engineers of australia - createdigitalmagazine.org.au€¦ · engineers australia was founded 100...

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C E L E B R A T I N G

P A S T . P R E S E N T . F U T U R E

OFENGINEERS AUSTRALIA

Can hydrogen live up to its potential for economic growth without compromising Australia’s broader sustainability goals?

Read our latest white paper:

www.jacobs.com/hydrogen-economy

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ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA NATIONAL OFFICE

11 National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600Phone 02 6270 6555www.engineersaustralia.org.aumemberservices@engineers australia.org.au 1300 653 113

NATIONAL PRESIDENT: Trish White FIEAust CPEng EngExec NER IntPE(Aus) APEC EngineerCHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER:Peter McIntyre FIEAust CPEng EngExec NER IntPE(Aus) APECEngineer

Publisher: MahlabManaging Director:Bobbi MahlabEditor: Kevin Gomez [email protected]: Jonathan [email protected] Editor: Rachael [email protected] Managing Editor:James ChalmersGroup Sales Manager:Stuart Neish 02 9556 [email protected] Manager:Val Glendinning 02 9556 9118 [email protected] Director: Gareth AllsoppArt Director: Sonia BlaskovicDigital Art Director: Liam GardnerProduction Manager: Kathy Little

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stated to be the views of Engineers Australia. Engineers Australia retains copyright for this publication. Written permission is required for the reproduction of any of its content. All articles are general in nature and readers should seek expert advice before acting on any information contained here in.

100 YEARS OF POSSIBILITY

ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA IS COMMITTED TO SUSTAINABILITY

reate is then mailed out in biodegradable wrap sourced from a reputable international chemical supplier, EIP, which has been developing, manufacturing and distributing degradable and biodegradable chemical additives to manufacturers

On 1 August 1919, an organisation was formed to represent and support engineers from across the nation. A century on, Engineers Australia is the

trusted voice of a profession with a future that is brighter than ever.

V O L . 5 N O . 0 7 A U G U S T 2 0 1 9

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ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA | AUGUST 2019

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BIOMEDICALAn ingenious sensor promises to make cancer treatment safer for patients.

TRANSPORTRecharging electric vehicles is quicker and easier with this new technology.

PEOPLEAs a student, Luke Heffernan was always looking for more hands-on experience.

CIVILThis new software is solving problems common to the construction industry.

CENTENARYFelicity Furey is helping

a place in STEM.

CENTENARYThe Snowy Mountain Scheme reimagined what Australia could accomplish.

06

07 YOUR SAY

25 NEXT GEN VOICES

26

55 KEYSTONE

76 TECH WATCH

78 EVENTS

NEWS

09 PHOTO FINISH

spotting manufacturing defects.

10 BEEF AND BIOGASAn abbatoir is creating green energy from its cows’ waste.

13 TIME TO CELEBRATEThe United Nations is readying to give engineering its own day.

14 CHEAP AND GREENBuilding a hybrid vehicle that doesn’t cost the earth.

16 FLOOD GUARDSA Sydney redevelopment needed a new water runoff solution.

20 WAVE ENERGYAn offshore oil and gas consultancy redirects its expertise.

22 AI MAINTENANCEMachine-learning that can treat diabetes and spot engine trouble.

24 PLASMA SPUTTERING

EVERYMONTH

Check out the createwebsite — your best resource for the latest engineering news and information from Australia and the world.

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QR CODES LIKE THIS APPEAR IN THIS ISSUE OF CREATE. SCAN THEM WITH YOUR QR READER OR SMARTPHONE FOR BONUS CONTENT.

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C O N T E N T S

WE STAND ON THE SHOULDERS OF THOSE WHO HAVE GONE BEFORE AND MUST LAY A PATH FOR THOSE WHO FOLLOW.

Celebrating the past — and creating the future

Engineers Australia was founded 100 years ago, in August 1919.

As we celebrate our Centenary, we recognise the strides made by Australian engineers and the pivotal role our profession plays in almost every area of modern life.

Our recently published Centenary book, Wonders Never Cease, celebrates 100 Australian engineering achievements, stretching back to 6000-year-old industrial-scale Aboriginal stone eel-farming works at Budj Bim in Victoria.

