are many trees in the garden.

Cuando THERE IS/THERE ARE van seguidas directamente por un sustantivo, en las negaciones generalmente se usa la palabra NO /nu/

Theres water in that bottle. Theres no water in that bottle.There are owers in the garden. There are no owers in the garden

Finalmente, estudie la siguiente tabla

There issomea lot of mucha little very little no/not any

milk in this bottle

There aresome several manya lot of a few very fewno/not any

owers in the garden.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using THERE IS or THERE ARE:

1. 2. 3. 4.

some books on the shelf.very little money left in the box. only one student in the lab now. very few people at the conference.


5. no more milk in the jug.

6. no more cassettes in the box.

7. no time left.

8. several helicopters in the aireld.

9. some letters for you on the desk.

10. a lot of mistakes in your composition.

Ex. 2. Change the following statements into the negative form.

1. Theres a lot of fruit in the basket.2. There are a lot of students absent.3. Theres some more meat in the fridge.

4. There are some extra chairs in the room.

5. Theres a telephone in the room.6. There are a lot of people in the room.7. There are some more clean glasses.

8. There are 30 days in February.9. Theres some more money in my pocket.

10. Theres central heating in the room.

Ex. 3. Change the following sentences into the interrogative form.

1. Theres a hotel near the Training Center.2. There are some students absent today.3. Theres a lot of free time in the mornings. 4. Theres some more coffee in the cup.5. There are more than 10 students.6. There are more women than men.7. There is another chair in that room8. There are some more books.9. There are 24 hours in a day.10. Theres a train for Paris in the morning.

Ex. 4. Complete the following questions and answers. Use HOW MUCH......IS THERE? Or HOW MANY..........ARE THERE? in the questions, and THERES or THERE ARE in the Answers .

Ej.:(How many)dictionaries (are there)?(There are) 8, sir.

1. money ? very little.

2. doors in the lab? just one.

3. milk in the jug? no milk in it.

4. video tapes ? very few.

5. work today? a lot of work.

6. people in the room?. a lot.

7. butter in the dish? just a little.

8. secretaries here? two.

9. women in that group? ve or six.

10. men in the crew? four men.

Ex. 5. Use LITTLE, FEW, A LOT in the blank spaces.

1. There are very books in the school library.2. Theres milk left in the bottle.3. Theres very ice in my glass.4. Theres of noise in this room.


5. There are of trees in that park.

6. There are only a

tickets available.

7. There are students absent from class today.8. Theres of sugar in my coffee. Its too sweet.9. There are of errors in my bill.

10. Theres just a

whisky left in the bottle.

B. PAST TENSE: THERE WAS - THERE WERE

El pasado de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa usando THERE WAS /ear wz/ / THERE WERE /ear we:r/ La negacin se expresa usando la palabra NOT despus de WAS y WERE. Normalmente se usan las contracciones THERE WASNT /ear wzent/ THERE WERENT /ear w:rent/. La interrogacin se expresa invirtiendo el orden de las palabras WAS y WERE con la palabra THERE.

Escuche, lea y aprenda

There was a lot of noise in the room /ear was e lot ov nis in e r:m/ Haba bastante ruido en la sala. There were many people absent. /ear we:r mni p:pl bsent/ Haba muchas personas ausentes. There wasnt any beer in the can. /ear wznt ni bar in e kn/ No haba nada de cerveza en la lata.There werent many books on the desk. /ear w:rnt mni buks on e dsk/ No haba muchos libros sobre el escritorio.Was there a TV in the room? / woz ear e t: v: in e r:m / Haba un televisor en la habitacin?How many people were there at the party? / hu meni p:pl we:r ear ate p:rti / (Cunta gente haba en la esta?).

EXERCISES:

Ex. 1. Change into the Past Tense:

1. Theres a lot of work in the ofce today. 2. There are two books missing from the shelf. 3. How much milk is there in the fridge? 4. There arent many hotels in this town. 5. Is there enough money for the trip? 6. How many people are there on board? 7. There isnt much time to talk.8. There are very few people in the pub. 9. Are there many errors in the bill?10. Theres very little whisky left.

Ex. 2. Answer these questions, using the information given in parenthesis:

1. How many students were there in this class last year? (about 20)

2. Were there many people at the meeting last Monday? (No, not more than 30)

3. How much free time was there during the Basic Training Period? (very little, of course)

4. Was there enough bread for all the people? (yes, more than enough)

5. How many students were there in the laboratory? ( not any)

6. How many days were there in February that year? (29, it was a leap year)

7. Were there many cars in the street at that time? ( Yes, lots of cars)


C. FUTURE TENSE: THERE WILL BE

El futuro de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa con la forma THERE WILL BE /ear wil b:/. En la conversacin diariaWILL se une con la palabra THERE, formando la contraccin THERELL BE /earl b:/.


There will be a very good program on TV tonight /ear wil b: e veri gud prugram on t: v: tunat/. Habr un muy buen programa en la TV esta noche.There will be two more tests next week. /ear wil b: t: m:r tsts nekst w:k/ . Habr dos pruebas ms la prxima semana.Therell be another meeting this evening. /earl b: aner m:ti is :vni/ . Habr otra reunin esta tarde.Therell be some more rain next weekend. /earl b: sm m:r rin nkst wiknd/. Habr algo ms de lluvia el prximo n de semana

La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT despus del verbo modal WILL, normalmente formando la contraccin WONT /wunt/ En las preguntas, el verbo modal WILL precede a la palabra THERE.


There will not be a good program on TV tonight. /ear wil not b: e gud prugram on t: v: tunit/.There will not be another meeting this evening. /ear wil not b: aner m:ti is :vni/There wont be two more tests next week. /ear wunt b: t: m:r tests nekst w:k/Will there be a good program on TV this evening? /wil ear b: a gud prugram on t: v: is :vnin/Will there be any more rain next weekend? /wil ear b. eni m:r rin nekst wi:kend/How many tests will there be next week? /hu mni tsts wil ear b: nekst w:k/

EXERCISES:

Ex.1. Change into the future tense.

