ENGLISH 72 (83R)WEEK 13, DAY 1, APRIL 21, 2014

PROFESSOR ELIZABETH BUCHANAN

AGENDA

More Emotional AppealsLogical FallaciesIntroduction to Essay #3

REVIEW OF EMOTIONAL APPEALS

APPEALS IN ARGUMENT

An appeal in argument is… Something that makes an argument attractive, worth considering, or believable

Appeals are not necessarily bad, unless there is NO evidence to support the argument.

An argument that relies solely on an emotional appeal is actually a… Fallacy; or false reasoning

Advertisers commonly appeal to various needs— The need to be loved

To be attractive

To be cool, etc.

APPEALS TO AUTHORITY

This claim rests solely on the fact that a supposed authority is behind it.

It is important to be very careful with these types of appeals because oftentimes the authority is not even identified.

Also, this so-called authority might be biased because he/she has something to gain financially from our accepting their position.

APPEAL TO FEAR

This type of appeal tries to make us fearful.Appeal to fear is also known as “scare tactics”

APPEAL TO PATRIOTISM

Appeal to patriotism is also known as “jingoism.”

It suggests an argument is worth holding out of loyalty to one’s country, one’s political party, or some other group to which we belong (ex. Union).

This appeal implies the accusation that going against the country’s or group’s policies is wrong.

An example is the Patriot Act. This was chosen to as an appeal to patriotism.

APPEAL TO PITY OR SYMPATHY

In this appeal, we are asked to accept an argument out of sympathy or pity.

This appeal asks us to forget about critical judgment simply because we pity a victim of sad circumstances or because we can identify with someone else’s troubles.

Sonia S

APPEAL TO PREJUDICE

Like the appeal to fear, the appeal to prejudice uses popular prejudices to convince others of the correctness of one’s position.

The intention to create negative feelings, beliefs or stereotypes about racial, ethnic or religious groups.

“Why would a man ever want to become a nurse? After all, women are the traditional caregivers in our culture.”

Male Nurse Clips

APPEAL TO TRADITION

This appeals asks us to accept a practice (or buy a product) because it has always been done that way, or is a long-standing tradition.

Smuckers Jam Commercial

OTHER MANIPULATIVE APPEALS

Besides appeals to emotions, there are other appeals used to manipulate and trick people into accepting the argument or entice the unsuspecting consumer to buy a product.

These particular products are not usually based on quality but on something associated with it.

BANDWAGON APPEAL

This appeal rests on the assumption that if everyone is doing something, it must be right or good.

It is an appeal to popularity.

This appeal originated from the fact that lots of people ride on the bandwagon at a parade.

FLATTERY

A writer who uses flattery tries to put us into a group of people whom we admire and want to identify with, whether we share their convictions or not.

Flattery

JUST PLAIN FOLKS

Do you remember when you usually see this type of fallacy? During political campaigns

The politician tries to give one the impression that he/she is an “ordinary citizen” or just plain folks.

The reasons they use this fallacy is to make themselves appear more human.

The person might talk about his/her background as coming from: “Small town roots”

Parents that worked in blue collar jobs.

First in his/her family to graduate from college Sarcastic Plain Folks

NAME CALLING

This unfair manipulative tactic is used to take away the attention from the real argument.

Name calling occurs when a proponent of a particular opinion uses charges like “racist,” “reactionary,” “tax and spend liberal,” “socialist,” and a number of other similar inappropriate labels.

Jefferson Political Ads

RIDICULE

This appeal asks the reader to dismiss an idea by subjecting it to ridicule rather than by analyzing its weaknesses.

Political ads

TESTIMONIAL

This appeal is used in television commercials and magazine ads in which a person is paid to endorse a product.

The implication is that the product must be “good” because it was endorsed by a celebrity.

Queen Latifah Cover Girl

TRANSFER

Like testimonial, this manipulative appeal is most commonly associated with advertising.

The advertiser suggest that favorable associations with a product will transfer or carry over to the consumer.

In this case the image is almost more important that the product itself.

Carls Jr Commercial

LET’S PRACTICE

In pairs, you will go on-line and find an ad or commercial that portrays one of the appeals.

LET’S TAKE A BREAK

LOGICAL FALLACIES (GO TO POWER POINT SLIDE)

ESSAY #3 – ANALYZING THE NOVEL

FOR WEDNESDAY, APRIL 23, 2014

Rough Draft Essay #2 Peer ReviewLiterature Circle #8