Other achievements range from the well-known, such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Snowy Mountains Hydro Scheme, to those with a lower

which was invented in 1905 and still in use today.

The book, like so much of what we do, is the work of volunteers going beyond the call of duty to serve our profession — and you can read excerpts in this issue.

Members of the past have contributed to the engineering body of knowledge, which we can continue to build on and consult today.

Engineers also develop standards to keep our communities safe while still enabling innovation and progress.

Our volunteers use their expertise to assess and accredit Australian engineering degrees, assess candidates for our globally recognised Chartered credential, contribute to policy submissions and much more.

While it’s important to celebrate the past, we also need to look forward.

One of Engineers Australia’s priorities is to create tomorrow’s engineers. With more than 70 per cent of the fastest-growing occupations in Australia needing STEM skills, a healthy pipeline of engineers is vital to enable Australia to grow and thrive.

We work to increase awareness of the wide range of rewarding engineering career opportunities,

bring to our community and encourage schoolchildren to choose STEM subjects.

We are also active and engaged in the media, with TV, radio and print appearances raising the

and teachers, who are powerful

Our volunteers run events, camps and competitions around Australia to engage with schoolchildren — with an emphasis on appealing to girls as well as boys — and we run professional development activities for teachers.

Engineers Australia’s events for engineering university students include the Warman Design and Build Competition which, since 1988, has seen 50,000 students using their engineering skills to enable residents

triumph over a harsh environment.We call on you all to advocate

for our profession, showcase the value engineers bring to society and encourage talented young people to pursue careers in a profession that has so much to be proud of historically and even more to look forward to in years to come: engineering.

“Members of the past have contributed to the

engineering body of knowledge, which we can

continue to build on and consult today.”

Peter McIntyre FIEAust CPEng EngExec NER APEC Engineer IntPE(Aus),

[email protected]

Trish White FIEAust CPEng EngExec NER APEC Engineer IntPE(Aus), National [email protected]

FROM THE NATIONAL PRESIDENT & THE CEO

ENGINEERSAUSTRALIA.ORG.AU

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I N S I G H T

Three trends in deep learningI remember the journey of creating

Google to understand the technology: “What is deep learning?”

After hours of deep learning trial and error, I was left with a painstaking discovery: this is going to take a lot of time.

Let’s explore three trends that could help alleviate some of the more time-consuming tasks of deep learning.

TREND #1: CLOUD COMPUTING We all know training complicated networks takes time.

Techniques like Bayesian optimisation — which will train your network multiple times with different training parameters — can provide powerful results at a cost: more time.

An option to alleviate some of this pain is to move from local resources to clusters or the cloud. The cloud is emerging as a great resource: providing hardware, multiple graphics processing units (GPUs), and only paying for resources when needed.

TREND #2: INTEROPERABILITY Let’s face it, there isn’t a single framework that can provide ‘best-in-class’ for everything about

The trend of interoperability between deep learning frameworks, primarily through ONNX.ai, is

allowing users to switch in and out of deep learning frameworks at their convenience.

Companies like Facebook, Microsoft, and MathWorks are pushing this trend forward, which is why it’s a great time to check out a variety of deep learning frameworks.

OPTIONS

line: you have a deep learning model to perform the task you envisioned.

Now you need to get the model to

Multi-deployment can have

multi-deployment as “deploy your model to the right location depending

This could be the web, your phone, embedded processors, or GPUs.

If your goal is GPUs, CUDA can

code optimisation. Yes, CUDA has been around for a while, but optimisation libraries like TensorRT and Thrust are worth a look. While results may vary, NVIDIA boasts TensorRT speeds up to 40 times higher versus CPU-only platforms for inference.

With Release R2018b, MATLAB has the capabilities allowing you to fully embrace these trends: cloud computing through reference architectures and NGC containers, ONNX.ai import and export capabilities, and multi-deployment options like CUDA with TensorRT.

Interoperability between deep learning frameworks makes this a great time to take your deep learning to the next level.

DAVID WILLINGHAMSenior Application Engineer – Data Analytics MathWorks Australia

“Interoperability between deep learning frameworks makes this a great time to take your deep learning to

the next level.“

welcomes feedback from the community

DEBATE AND DISCUSSION FROM CREATE’S READERS

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Shine a lightShine a li

ABOVE: ANU researcher Dr Hieu Nguyen’s technique makes defect detection quicker and easier.