1. There is a lot of free time in the evening.2. There are some women at the meeting.3. There isnt any food left in the fridge.4. How many people are there at the reception? 5. How much money is there in the box?6. Is there any more work?7. Are there more than ten students in your class?

Ex. 2. Use the right tense of There To Be (Present, Past or Future).

1. How many women at the party last Saturday?

2. 3. 4. How much free time 5. 6. 7. 8.

a lot of noise in this room now. several trees in the park now. next time?very little food in the fridge now.not any more exercises in the book now. a lot of noise at the disco last night.very few owers in our garden.

9. How many students in your class last year?

10.

much milk left. Just one or two bottles.

Ex. 3. Translate the previous sentences into Spanish.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Ex. 4. Answer these questions in English.

1. How many days are there in a week?2. How many days will there be in February next year? 3. How many students were there in your class last year? 4. How many computers are there in your ofce? 5. How many people were there in the room at 8:30? 6. Will there be another meeting this week?No, 7. Was there much work to do in the ofce last Monday?Yes, 8. Are there any spelling mistakes in the letter?No, No, 9. How much money is there in your wallet?10. How many eggs are there in a dozen?

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English

1. Habr otra reunin general el prximo viernes. 2. Haba solamente dos hoteles en ese pueblo.3. Hay un restaurant cerca de aqu?4. Cunto dinero hay en la billetera?5. No haba mucha gente en el edicio a esa hora. 6. No habr otro concierto hasta la prxima semana. 7. No hay tiempo para conversar.8. Haba muy poco tiempo libre durante la maana. 9. Cunto s autos haba en el estacionamiento esa tarde? 10. Haba muy pocos nios en la calle ese da.11. No habr muchos partidos de ftbol este n de semana. 12. Hay mucho ruido en esta sala ahora..


PART II. NUMBERS


1 one /un/6 six /siks/2 two /tu:/7 seven /svn/3 three /ri:/8 eight /it/4 four /fo:r/9 nine /nin/5 ve /fiv/10 ten /ten/

11 eleven /ilvn/16 sixteen /sikstn/12 twelve /tulv/17 seventeen /sevntn/13 thirteen /ertn/18 eighteen /eitn/14 fourteen /fo:rtn/19 nineteen /naintn/15 fteen /ftn/

20 twenty /tunti/70 seventy /svnti/30 thirty /rti/80 eighty /iti/40 forty /frti/90 ninety /ninti/50 fty /ffti/60 sixty /sksti/

100 one hundred /un hndred/ 200 two hundred /t hndred/1,000 one thousand /un uzand/ 2,000 two thousand /t uzand/200,000 two hundred thousand /t: hndred uzand/ 2,000,000 two million /t mlion/

5,362 ve thousand three hundred and sixty-two /faiv uzand ri: hndred and sksti t:/45,971 forty ve thousand nine hundred and seventy-one /frti fiv uzand nain hndred and sventi un/

Importante:

1. Las palabras twenty, thirty, forty, etc siempre van seguidas de un guin antes del nmero unitario. Ej, 21. twenty-one, 32 thirty-two, 45 forty- ve, 68 sixty-eight, 94 ninety-four.2. Las palabras hundred, thousand, million y billion no se pluralizan en ingls. Ej. 400 four hundred; 5,000 ve thousand, 3,000,000 three million.3. La palabra hundred siempre va seguida de and; las palabras thousand, million y billion no van seguidas de and.Ej. 365 three hundred and sixty-ve; 5,387 ve thousand, three hundred and eighty-seven; 463,265 four hundred and sixty-three thousand, two hundred and sixty-ve.4. Las palabras hundred, thousand y million se pluralizan solamente en las siguientes expresiones, para indicar lo mismo que lots of... Ej. There are hundreds of / lots of trees in the park; There were thousands of / lots of people in the stadium; There are millions of / lots of stars in our galaxy5. Al escribir cifras en ingls, el punto es coma y la coma es punto. Ej. 12.5% ; 70.45 km; US$ 4,365.80

Ex. 1 Read and then write these numbers

a) 12b) 56c) 79d) 94e) 33f) 28g) 148

h) 597i) 846j) 1,285k) 6,394l) 24,973m) 256,875n) 5,687,328

a) c) e)

b) d) f)

g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n)


BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words

PEOPLE

GENERAL

person /p:rsn/

persoana

man/men /mn/men/

Barbat/i femeie/i

doamnacopii

people /p:pl/Lume,oameniwoman/women /wuman/wmen/

child /children /tchild/tchildrn/Copil/copiigentleman /dllntlman/

boy /boi/baiatlady /lidi/

girl /g:rl/fatakids /kidz/

FAMILY AND RELATIVES

grandparents /grandparents/Bunicidad, daddy /dd, ddi/Tatic,tati

grandfather /grandfa:er/grandmother /grandmer/grandchildren /grandtchildren/bunelbunica nepotimom, mommy /mam, mmi/grandpa /grnpa:/granny /grni/mamibunelabuelita

grandson /grndsan/granddaughter /grand d:ter/parents /parents/nepotnepoat parintifather-in- law /f:er in l:/mother-in-law /maer in l:/son-in-law /san in l:/suegrosuegra yerno

husband /hzband/sotdaughter-in-law /d:ter in l:/nuera

wife /waif/father /f:er/ mother /mer/ children /tchldren/ son /sn/sotietata mamacopiifiubrother-in-law /brer in l:/sister-in-law /sster in l:/ step-father /step f:er/ step-mother /step mer/ step-son /step san/cuadocuada padrastro madrastra hijastro

daughter /d:ter/Fiicastep-daughter /step d:ter/hijastra

brother /brer/sister /sster/fratesorastep-brother /step brer/step-sister /step sster/hermanastrohermanastra

uncle /kl/aunt /a:nt/ nephew /nu/ niece /ni:s/ cousin /kzin/unchimatusanepotnepoata verisorfoster-father /fster f:er/foster-mother /fster mer/god-father /god f:er/god-mother /god mer/padre adoptivomadre adoptiva padrinomadrina


KEY TO ANSWERSUNIT 2

Part I

A.

