english 4 references

8/4/2019 ENGLISH 4 References

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ENGLISH 4Oral Communication

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION:

1. Schema driven - depend on background knowledge2. Interpretative act - guess; conclude; hypothesize; theorize3. Does not give an automatic or direct link between two minds4. Dynamic / active - it changes5. Symbolic6. Always results into something7. Irreversible8. Contextual (situational) - factor of person in communication9. Developmental / progressive10.Process11. Influenced by media and technology12.Ethical

Etymology of "communication":

- from communical= share

Two General Classification of Communication:

Verbal - letters and words Non-verbal - sign language; body language; signal; facial expressions; gestures

Levels of Communication: (according to the number of people involved)

Intrapersonal - with 1 person (with self) Interpersonal - between 2 people Group - groups of people involved (25 or more) Organizational - within business, administration Public - involves large group, usu. one speaker to an audience Mass - special media directed to a large audience International - involving cross cultures

Models of Communication:

Linear model / Transmission / Box and arrow Transactional model Socio-cultural model Interactional model / Sawtooth Berlo's model / SMCRM

7 Stages of Communication

1. Conceptualizing - process of ideation2. Encoding - one who initiates (speaker)3. Transmitting - process of transferring the idea4. Receiving - receiving of the transferred data / idea5. Decoding - process of understanding of the receiver


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6. Responding - answer7. Verifying

NOISE:

Internal - psychological noise (emotions; ex. hunger; stress; depression) External - physiological noise (physical, physiological noise: sickness; injuries and semantic noise:

word meaning)

On Language:

Phonology - sound Syntax - technique of putting together words Semantic - meaning

Other Types of Communication:

Visual - drawings, illustrations Intrapersonal - with self Interpersonal - between two (2) people

1. Diad - 2 people2. Small Group Discussion (SGD) - small groups

Formal - public speaking activity Informal - casual (slang) Mass media - different medium to the mass (TV, radio, computer)

1. Print media - journal, comics, newspaper Facilitated - make it easier to use (for handicapped people), ex. Braille system Non-violent communication (NVC) - involves social workers, guidance counselors to students Science - in nature Technical - involves engineering; architecture; and the like Animal - between animals Strategic - happens in organizations (ex. In AFP, companies) Superluminal (Faster than Light - FTL) - speedy way of communicating or talking

Levels of Communication;

I. Frozen / Phatic CommunicationII. Formal / Evaluative Comm. - (thinking) argumentation

III. Consultative / Gut-Level - ex. Patient and doctor; needs to be frank and honest; allows openessand courage to be done

IV. Casual / Factual - everydayV. Intimate / Peak - ex. Sweetheart

**Clich / stereotyped - repeated expressionsEx. Nice to meet you.

Searle's Speech Act Theory

I. Locutionary forceII. Illocutionary force - what intend to do

III. Perlocutionary force - reaction / response; effect; or from other party


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Ex. "I want to go home, I'll cut the next class." I.

"No, wait we'll have a quiz later." II.

"Oh geez, I forgot about that." III.

ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS OF EACH ELEMENT

1. sender / speaker / addresser / encoder Cognitive (think)

2. receiver / listener / addressee / decoder Connotative (guess the meaning with the help of

schemata)

3. message Poetic (you think well on what you send)

4. channel / medium / code Metalingual (application on experience in life)

5. context Referential (all factors of communication = noise,

time, place, content, etc.)

6. contact Phatic (connection = feelings, emotions of a party)

Symbols of Communication

VERBAL SYMBOLS (Language) - oral and writings

a. Phonologyb. Syntaxc. Semantic - meaningd. Morphology - syllables that mean anything; unit of sound that gives meaning

**discourse / rhetoric - speaking paragraph / longer forms / with more sense.

NON VERBAL SYMBOLS

I. Body Action (bigger) or Movements (smaller)a. Gestures - movement of fingers or handsb. Facial expressionsc. Eye contactd. Posture

**Kinesics - science that deals with bodily movements in relation with communication

II. Tactile / Touch

**Haptics

III. Time

**ChronemicsIV. Space

**Proxemics

V. Smell

**Olfactory

VI. Symbols

** Iconics

VII. Physical Appearance


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VIII. Variation in speed, pitch, volume, and pauses

**Paralinguistics

IX. Silence - fear; reflective thinking; introvert

X. Artifacts - things that mean special

"Language gets its meaning from culture. Language speaks or mirrors culture / practices."