ENGINEERS FROM the Australian National University (ANU) have developed a method that could help manufacturers spot defects in technology more easily and much earlier in the fabrication process.

The lead author of the study, Dr Hieu Nguyen from the ANU Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, says the method works by capturing high-resolution images of semiconductor materials, including many potential defects, within seconds.

Current methods measure point by point and can be slow and hugely impractical in the manufacturing environment.

“Before this research, to obtain an image with the resolution of 1000 by 1000 pixels, scientists in our lab had to perform one million point-by-point

measurements, which took a whole week,” Nguyen says.

The work has been carried out in collaboration with scientists from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United States.

It started when the team noticed that light emitting from various semiconductor materials, such as silicon, perovskite, and thin fi lms, had distinct qualities.

By using a scientific camera to capture the light, the images could then be used to extract in-depth information on how those materials work.

“We don’t capture all the light from an object,” Nguyen says. “We capture only a specific colour that we need.”

Nguyen fi rst noticed the light’s distinct qualities about six years ago, when he started his PhD.

“It is very diff erent from the sunlight that we see every

day. During this period, I also noticed that each part of the emitted light was very well correlated to a certain property of the materials,” he says.

He considered using a digital camera to capture the images and using cheap optical fi lters that cost a few hundred dollars to only let a specifi c part of the light to enter the camera.

Doing so meant that instead of capturing a typical photo, images could be obtained that represent different parts of the light, giving researchers more information about materials.

So far, the team has demonstrated its research by capturing images of the optical bandgap, which determines numerous properties of semiconductors, including light absorption and electricity conduction, on perovskite solar cells made at ANU.

The technology could also be used for other devices made from semiconductors.

STEPHANIE McDONALD

AN INNOVATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE CAN SPOT PROBLEMS WITH SEMICONDUCTORS.

Picture perfectResults from testing the Australian National University engineers’ defect detection process

“It could be an advanced and fast defect characterisation tool for research and the

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FUTURE THINKING | NEW TECHNOLOGY

ONE TECHNIQUE FOR TREATING EFFLUENT PRODUCED BY THE MEAT INDUSTRY TURNS A DIRTY PROBLEM INTO A GREEN SOLUTION.

USING BACTERIA to treat agricultural waste is not new or uncommon. Lagoons and tanks have been used for decades to digest effluent with the help of microorganisms.

However, covered anaerobic lagoons — where methane that has been produced by reactions under a sheet is trapped — are “once again being investigated” by the meat industry, according to a 2017 fact sheet from the Australian Meat Processor Corporation and Meat and Livestock Australia.

Mike Bambridge, a chemical engineer and owner of CST Wastewater Solutions, has been designing and installing systems for anaerobic — meaning ‘without oxygen’ — bacteria digestion for more than a quarter of a century.

In 2014, his company installed a covered anaerobic lagoon at Oakey Beef Exports, an abattoir

owned by Japan’s NH Foods, in Queensland’s Darling Downs.

“That’s been the one and only for us in Australia,” he tells create.

“There’s been a couple done overseas, but most of the anaerobic plants are done in above-ground tank systems.

The Oakey reactor has been able to scrub between 75 and 99 per cent of biochemical energy demand (BOD) value from effluent, with minimal intervention by its owners, and regularly produces between 3000 and 4000 m3 of biogas per day.

Pre-treatment involves screening out particles bigger than a half-millimetre, and limiting fat, oil and grease (FOG) to under 500 mg per litre.

This helps avoid blockages in pipe diffusers and build-up of sludge under the cover, both common issues with these systems.

“Because you’ve got a gas involved in the lagoon, you can get a flotation effect if you’ve got a lot of free oil and grease,” says Bambridge. “The grease will come to the surface and not stay in the main liquid, and so it doesn’t break down as easily and you end up with crust.”

Asked about innovations in this particular installation, he cites the

“THE MORE OF THE WASTEWATER THAT COMES IN CONTACT WITH THE BACTERIA, THE MORE EFFICIENT THE BREAKDOWN OF THE WASTEWATER.”

Beef, bacteria and biogas

ABOVE: Bacteria produce biogas in this covered lagoon. RIGHT: Biogas stored at Oakey.