Ex. 1. 1. There are 2. There is 3. There is 4. There are 5. There is 6. There are 7. There is 8. There are 9.There are10. There are

Ex. 2. 1. There isnt much... 2. There arent many... 3. There isnt any more... / Theres no more... 4.There arent any extra... / There are no extra... 5. There isnt a... 6. There arent many... 7. There arent any more... / There are no more...8. There arent 30... 9. There isnt any more... / Theres no more... 10. Theres no central...

Ex. 3. 1. Is there a hotel...? 2. Are there any students...? 3. Is there much free...? 4. Is there any more...? 5. Are there more than...? 6. Are there more...? 7. Is there another...? 8. Are there any more...?9. Are there 24...? 10. Is there a train...?

Ex. 4. 1. How much... is there? Theres... 2. How many... are there...? Theres... 3. How much... is there...? Theres...4. How many... are there? There are... 5. How much... is there...? Theres... 6. How many... are there...? Thre are... 7. How much... is there...? Theres... 8. How many... are there...? There are...9. How many... are there...? There are... 10. How many... are there...? There are...

Ex. 5. 1. few 2. little 3. little 4. a lot 5. a lot 6. few 7. few 8. a lot 9. a lot 10. little

B.

Ex. 1. 1. There was... 2. There were... 3. How much milk was there...? 4. There werent... 5. Was there enough...? 6. How many people were there...? 7. There wasnt... 8. There were... 9. Were there...? 10. There was...

Ex. 2. 1. There were about 20 . 2. No, there werent more than 30 3. There was very little, of course. 4. Yes, there was more than enough. 5. There werent any 6. There were 29. It was a leap year. 7. Yes, there were lots of cars.

C.

Ex. 1. 1. There will be a lot... 2. There will be some... 3. There wont be any... 4. How many people will there be...?5. How much money will there be...? 6. Will there be any...? 7. Will there be more than...?

Ex. 2. 1. Were there 2. Theres 3. There are 4. Will there be 5. Theres 6. There are 7. There was 8. There are9.were there 10. There isnt

Ex. 3. 1. Cuntas mujeres haba en la esta el sbado pasado? 2.Hay bastante ruido en esta sala ahora. 3. Hay varios rboles en el parque ahora 4. Cunto tiempo libre habr la prxima vez? 5. Hay muy poca comida en el refrigerador ahora 6. No hay ms ejercicios en el libro ahora 7. Haba bastante ruido en la discoteca anoche 8. Hay muy pocas ores en nuestro jardn 9. Cuntos alumnos haba en tu curso el ao pasado? 10. No hay mucha leche sobrante. Slo una o dos botellas.

Ex. 4. 1. There are seven days. 2. Therell be 28 days. 3. There were... students. 4. Theres just one / There are... computers. 5. There were...people. 6. No, there wont be another meeting 7. Yes, there was a lot of work. 8. No, there arent any. / No, there are no spelling mistakes. 9. There isnt much money in it. 10. There are twelve eggs.

Ex. 5. 1. There will be another general meeting next Friday. 2. There were only two hotels in that town. 3.Is there a restaurant near here. 4. How much money is there in the wallet? 5. There werent many people in the building at that time. 6. There wont be another concert until next week. 7. There is no time to talk. 8. There was very little free time during the morning. 9. How many cars were there in the car park that afternoon / evening? 10. There were very few children in the street that day. 11. There wont be many football games / matches this week end. 12. Theres a lot of noise in this room now.


Part II.

Ex. 1. a) twelve b) fty-six c) seventy-nine d) ninety-four e) thirty-three f) twenty-eight g) one hundred and forty-eight h) ve hundred and ninety-seven i) eight hundred and forty-six j) one thousand, two hundred and eighty-ve k) six thousand, three hundred and ninety-four l) twenty-four thousand, nine hundred and seventy-three m) two hundred and fty-six thousand, eight hundred and seventy-ve n) ve million, six hundred and eighty-seven thousand, three hundred and twenty-eight.


PART I. HAVE GOT = TENER

UNIT 3

Esta expresin verbal se usa especialmente en ingls britnico ( y solamente en el tiempo presente) para indicar posesin o propiedad, es decir, signica TENER. En el Presente Armativo se conjuga de la siguiente manera:

I have got /ai hav gt/Ive got /aiv gt/(yo tengo)

You have got /i: hav gt/Youve got /iu:v got/(t tienes)

He has got /hi: haz gt/Hes got /hi:z gt/(l tiene)

She has got /shi: haz gt/Shes got /shi:z gt/(ella tiene)

It has got /it haz gt/Its got /its gt/(l / ella tiene)

We have got /wi: hav gt/Weve got /wi:v gt/(nos. tenemos)

You have got /i: hav gt/Youve got /i:v gt /(uds. tienen)

They have got /i hav gt/Theyve got /iv gt/(ellos tienen)


I have got a car. /ai hav gt e k:r/ Ive got a car /aiv gt e k:r/(Yo tengo un auto)Peter has got many friends. /p:ter haz gt mni frndz/ Peters got many friends. /p:terz gt.../ (Peter tiene muchos amigos)They have got a big house. /ei hav gt e bg hus/ Theyve got a big house. /eiv gt.../(Ellos tienen una casa grande)My dog has got long ears. /mai dg haz gt lo arz/ My dogs got long ears. /mai dgz gt.../ (Mi perro tiene orejas largas)The rooms have got central heating. /e r:mz hav gt sntrl h:ti/(Las habitaciones tienen calefaccin central)

En la forma negativa se usa HAVE NO GOT y HAS NOT GOT. Normalmente se usan las contracciones HAVENT GOT /hvent gt/ y HASNT GOT /hzent gt/