1. eye contact

US - sincerity; honesty

PHILIPPINES - disrespect

KOREA - competition

SAUDI ARABIA - honesty

CHINA - neutral, longer duration is bad

2. slouching on chair

GERMANY - rudeness; ill-mannered

US - relaxed; casual; neutral

PHILIPPINES - laziness; boredom3. index finger

US - silence

PHILIPPINES - warning; silence

JAPAN - money (OK sign - wherein the thumb and index finger is in circle)

GERMANY - to kill

GREECE - friendship

ETHIOPIA - 1 finger (to children)

4 fingers (to adults)

- also means silence

4. nod

US / PHILIPPINES - yesGREECE - bizarre; no(upward way) / yes (nod, downward)

5. swine

US - dirty

PHILIPPINES - neutral (animal)

6. waving hand (up and down)

US - driving me away

PHILIPPINES - goodbye

7. pointed foot or toes

THAILAND - not allowed

8. noodles (slurping / sipping)

JAPAN - appreciation

PHILIPPINES - ill-mannered

9. pepper and salt / seasoning (when asking these in a restaurant)

ITALY - insult

PHILIPPINES - okay

ON MOUTH


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4 MACRO SKILLS IN COMMUNICATION

Listening = 70%

Speaking

Reading

Writing

THE PROCESS OF LISTENING

Stage 1 - receive = is to hear, not yet listening

2 - understand = attach meaning of what you heard (relate to background knowledge)

3 - remember = goes with selecting to register it in your mind

4 - evaluate = criticize, judge whether bad or good, weigh what you hear and evealuate and must

come with a decision

5 - respond = with a right decision one will come up with a response

TYPES OF LISTENING

1. discriminative - given instruction; educational

2. attentive - 100% focus

3. selective - choose what you want4. therapeutic - relief / free

5. marginal - minorities or squatters (don't give much attention)

6. critical

7. comprehensive - using all levels of thinking (1. Literal 2. Interpretative (at least thinking / guess) 3.

Critical (judge)4. Application 5. Creative )

8. empathy - sympathize / feel

9. appreciative

BARRIERS:

1. Physical barrier - distance; block / objects (physical barrier); things affecting 5 senses; examplelight, temperature

2. Physiological barrier - illness / sickness (can be witnessed); conditions (hungry, intoxicated andthe like)

3. Psychological barrier - stress (intangible, depends on attitude or behavior)- nervousness, tension, depression, fear

4. Semantic - difficulty / complexity of vocabulary and jargons5. Language barrier - pronunciation / grammar6. Mental / Subject matter - know very little / no schemata or background knowledge.7. Cultural barrier

STRATEGIES: (technique)

Method (patterned) - fixed

Strategy (technique) - depends on one's style (own way or fashion)

1. DIRECT - depend on listening only, signs observedi) Memory strategy - there are 3 memory stores

* sensory memory - happens in one second / not long

* short term memory - attach meaning to something; lasts 15 secs.

* long term memory - in depth study of one subject (i.e. schemata used

for reasoning, etc.)

30%


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ii) Cognitive strategy - intellectual personality / thinking abilities. (all levels of thinking)iii) Compensatory strategy - make-up, pay-off (compensate); ask question , recommend to

explain more, observe non-verbal language

2) INDIRECT - depend on feelings too / subjectivei) Metacognitive strategy (think aloud) - most modern way of thinking; talk or whisper to

yourself

ii) Affective strategy - use feelings or emotionsiii) Social strategy - relationship with others (i.e. ask questions, group tasking / sharing of ideas)

3) 4 PNCRi) Purposeii) Purpose of speakeriii) Points - ideas major / minor that you pay attention toiv) Positive verbal response - also with positive non-verbal responsev) Note takingvi) Conclusionvii) Recall and recite

4) TQLRi) Topicii) Questionsiii) Listen intentlyiv) Respond (verbally or non-verbally)

THINGS TO AVOID IN COMMUNICATION:

1) Pre-judging2) Assuming3) Entertaining private agenda4) Being a selective listener5) Focusing on details6)

Giving passive physical response

7) Giving defensive physical responseEthical speaking:

Suspend judging Assess / evaluate Respond verbally or non-verbally

1) Why do you have to study intrapersonal communication? Improves performance Improves intrapersonal relationship Improves personality

2) How do you create your self-concept? Biological endowment Environment

3) Difference of self-image and self-esteem?a) Self esteem

i) Thoughts / feelings toward self


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ii) How you love / like / hate of yourselfb) Self-image

i) Mental pictureii) What you think of yourselfiii) You that representation in your brain

"I think, therefore I am." -- Rene Descartes

4) Essence or value ofethos in intrapersonal communication? Ethos - 'soul'; character

- what emerge from your self will emerge outside

5) Enumerate several types of group communication? Panel discussion Symposium Round table discussion Etc..

WHORFIAN - language controls your mind

INTERPERSONAL

a) Interactional - exchange viewsb) Transactional - in relation to business

i) Form(1) Panel discussion(2) Symposium(3) Round table discussion

ii) Purpose(1) Learning(2) Pleasure(3) Decision making(4) Problem solving

iii) Focus(1) Inner focus(2) Audience focus

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

1) Elements of intercultural communication:a) Cultureb) Communicationc) Contextd) Power

2) Problems of intercultural communication:a) Ethnocentrismb) Stereotypingc) Prejudices


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SPEECH:

Parts of speech:

1) Introductiona) Opening techniqueb) State your purposec) Three important points (preview of body)

2) Bodya) Chronological orderb) Space / distance - interior or exteriorc) Arrange according to understandingd) Arrange based on similarity / differencese) Use inductive - simple to complex formf) Arrange using cause and effect

3) Conclusiona) Short as introductionb) To finish it

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH: Listener center Conversational / be natural Be aware of non-verbal clues (i.e. proxemics / space)

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