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design of the distribution system for effluent across the bottom of the lagoon.

A manifold spreads wastewater throughout the pond instead of piping it in at two or three places.

The result is a better mixing pattern and better loading rates.

“It spreads the gas production over the whole lagoon,” he says.

“The more of the wastewater that comes in contact with the bacteria, the more efficient the breakdown of the wastewater.”

Gas produced rises to the underside of the cover and is sucked up by low-pressure fans.

This biogas is stored in a 26-m-tall, double-membraned, PVC-coated polyester fibre

tank. The methane is used by the plant’s boilers after it has been dried and sulphides have been removed.

The plant will come up to its fifth anniversary late this year, at roughly the same time its owners will have achieved payback on their investment through savings from producing their own natural gas.

It is uncertain if covered anaerobic lagoons are the way of the future for abattoirs, food processors and others.

However, if the east coast’s gas difficulties continue, and if a price on carbon is introduced in the future, then the case would not be weakened.

BRENT BALINSKI

Hands-off solutionCST Wastewater Solutions’ anaerobic pond has been self-regulating and relatively maintenance-free, says owner Mike Bambridge (left), save for routine pump and instrumentation checking, and one occasion on which pH had to be adjusted to ensure that the bacteria were operating optimally.

“The anaerobic lagoon reactor itself has not been touched since it was installed, so the cover and the distribution system, etc., are as per original,” he says.

No extra bacteria have been added since the original colony was seeded using sludge from a nearby sewage plant.

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With Australian Standards placing more and more importance on the role of IWEs and IWTs (particularly in oil and gas, rail and defence projects)

and IWTs is growing.

IF THE WORLD is to adapt to a carbon-constrained future, engineers will be crucial.

The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) believes that each of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of targets for 2030, will require engineering to be successfully met.

Raising awareness of this — and of the overall importance of the profession — is part of the reason the WFEO is striving to have 4 March made World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development.

A vote this November at the UNESCO General Conference is expected to recognise the day for the first time in 2020.

For the WFEO, 4 March has a particular resonance; it was founded on that date in 1968.

Dr Marlene Kanga, the President of the peak global body, which represents 30 million engineers and 100 organisations, has personally led the initiative.

“It was a remarkable process, with many twists and turns,” Kanga tells create. “We had to learn along the way, receiving support and advice from the UNESCO Secretariat as well as various ambassadors from the UNESCO delegations to UNESCO.”

World Engineering Day will celebrate the essential role of the engineering profession to a modern economy, in advancing the 17 SDGs, and in both modern and ancient history.

Proposed outcomes also include acknowledging high-achieving female engineers throughout the ages, addressing the gender imbalance, engaging with industry and government, and building awareness of the need for extra engineering capacity in developing countries.

“In all countries there is a great deal to be done — to deal with the impacts of climate change, environmental issues, our growing

cities and the challenges of new technologies, including artificial intelligence,” says Kanga. “There are many opportunities and the day can be used to engage with young people and say, ‘If you want to make change for a better world, become an engineer’.”

If the November vote is successful, it will be something else to celebrate during the World Engineers Convention, held in Melbourne on 20-22 November, and during Engineers Australia’s 100th anniversary year.

“Look around you. Everything you see is nature. The rest is the result of the work of an engineer,” says Kanga when asked about why it’s so important to push the profession forward.

“However, engineers are not very good at communicating the impact of engineering on modern life. World Engineering Day will be an opportunity to celebrate the remarkable achievements of engineers and engineering.”

BRENT BALINSKI

THE FINISHING TOUCHES ARE BEING PUT ON A UNITED NATIONS-RECOGNISED

CELEBRATION OF ENGINEERING.

BELOW: Marlene Kanga is in her

year as President of WFEO.

Dr Marlene Kanga, World Federation of Engineering Organizations President, explains that the proposal for World Engineering Day was put to UNESCO by member nations. “It was supported by 80 engineering institutions from around the world with total membership of approximately 23 million engineers,” she says. “I ended up writing the Explanatory Note.

International consensus

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WHEN MECHANICAL engineer Peter Tawadros discusses the inspiration behind KERMIT-IV, the super low-cost hybrid-electric vehicle he designed and built with his University of Technology Sydney (UTS) team, he talks about flying into Cairo.