I have not got a car. /ai hav not gt.../ I havent got a car. /ai hvent gt...r/Peter has not got many friends. /p:ter haz not gt.../ Peter hasnt got many friends. /p:ter hzent gt.../They have not got a big house. /ei hav not gt.../ They havent got a big house. /ei hvent got.../My dog has not got long ears. /mai dg haz not gt.../ My dog hasnt got long ears. /mai dg hzent gt.../The rooms have not got central heating. /e r:mz hav not gt .../ The rooms havent got central heating. /e r:mz hvent gt.../

La forma interrogativa se hace por simple inversin del sujeto y HAVE o HAS:


Have you got a car? /hav i gt.../ No, I havent got one ( one = a car)Has Peter got many friends? /haz p:ter gt.../ Yes, hes got a lot. (of friends)Have they got a big house? /hav ei gt.../ No, they havent. Theyve got a small one.Has the dog got long ears? /haz e dg gt.../ Yes, it has. Its got very long ones. (ones = ears) Have the rooms got a TV? /hav e ru:mz got.../ No, they havent got one. But theyve got a radio. How much money have you got? Ive got very little (money). Ive only got 5 dollars. How many brothers and sisters has Bob got? Hes got one sister and two brothers.

EXERCISES:

Ex.1 Complete the following sentences using HAVE GOT or HAS GOT

1. John a new uniform.2. Hans long black hair .


3. The soldiers a very good instructor.4. We a small house in the country.5. The book 200 pages.6. I three children, a son and two daughters.7. Mary a new blue dress.8. My friends a lot of money.9. My at two bedrooms.10. The car four wheels.

Ex. 2 Change into the negative form

1. Shes got blue eyes and black hair.2. Theyve got a lot of friends there.3. My fathers got a modern car.4. Bobs got a big family.5. Weve got a small classroom.6. Ive got some cigarettes.7. Nancys got a computer.8. The house has got a garden.9. My friends have got a telephone.10. The students have got some experience.

Ex. 3 Change into the interrogative form:

1. Youve got many things to do today.2. Bobs got some money.3. Youve got a lighter.4. Theyve got our telephone number.5. Bobs got our address.6. Bobs sister has got a car.7. Theyve got a big family.8. The boy has got black shoes.9. Youve got your passport here.10. The students have got a new instructor.

Ex. 4 Ask questions with HOW MUCH...? / HOW MANY...?

1. Theyve got two cars.2. Ive got three children.3. A car has got four wheels .4. Bobs got ve dollars.5. The at has got two bathrooms.6. Weve got 2 bottles of milk.7. They ve got very little free time.

Ex. 5 Answer these questions:

1. How much money have you got in your pockets? 2. How many children have you got?3. Has your wife / husband got a car?4. Has your parents house got a garden?5. Have you got a dog or a cat?6. Have you got any friends in Europe?7. How many rooms has your house got?8. Have you got a big library at home?9. Have you got any brothers or sisters?10. Have you got a computer at home?


PART II.

A. ADJECTIVES

En ingls, los adjetivos siempre preceden a los sustantivos:

Tom is a tall man. Mary is a beautiful woman This is an interesting book That is a big car

Adems, son invariables, es decir la misma palabra se usa en el singular, plural, masculino o femenino. Por lo tanto, el adjetivo tall /to:l/ se podra traducir como alto, alta, altos, altas.

The man is very tall. The woman is very tall. The men are very tall. The women are very tall.

Adems, todos los sustantivos actan como adjetivos cuando preceden a otro sustantivo. En estos casos no deben pluralizarse (porque los adjetivos nunca se pluralizan!!).

An appleAn apple treeThree apple trees

A dollarA one-dollar billA ve-dollar bill

An exerciseOne exercise bookTen exercise books

A hotelA hotel managerTwo hotel managers

B. ARTICLES (I)

1. EL ARTCULO INDEFINIDO A (un, una) se usa para referirse a un artculo cualquiera, no especco. Ej. This is a book. /is iz a bk/ (Este es un libro). Thats a girl. /ts a g:rl/ (Esa es una nia). Theres a car in the street. /arz a k:r in e str:t/ (Hay un auto en la calle).

El artculo A se transforma en AN antes de una palabra iniciada con un sonido vocal o una h muda. Ej. This is an apple. /is iz an pl/ (Esta es una manzana). Thats an orange. /ts an rindll/ (Esa es una naranja). This is an old car /is iz an uld k:r/ (Este es un auto viejo). He is an honest man. /h: iz an nest mn/ (El es un hombre honrado).

La letra u se considera vocal en palabras como umbrella /ambrla/, pero tambin se pronuncia como una semi- consonante en palabras como uniform /inifo:rm/. Por lo tanto se deber decir: This is an umbrella /is iz an ambrla/ (Este es un paraguas) y This is a uniform /is iz a inifo:rm/ (Este es un uniforme). Hay palabras que comienzan con una letra o pronunciada como /w/, en cuyo caso se trata como semi-consonante. Compare: This is an orange. /is iz an rindll/ (Esta es una naranja). This is a one-way ticket. /is iz a wn wei tkit/ (Este es un boleto de ida).

El articulo indenido a/an no tiene plural. Ej. This is a house /is iz a hus/ (Esta es una casa). These are houses. /i:z a:r husiz/ (Estas son casas). That is a tree /t iz a tr:/ (Ese es un rbol). Those are trees /uz a:r tr:z/ (Esos son rboles). Thats an animal /ts an nimal/ (Ese es un animal). Those are animals /uz a:r nimalz/ (Esos son animales).

Debido a que a / an no tiene una forma para el plural, en su lugar se usan normalmente palabras como some /sam/ (algunos/as), several /sveral/ (varios/as) o many /mni/ (muchos/as).

Ejemplo. There is a tree in the garden There are trees in the gardenThere are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden There are many trees in the garden

2. EL ARTCULO DEFINIDO THE (el, la los, las) se usa para referirse a objetos especcos, determinados. Se usa tanto con sustantivos singulares como con plurales.

Ej. There is a book on the desk. The book is old. There are several books on the desk. The books are old.

Compare:

Show me a photograph (Mustrame una fotografa) (cualquiera fotografa) Show me the photograph (Mustrame la fotografa) (una fotografa especca)


Exe. 1. Use the indenite articles a or an

1. pencil 17. car2. apple 18. used car3. egg 19. modern car4. envelope 20. young woman5. umbrella 21. old woman6. hour 22. one-dollar bill7. honor 23. ve-dollar bill8. house 24. hotel9. banana25. instrument10. big banana26. musical instrument11. exercise 27. answer12. easy exercise 28. question13. difcult exercise 29. impertinent question14. university30. usual question15. old university31. unusual question16. new university32. hard lesson

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the plural.

1. That is a picture2. This is a car.3. Is this an envelope?4. That man isnt a teacher.5. Ive got a friend in San Francisco.6. Theyve got a horse on the farm.7. Peters got a new pen.8. This boy isnt a new student.9. This is an interesting novel.10. Is that woman a nurse?11. Is that man an engineer?12. Theres a yellow ower in the garden. 13. Is that an apple tree or a pear tree?14. I havent got a cigarette.

Ex. 3. Change these sentences into the plural, use some, many or several

1. Theres a tree in the garden.2. Theres a woman in the ofce.3. There was a car accident last Sunday. 4. There is a new student in this class.5. There will be an interesting program tonight 6. Ive got a question for you.7. Theyve got an interesting book in the library 8. The boys got a book in English.9. There is a letter for you, Mr. Smith.10. Ive got a coin in my pocket.11. Ive got a magazine on my desk.12. Theres a text book on the teachers desk. 13. The student has got a new notebook. 14. There is a student in the laboratory now. 15. Please show me a photograph.


PART III.TELLING THE TIME (Diciendo la hora)

What time is it, please? /wt tim iz it pl:z/ Qu hora es por favor? Whats the time, please? /wts e tim pl:z/ Cul es la hora por favor? Its ten to eight /its tn tu it/ Son diez para las ochoLea, escuche y aprenda:

oclock /oklk/ quarter past /kurter p:st/half past /ha:f p:st/quarter to /kurter t:/

01:00Its one oclock05:00Its ve oclock

07:15Its quarter past seven10:15Its quarter past ten

06:30Its half past six12:30Its half past twelve

09:45Its quarter to ten03:45Its quarter to four

past /p:st/to /tu:/ minutes past /mnits p:st/minutes to /mnits tu:/

Nota: La palabra minutes generalmente se omite despus de 5 o mltipos de 5.

05:1002:40Its ten (minutes) past veIts twenty (minutes) to three11:2509:55Its twenty-ve (minutes) past elevenIts ve (minutes) to ten

01:2707:38Its twenty-seven minutes past oneIts twenty-two minutes to eight.

midday /mddei/ medioda noon /nu:n/ medioda midnight /mdnait/ medianochea.m. /i m/ p.m. /p: m/in the morning /in e m:rni/ (en la maana, hasta las 12:00)in the afternoon /in i a:ftern:n/ (en la tarde, de 13:00 - 17:00)in the evening /in i :vni/(en la tarde / noche, de18:00 - 21:00)at night /at nit/ (en la noche, despus de las 21:00)

12:00Its midday / Its noon24:00 Its midnight

05:00 a.m.Its ve oclock a.m. /ei. em/Its ve oclock in the morning

04:00 p.m.Its four oclock p.m. /pii em/Its four oclock in the afternoon

07:00 p.m.Its seven oclock p.m. /pii em/Its seven oclock in the evening

10:00 p.m.Its ten oclock p.m. /pii em/Its ten oclock at night

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Match the times in Column A with the sentences is Column B

A. 12:20B. 08:30C. 09:45D. 02:15E. 07:05F. 08:55G. 03:10H. 04:50I. 04:00J. 12:40K. 06:25L. 10:35

1. Its twenty to one2. Its a quarter past two3. Its ten past three4. Its ve to nine5. Its ten to ve6. Its twenty-ve to eleven7. Its ve past seven8. Its half past eight9. Its twenty past twelve10. Its a quarter to ten11. Its twenty-ve past six12. Its four oclock

ABCDEFGHIJKL


Ex. 2. Write down the times and read:

What time is it? Whats the time?

1. 09:00Its

2. 08:50

3. 03:30

4. 11:45

5. 01:15

6. 09:05

7. 10:14

8. 24:00

9. 02:57

10. 08:00 a.m.

11. 04:00 p.m.

12. 11:00 p.m.

13. 03:25

14. 12:00

15. 03:20

16. 10:05

17. 01:45

18. 11:30

19. 05:25

20. 08:15

21. 04:35

22. 01:38

23. 10:18

24. 09:00


BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words

ADJECTIVES

ENGLISH angry /gri/ bad /bd/ big /big/ blunt /blant/SPANISH airado, enojado malogranderomo, sin puntaENGLISH late /leit/ lazy /lizi/ light /lait/ long /lo/SPANISH tarde, atrasado ojo claro,liviano largo

bright /brit/brillantenarrow /nrrou/angosto, estrecho

busy /bzi/ocupadonew /niu:/nuevo

clear /klar/claronice /nis/bonito, agradable

cold /kould/frio, heladoodd /o:d/raro, impar (nmeros)

comfortable /kmfortbl/cmodoold /ould/viejo

cool /ku:l/frescopleased /pli:zd/satisfecho,contento

curved /krvd/cheap /tshi:p/curvobaratopoor /par/pretty /prti/pobre, insatisfactoriobonito

dark /da:rk/oscurorich /ritch/rico, adinerado

dear /dar/caro, apreciadoright /rait/correcto,derecho

deep /di:p/profundorough /ra:f/tosco, brusco, agitado

difcult /dkalt/dicilsad /sd/triste

dull /dal/opaco, fomesharp /sha:rp/agudo, puntiagudo

early /:rli/easy /:zi/temprano, precursorfcilshort /sho:rt/silly /sli/corto; bajo de estaturatonto, leso, ingenuo