At certain times of year, the Egyptian capital is obscured by a black cloud of smog — the result, in part, of millions of cars crawling through the megacity’s streets.

And the problem isn’t confined to Cairo. As the world gets richer, demand for personal transport is increasing, and, in a lot of developing nations, that comes in the form of cheap and dirty petrol-engine vehicles.

Many attempts to reduce motor vehicle emissions have focused on electric or complex hybrid cars. But while this is a

smart solution for many places, it doesn’t work everywhere.

“I wanted to build a car not for the Australian market, but a car that was for developing markets,” Tawadros tells create.

“You wouldn’t necessarily expect it to get the same emissions as a Toyota Prius, or other full-hybrid cars with expensive hardware, but it gets better economy and better emissions than a lot of the cars that are in developing nations at the moment.”

The problem, as Tawadros and his colleague Dr Mohamed Awadallah explained in a presentation at the recent MATLAB EXPO 2019 conference in Sydney, is that the incentives surrounding emissions in many developing countries are the reverse of what is found in developed nations.

Regulations are often non-existent or years out of date. Meanwhile, adopting electric cars can be expensive or impractical; two billion people, according

to Tawadros, have no access or substandard access to electricity. For another one billion, petrol is subsidised, but electricity is not.

“They can’t afford $40,000 electric cars or $100,000 Teslas,” says Tawadros.

As a result, a lot of the traffic in these countries consists of cheap vehicles produced by companies in China or eastern Europe that use internal combustion engines, or second-hand cars designed to long out-of-date standards.

“A lot of cars in developing nations are 25, 30 years old,” Tawadros says. “Our intention was to build a hybrid car that you could buy brand-new for under $10,000.”

To do that, Tawadros had to find efficiencies anywhere he could.

“We had to optimise every component for cost,” he says. “Our project basically looked at a base vehicle and then did some benchmarking on the base vehicle, and then hybridised

IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CARS ARE OUT OF REACH OF MOST DRIVERS. A UTS TEAM

WANTS TO CHANGE THAT.

BELOW: UTS PhD candidate and mechanical engineer Peter Tawadros.

Driving the clouds

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it and did the comparison between the hybrid vehicle and the base vehicle.”

The base vehicle was a 1990 Mazda MX-5, to which the team added a 10 kW electric motor ahead of the differential.

After that, the team determined the smallest electric motor that would satisfy the dynamic needs of the car.

“Because we’re using a very small electric motor, then we can also optimise the hybrid battery voltage,” Tawadros explains.

Since the cost of a hybrid is closely related to the size of its battery, the team wanted to make the energy storage as small as possible.

“A lot of full-hybrid batteries are running about between 200 and 300 V and then they’re stepping that up to 500 or 600 V at the motor,” Tawadros says. “Because we’re using such a low power, we could stick to 96 V, so we optimised the battery pack. We optimised not

only the voltage, but also the energy storage.”

This push for any available fuel efficiency led it to introduce a number of features to optimise its energy use.

These include engine load management, which uses the electric motor to ensure the engine is operating at the highest efficiency; brake energy recuperation, which uses the electric motor as a generator, storing the kinetic energy of the car in the battery for later use; and continuous torque gear changes.

The last of these is a particularly innovative feature that lets the car use a manual transmission while still feeling like an automatic to drive.

Tawadros says that in some of the developing countries for which he is designing the car, 90 per cent of vehicles are manual — because it costs less.

“So we thought, let’s make something that’s potentially quite efficient, still quite cheap,

but acts like an automatic using manual components.”

A car with a manual transmission experiences a loss of torque when the clutch is pushed in to change gear. To compensate, software in the KERMIT-IV draws on power from the electric motor.

The system reduces carbon dioxide and nitric oxide emissions by more than 20 per cent and boosts fuel efficiency by up to 18.8 per cent in high-density traffic.

The team has no immediate plans to bring their technology to car dealerships.

“It’d be nice if we can get an interested party on board directly, but our primary mission is the dissemination of knowledge,” Tawadros says.

JONATHAN BRADLEY

ENGINE LOAD MANAGEMENT

ENGINE IDLE STOP

BRAKE ENERGY RECUPERATION

LOW SPEED EV MODE

CONTINUOUS TORQUE GEAR CHANGES

TOTAL FUEL SAVINGS

COMPARED TO BASE VEHICLE

KERMIT-IV adds battery storage, an electric motor, and continuous torque gear changes to the base vehicle.

FEATURES

2-3 %

1-11%

8-23%

KERMIT-IV’s features boost the

anywhere they can, including:

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HEAVY FLOODING WAS THREATENING THE REDEVELOPMENT OF AN INNER SYDNEY PRECINCT. THE SOLUTION INVOLVED HYDRAULIC TESTING AND KILOMETRES OF MICROTUNNELLING.

THE GREEN Square town centre is a light industrial precinct 4 km south of

Sydney’s CBD that is undergoing a process of rapid redevelopment.

The City of Sydney predicts that, by 2030, it will be home to 61,000 residents and serve 21,000 workers. Its population density is expected to top that of

Pyrmont-Ultimo, the inner-Sydney district that is the country’s most densely populated place now.

Green Square is also an area prone to flooding. What was once swampy land that drained into the Botany Aquifer and the Cooks River is being transformed into a heavily urbanised neighbourhood.

And all that water could be highly hazardous to the people

who live and work there. During storms in April 2015, fl oodwater reached 2.3 m in one thoroughfare.

To address the problem, the City of Sydney and Sydney Water joined forces on what was named the Green Square Stormwater Drain Project.

“The driver for the project was several key pockets of

high-hazard flooding in and around the town centre,” explains Matt Lewis, Stormwater Program Manager at Sydney Water. “And the desire — given the increased urbanisation and increased population that was forecast to live in that area and work in that area — to reduce that existing high flood hazard to something that’s more acceptable for a modern urban area.”

When the project was put to tender, two solutions were put forward. One involved digging open trenches through Green Square — a prospect that was unlikely to please the residents and businesses of the area.

“The other one was a micro-tunnel type solution,” says Stuart Milne, Senior Project Manager at Sydney Water.

Peter Shields, a civil engineer who headed technical services at the City of Sydney during the

ABOVE: Stuart Milne. BELOW: The Green Square redevelopment.

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project, says the micro-tunnelling solution had “enormous benefi ts”.

“It reduced the impact to the community,” he tells create.

“By tunnelling underneath we were able to not impact a lot of transport routes that were passing through the area, and also service utilities. It could be done with a very low volume of excavated material, so our environmental footprint was substantially lower.”

To handle the project, the Drying Green Alliance was formed. A collaboration between the City of Sydney, Sydney Water, WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff , Seymour Whyte, UGL and RPS Mandis

Roberts, the alliance was tasked with building 2.5 km of tunnels to divert stormwater to a mix of new and existing drainage systems, as well as harvest non-potable water and treat runoff .

The tunnels were dug seven to 10 metres below the ground with a micro tunnel-boring machine (TBM) — a much shallower depth than the tunnels that TBMs dig for transport projects. Given that Green Square was a former industrial site, that shallow depth presented some problems.

“It probably relates to the former use of that area and how many different types of industries

have passed through that area,” Milne says. “Whenever the micro-tunnelling machine encountered reinforced concrete or things, that would stop it. It required us to really dig it out to get out the offending material and then restart the boring process.”

To ensure the channels could handle the volumes of water involved, the team used hydraulic modelling in its design. Flood models were prepared with TUFLOW software, then with computational fl uid dynamics.

Shields says that modelling had to take into account the large volumes of water involved.

ABOVE: Life on the surface had to continue undisturbed. BELOW (from left): Hydraulic modelling used in the design; a micro-TBM used for the project.

“THE DRIVER FOR THE PROJECT WAS SEVERAL KEY

POCKETS OF HIGH-HAZARD FLOODING IN AND AROUND

THE TOWN CENTRE.”

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“Every time the stormwater enters a sharp pipe corner or a chamber, that can introduce substantial losses and create major problems,” he says. “So the effi ciency of these chambers was paramount, and they had to be designed and built to a highly optimised design.”

To get that design right, the team also built physical models.

“We used [the University of New South Wales’s] Water Research Laboratory to build a lot of smaller-scale physical models to test and validate and verify the hydraulics in some of the more complex systems,” Milne says.