empty /mti/vacosleepy /sl:pi/sooliento

even /:vn/parejo, par (nmeros)slow /slou/lento

expensive /ikspnsiv/carosmall /smo:l/pequeo

fast /fst/rpido, jo,soft /soft/suave

fat /ft/gordostraight /streit/recto

foolish /flish/tonto, lesostrange /streindll/extrao

free /fri:/libre, gratisstupid /stiu:pid/estpido

full /ful/lleno, completotall /to:l/alto

good /gud/happy /hpi/hard /ha:rd/hard-working /h:rd we:rki/healthy /hli/heavy /hvi/buenofelizduro, dicil esforzado saludable, sano pesado, intensothick /ik/thin /in/ thirsty /:rsti/ tiny /tini/ tired /tiard/ ugly /gli/gruesodelgado sediento diminuto cansado feo

high /hai/altouneven /an:vn/disparejo, no plano

hot /hot/calientewarm /wo:rm/temperado

huge /hiudll/enormewide /waid/ancho, amplio

hungry /hgri/ill, sick /il, sik/hambrientoenfermo, indispuestowise /waiz/wonderful /wnderful/sabio, sensatomaravilloso

interesting /ntresti/large /la:dll/interesantegrandewrong /ro/young /ja/equivocado, incorrectojoven

COLO(U)RS

What colour is the car? Its white.What colours is the Chilean ag? Its blue, white and red.

black /blk/ white /wait/ green /gri:n/negro blanco verdeorange /rindll/ gray, grey /grei/ purple /p:rpl/anaranjado gris, plomo morado

blue /blu:/red /red/azulrojopink /pik/dark blue /d.rk bl:/rosadoazul oscuro

brown /brun/caflight blue /lit bl:/azul claro,celeste

yellow /ylou/amarillo


Bl 44

KEY TO ANSWERSUNIT 3

Part I.

Ex. 1. 1. has got 2. has got 3. have got 4. have got 5. has got 6. have got 7. has got 8. have got 9. has got 10. has got

Ex. 2. 1. She hasnt got blue... 2.They havent got many friends... 3. My father hasnt got a...4. Bob hasnt got a... 5. We havent got a... 6. I havent got any cigarettes. / Ive got no cigarettes 7. Nancy hasnt go a... 8. The house hasnt got...9. My friends havent got...10. The students havent got any experience. / The students have got no experience.

Ex. 3. 1. Have you got many...? 2. Has Bob got any money? 3. Have you got a...? 4. Have they got our...? 5. Has Bob got our...? 6. Has Bobs sister got a...? 7. Have they got a...? 8. Has the boy got black...? 9. Have you got your...? 10. Have the students got a...?

Ex. 4. 1. How many cars have they got? 2. How many children have you got? 3. How many wheels has a car got?4. How much money has Bob got? 5. How many bathrooms has the at got? 6. How much milk have we got? / how many bottles of milk have we got? 7. How much free time have they got?

Ex. 5. (open answers)

Part II.

B.Ex. 1. 1. a 2. an 3.an 4. an 5. an 6. an 7. an 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. an 12. an 13. a 14. a 15. an 16.a 17. a 18. a 19. a 20. a 21. an 22.a 23. a 24. a 25. an 26. a 27. an 28. a 29. an 30. a 31. an 32. a

Ex. 2. 1. Those are pictures 2. These are cars 3. Are these envelopes? 4. Those men arent teachers 5. Ive got friends inS.F. 6. Theyve got horses... 7. Peters got new pens 8. These boys arent new students 9. These are interesting novels10. Are those women nurses? 11. Are those men engineers? 12. There are yellow owers... 13. Are those apple trees or pear trees? 14. I havent got cigarettes

Ex. 3. 1. There are some trees... 2. There are many women... 3. There were several car accidents... 4. There are some new students... 5. There will be many new students... 6. Ive got several questions... 7. Theyve got some interesting books... 8. The boy has got some books... 9. There are several letters... 10. Ive got some coins... 11. Ive got several magazines... 12. There are many text books... 13. The student has got some new notebooks 14. There are many students... 15. Please, show me some photographs.

Part III.

Ex. 1. A - 9 B - 8 C - 10 D - 2 E - 7 F - 4 G - 3 H - 5 I - 12 J - 1 K - 11 L - 6

Ex. 2. 1. Its nine oclock 2. Its ten to nine 3. Its half past three 4. Its quarter to twelve 5. Its quarter past one 6. Its ve past nine 7. Its forteen minutes past ten 8. Its twelve oclock / midnight 9. Its three minutes to three 10. Its eight oclock in the morning 11. Its four oclock in the afternoon 12. Its eleven oclock at night 13. Its twenty-ve past three14. Its twelve oclock / noon 15. Its twenty past three 16. Its ve past ten 17. Its quarter to two 18. Its half past eleven19. Its twenty-ve past ve 20. Its quarter past eight 21. Its twenty-ve to ve 22. Its twenty-two minutes to two 23. Its eighteen minutes past ten 24. Its nine oclock


Bl 46

UNIT 4PART I. EL TIEMPO PRESENTE CONTINUO (THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE)

Introduccin: Los Tiempos Contnuos

Son tiempos continuos o progresivos todos aquellos tiempos verbales que se expresan con una forma del verbo TO BE y el GERUNDIO DE UN VERBO PRINCIPAL. Estos tiempos verbales se usan para especicar qu estamos, estbamos o estaremos haciendo en un momento determinado.