The project also required widening the open channel that drains to Alexandra Canal to accommodate the larger volumes of water coming from the tunnels.

Where the micro-tunnelling components of the project had little impact on the community, the canal was a different story.

“There’s a bridge there that was really the major thoroughfare of about 29 different services, and to widen our channel underneath, we had to really relocate all of those services,” Milne explains.

“There was lot of community angst about that.”

Milne says the project has had a noticeable effect on the entire Green Square development.

“If anyone has lived in the area previously, they would notice the frequency of flooding in that area ... would be greatly reduced,” he says.

Lewis describes it as a “wonderful achievement”.

“We’ve had a few quite large storm events since those last year and we’re already seeing that we’re not getting the sorts of flooding that we had before,” he says. “So in that, we know the drains work.”

JONATHAN BRADLEY

The road more travelledOne advantage of micro-tunnelling for the Green Square Stormwater Drain project was that the water could be directed through tunnels directly beneath existing roads.

“It was a combination of factors that led to the logical alignment that had the least potential impact on property owners,” says Matt Lewis, Stormwater Program Manager at Sydney Water. “There’s

under people’s properties with building structures.”

It also helped that it allowed for working on land that the government already owned.

“There’s also a whole heap of new roads being constructed in Green Square as part of the Green Square redevelopment,” Lewis says. “So that gave us an opportunity to really follow proposed new roads and they were really land that the city had already bought.

“So that’s basically ex-industrial

to mobilise on-site and do a lot of major civil and structural work without having to acquire and relocate existing businesses or property owners.”

ABOVE: Matt Lewis. BELOW: Widening the Alexandra Canal permitted a cycleway to run alongside it.

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For over 100 years Steel Mains and its forerunners have manufactured Mild Steel Pipes. We have been involved with Australia’s largest water infrastructure projects. Over that time, we have continued to develop and improve the quality of our steel pipes offered, with the introduction of technologies like Sintakote® coating and Sintalock® and Sintajoint® Rubber Ring joint steel pipe. It is our history of development and service to the water industry that has allowed us to succeed in offering the market products of the highest quality with unique features that separates us from the competition. When investing in Mild Steel pipes, you can be certain in the knowledge that Sintakote Mild Steel pipe will provide a secure future for the service life of your asset, rated to at least 100 years. 100 years of certainty and experience is what makes Steel Mains Sintakote Steel pipe the ideal pipeline material for your next project.

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ONE AUSTRALIAN ENGINEERING FIRM IS CONVINCED COMMERCIAL WAVE ENERGY GENERATION COULD BENEFIT FROM THE EXPERTISE OF A MORE ESTABLISHED INDUSTRY.

AMOG IS a 28-year-old engineering consultancy known for its expertise in offshore oil and gas projects.

Formerly known as the Australian Marine and Off shore Group, it has in recent years grown a technology arm, commercialising products in a variety of sectors.

The best practices and standards in oil and gas are more mature than what’s currently seen in wave energy engineering, says Dr Hayden Marcollo, Executive Director at AMOG Technologies and a Chartered engineer.

“They get stuck in this rut of, ‘Right, we’re going to go and do a full-scale demonstrator and it’s going to be in a really rough environment; we’re going to show

everyone how it works’,” Marcollo tells create.

“When you look at the long, established track record of the way the offshore oil and gas industry develops new technology, you would never do that. You do it in a staged, systematic approach; you never go and just try and build the final product.”

Marcollo joined AMOG 15 years ago following post-doctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on physical and numerical modelling of offshore risers.

He is currently part of a team of 10 at the 60-person firm, which is commercialising a new wave energy converter (WEC).

The concept came about roughly three years ago during a brainstorming session responding to frustration at the progress of the marine renewable energy technology sector. Development standards and project execution methods were behind those in offshore oil and gas, and failures kept setting back renewables.

The original idea came from having to solve the problem of a crane positioned on an offshore barge, which had a load that kept swinging.

“We worked on this problem for a client for quite a while. It was

The patient approachto wave energy

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near the end of that we said, ‘Hey, what if you don’t want to stop the load swinging?’,” says Marcollo.

“And that’s where the concept was born.”

The concept has one primary moving part: a tuned mass damper pendulum that also captures kinetic energy — through electromotive force — as it swings.