Es conveniente recordar aqu que el gerundio de un verbo principal se forma agregando -ING al innitivo. Este sujo se pronuncia /i/ . Hay tres grupos de verbos, segn la ortografa usada en la formacin del gerundio:

Grupo A: Verbos terminados en consonante que agregan -ing al innitivo:

to speak /spi:k/ (hablar)speaking /spi:ki/ (hablando)to eat /i:t/ (comer) eating /:ti/ (comiendo)to work /we:rk/ (trabajar)working /w:rki/ (trabajando)

Grupo B: Si el innitivo termina en -e muda, esta letra se omite al formar en gerundio:

to live /liv/ (vivir)living /lvi/ (viviendo)to write /rit/ (escribir)writing /riti/ (escribiendo)Bl 47Grupo C: Si el innitivo est formado por consonante+vocal+consonante o cons. +cons. + vocal + cons., la ltima consonante debe ser duplicada:

To sit /sit/ (sentarse) sitting /sti/ (sentndose)To cut /kat/ (cortar)cutting /kti/ (cortando)To stop /stop/ (detener,parar)stopping /stpi/ (deteniendo, parando)To swim /suim/ (nadar) swimming /sumi/ (nadando)

EL TIEMPO PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO.

El tiempo Presente Continuo o Progresivo est formado por el Presente del verbo TO BE (AM/S/ARE) ms un GERUNDIO de un verbo principal y se usa para expresar acciones que se estn realizando NOW /nu/ (ahora) o AT THIS TIME /at is tim/ (a esta hora), AT THE MOMENT /at e mument/ (en este momento). AT PRESENT /at przent/ (en estos das, actualmente), TEMPORARILY /temporrili/ (temporalmente), FOR THE TIME BEING /for e tim b: i/ (mientras tanto,transitoriamente).


Theyre living in New York at present. /i a:r livi in niu irk at przent/ (Ellos estn viviendo en N.Y. en la actualidad).Marys working in Room 10 now. /mriz w:rki in rm tn nu/ (Mary est trabajando en la Of.10 ahora)Herberts having lunch at the moment. /h:rberts hvi lntch at e mument/ (Herbert est almorzando en este momento) For the time being, Im living with my brother John. /for e tim b:i im lvin wi mai brer dlln/ (Transitoriamente, estoy viviendo con mi hermano John)

La forma negativa se expresa usando NOT despus del verbo TO BE. El uso de las contracciones ISNT y ARENTes frecuente en la conversacin diaria.


They are not living in New York at present. Theyre not living in New York at present.They arent living in New York at present.Mary is not working in Room 10 now. Marys not working in Room 10 now.Mary isnt working in Room 10 now.For the time being, I am not living with my brother John. Im not living with my brother John

La forma interrogativa se expresa mediante simple inversin del verbo TO BE (AM,IS,ARE) con el sujeto. En las preguntas negativas se usan las contracciones ISNT/ARENT delante del sujeto.


Are they living in New York at present? Arent they living in New York at present?Is Mary working in Room 10 now? Isnt Mary working in Room 10 now?Are you living with your brother John?Arent you living with your brother John?Am I doing the exercise correctly? Arent I doing the exercise correctly?

Cuando deseamos formular preguntas introducidas por una palabra interrogativa como What, Where, When, How, How often, etc., debemos mantener el mismo orden de palabras usado en las preguntas simples.

Escuche, lea y aprenda:John is living in New York at present. Where is John living at present? The children are playing soccer. What are the children playing?I am wearing a sweater because its cold. Why are you wearing a sweater?

La pregunta ms frecuente en este tiempo verbal es:

WHAT ARE YOU DOING? /wt ar i du: i/ (qu ests haciendo?)

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Escuche, lea y aprenda estos verbos:

INFINITIVETo answer /:nser/GERUNDanswering /:nseri/SPANISHresponder/respondiendo

To arrive /erriv/arriving /errivi/llegar/llegando

To ask /a:sk/asking /:ski/preguntar/preguntando;

To ask for /a:sk fo:r/asking for /:ski fo:r//pedir/pidiendo, solicitar/solicitando

To buy /bi/buying /bii/comprar/comprando

To close /klouz/closing /kluzi/cerrar/cerrando

To come /kam/coming /kmi/venir/viniendo

To cut /kat/cutting /kti/cortar/cortando

To do /du:/doing /d:i/hacer/haciendo (actividades)

To drink /drik/drinking /drki/beber/bebiendo

To drive /driv/driving /drivi/conducir/conduciendo

To dry /dri/drying /drii/secar/secando

To eat /i:t/eating /:ti/comer/comiendo

To nish /fnish/nishing /fnishi/terminar/terminando

To x /ks/xing /fksi/reparar/reparando; arreglar/arreglando/jar/jando

To give /giv/giving /gvi/dar/dando

To go /gou/going /gui/ir/yendo

To help /help/helping /hlpi/ayudar/ayudando

To invite /invit/inviting /inviti/invitar/invitando

To learn /le:rn/learning /l:rni/aprender/aprendiendo

To leave /li:v/leaving /l:vi/partir/partiendo; dejar/dejando

To listen to /lsn tu/listening to /lsni tu/escuchar/escuchando

To live /liv/living /livi/vivir, viviendo

To look at /luk at/looking at /lki at/mirar/mirando

To make /meik/making /miki/hacer/haciendo

To open /upn/opening /upni/abrir/abriendo

To pay /pei/paying /pii/pagar/pagando

To play /pli/playing /plii/jugar/jugando; tocar/tocando (un instr.)

To put /put/putting /pti/poner/poniendo

To read /ri:d/reading /r:di/leer/leyendo

To receive /ris:v/receiving /ris:vi/recibir/recibiendo


To rain /rin/raining /rini/llover/lloviendo

To run /ran/running /rni/correr/corriendo

To say /si/saying /sii/decir/diciendo

To sell /sel/selling /sli/vender/vendiendo

To send /send/sending /sndi/enviar/enviando

To sing /si/singing /si/cantar/cantando

To sit /sit/sitting /sti/sentarse/sentndose

To sleep /sli:p/sleeping /sl:pi/dormir/durmiendo

To speak /spi:k/speaking /sp:ki/hablar/hablando

To spend /spend/spending /spndi/gastar/gastando;pasar/pasando(tiempo)

To start /sta:rt/starting /st:rti/empezar/empezando,comenzar/comenzando

To stay /sti/staying /stii/permanecer/permaneciendo (quedarse)

To study /stdi/studying /stdii/estudiar/estudiando

To take /tik/taking /tiki/tomar/tomando;llevar/llevando

To talk /to:k/talking /t:ki/conversar/conversando

To tell /tel/telling /tli/decir/diciendo;contar/contando (narrar)

To think /ik/thinking /ki/pensar/pensando; creer/creyendo

To travel /trvel/travelling /trveli/viajar/viajando

To try to /tri tu/trying to /trii tu/tratar de/tratando de; intentar/intentando

To wait for /weit fo:r/waiting for /witi fo:r/esperar/esperando

To walk /wo:k/walking /w:ki/caminar/caminando

To wash /wosh/washing /wshi/lavar/lavando

To watch /wotch/watching /wtchi/observar/observando

To wear /war/wearing /wari/usar/usando(ropas)

To work /we:rk/working /w:rki/trabajar/trabajando; funcionar/funcionando

To write /rit/Writing /riti/escribir/escribiendo

Ex. 2. Escuche, lea y aprenda estas actividades frecuentes:

Getting up /gti ap/ levantndoseHaving a bath/a shower /hvi e ba:/e shuer/ tomando un bao/una duchaGetting dressed /gti drst/ vistindoseHaving breakfast/lunch/dinner /hvi brkfast//lantch/dner/desayunando/almorzando/cenando Going home/to work/to the ofce /gui hum/tu we:rk/tu i s/ yendo a casa/al trabajo/a la ocina Driving home/to work/to the ofce /drivi hum/tu we:rk/tu i s/./ yendo en auto a casa/trabajo/of. Reading letters/the newspaper /r:di ltez/e niuzpiper/ leyendo cartas/el diarioWorking in the ofce /w:rki in i s/ trabajando en la ocina Talking with friends /t:ki wi frndz/ conversando con amigos Leaving the ofce /l:vi i s/ saliendo de la ocina Doing the shopping /d:i e shpi/ haciendo las comprasBuying the paper/cigarettes /bii e piper/sgarts/comprando el diario/cigarrillosWatching TV /wtchi t: v:/mirando TVListening to the news/to the radio /lsni tu e ni:z/ridiou/ escuchando las noticias/la radioWriting to a friend /riti tu e frnd/ escribiendo a un/a amigo/aCalling up a friend /kli p e frnd/ llamando a un/a amigo/a (por fono)Playing cards/soccer /plii krdz/sker jugando cartas/football Walking to the park /w:ki tu e pa:rk/ caminando al parque Running across the park /rni akrs e p:rk/ corriendo a travs del parque Doing exercise /d:i ksersaiz/ Working out /wrki ut/ haciendo ejercicio (gimnasia) Visiting a museum /vziti a miu:zam/ visitando un museoStudying for a test /stdii for e tst/ estudiando para una pruebaWashing the car /wshi e k:r/ lavando el auto Cleaning the house /klini e hus/ limpiando la casa Making the bed /miki e bd/ haciendo la cama Tidying up the room /tidii p e r:m/ ordenando el cuarto Cooking a meal /kki a mi:l/cocinando una comidaPreparing some drinks /pripari sam drks/ preparando algunos tragosGoing to bed /gui tu bd/ acostndose


Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences, using the Present Continuous tense of the verb provided.

1. I to the news at the moment. (listen)2. The students to school now. (go)3. Mr. Smith for the bus. (wait)

4. For the time being, Mary

as a secretary. (work).

5. Our friends Disney World today. (visit)6. The train at the station at this time. (arrive)7. You the exercises well now. (do)8. They the weekend in Miami. (spend)9. Look! The bus over there! (come)

10. Listen! Those children

Spanish! (speak)

11. Theres a man in the garden. He the grass. (cut)12. There are several students in the gym. They (work out)

Ex. 4. Change into a) negative and b) interrogative

1. The children are watching TV

2. Johns having breakfast now.

3. Bills answering the phone.

4. Im helping John with the work

5. The girls washing the dishes.

6. The cadets sleeping in class.

7. Its raining very hard now.

8. The students are writing a composition.

9. Youre doing the exercise correctly.

10. The dogs drinking milk.

11. The boys singing an English song.

12. Were making a lot of progress.

Ex. 5. Ask questions using questions word like What, Where, Why, etc.

1. Marys eating an apple now.2. John and his friends are watching TV. 3. Theyre living in Bristol at present.4. Im answering a letter.5. The students are reading a story.6. George is travelling by plane.7. He isnt working because its Sunday. 8. Billys wearing the new sweater.9. Im singing because Im happy.10.The men are running now.11.Im trying to open the window.12.Theyre looking at the horses.


Ex. 6. Complete the dialogs using the verbs provided in the Present Continuous tense. Study them and practise them with a friend:

1. Hans: Hello, Bob! Where you ? ( go)Bob : To the post ofce.Hans: I (go) there, too. Why nt you (drive) your car?Bob : Its in the garage. They ( x) the brakes.

2. Jane : Wheres Billy?Peter : Hes in his room.Jane: What he ?(do) I dont think he (sleep).Peter : No, he isnt. He (study) for a test.Jane: He always ! (study). Thats why he (do) so well at school this yearPeter : Well, he (plan) to study engineering, you know..

3. Robert : Where are the children?Mary : Billy (watch) TV in the living-room. And Bettys in the kitchen. I thinkshe (cook) dinner. And Jims in his room. He (sleep), of course!Robert : Well, lets go for a walk,then.Mary : Great! Lets do that.


PART II.

A. TIME AND DATES

day /di/ da week /w:k/ semanamonth /man/ mes year /yar/ ao season /s:zn/ estacin

There are 365 days /diz/ in a year. There are 52 weeks /w:ks/ in a year /jar/There are twelve months /mns/ in a year.

english

Documents

midnight unit

elementary level unit

time vocabulary

long time

hard time

gerunds time

continuous form

simple form