Tuned mass dampers, or dynamic vibration absorbers, date back to the early 1900s and are used to stabilise everything from skyscrapers to electric razors.

There are no moving parts below the waterline, and the system can be moored by anchors. The target is to have a full-scale version, which could be 20 to 25 m long and produces power at the shore that is competitive with wind energy.

“If you have moving parts and complex mechanisms, pulleys, cables below the water, they become very hard to inspect and replace and maintain,” adds Marcollo.

It took 10 different configurations to reach this design, and the team “may have

assessed and sort of iterated on that 100 different times”.

Models 1/30th and 1/40th the full size with a yacht-shaped hull were tested in a towing tank at the University of Tasmania’s Australian Maritime College.

More numerical analysis experiments were followed by an evolution to a barge-shaped hull, which would make the WEC easier to fabricate.

The staged development approach has proceeded to the Falmouth Bay test site, a nursery site in the United Kingdom, 3 to 5 km offshore and sheltered from the effects of severe storms. This project will take the WEC through Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) 4 and 5.

“We then plan a full-scale grid connected after that, which is covering TRL 6 and 7. After that an array of a small number of devices in a farm or an array connected

together — that should get us to the end of TRL 9,” says Marcollo.

They are not chasing quick wins and headlines. It is a matter of getting it right. Marcollo says 2025 is a likely date for full commercialisation.

They are also learning from the missteps of other wave energy enterprises. What it’s led to has a standard hull with a standard mooring chain, being cheap to fabricate and install, simple to maintain, and easily scalable.

“[This is about] properly defining how you’re going to go about your technology development in the beginning and not being swept away by the allure of ‘solving’ the wave energy challenge by leaping from concept straight to funding full-scale testing,” explains Marcollo.

“This is all about minimising technical risk.”

BRENT BALINSKI

ABOVE: Hayden Marcollo.LEFT: The wave energy converter’s pitching hull.

Catching a waveIn preparation for testing its wave energy converter at Falmouth Bay, United Kingdom, AMOG has signed a Welsh company, Mainstay Marine Solutions, to construct the vessel.

Signing this contract ended an intense period of engineering activity that was carried out in AMOG Melbourne’s Marine & Structures department under the stewardship of naval architect and offshore engineer, Stuart Wales.

“AMOG have taken the lessons learned from our 28 years in the

and maintainability with a focus on whole-of-life costs for future designs,” says Wales. “The offshore industry has learned, to its cost, that the marine environment is an unforgiving place for technology. The wave energy sector targets high energy, high persistence environments to achieve a maximum return on investment: these sites are even less forgiving.”

“YOU DO IT IN A STAGED, SYSTEMATIC APPROACH; YOU NEVER GO AND JUST TRY AND BUILD THE FINAL PRODUCT.”

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A SINGLE MACHINE-LEARNING APPROACH IS BEING USED BY A BRISBANE TEAM FOR EVERYTHING FROM TREATING

DIABETES TO MAINTAINING AIRCRAFT ENGINES.

AN AUSTRALIAN team is using artificial intelligence (AI) to understand and control complex systems, with applications including everything from smarter aircraft engines to an artificial pancreas.

Using an approach developed by Brisbane research and development company Evolving Machine Intelligence (EMI), the technology allows AI to be applied on tasks where big data is not available.

Dr Ingo Jahn, EMI Consulting Engineer and a Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland, has been working on the aviation applications of the technology.

He explains that big data can determine the deviation of an individual aviation engine from the fleet average.

“Now that’s not really good enough or high-fidelity enough if you want to do far-in-advance prognostics on an individual

engine, because you need to have a much better model that’s much more finely tuned to an individual,” he tells create.

“So that’s basically where EMI’s IP — or their approach to artificial intelligence — comes in, which allows you to develop an individual model based on very small training sets.”

The approach is versatile enough that EMI has also applied it to monitoring insulin levels, creating an artificial pancreas that will better treat diabetes.

“We’ve been using our machine-learning technology to data mine the medical histories of diabetics and recommend insulin dosages,” says Dr Nigel Greenwood, who founded EMI and developed the technology.

“Our technology can recommend the best insulin dosage to keep each individual patient’s blood glucose levels

under control with unprecedented stability and safety.”

“If it’s the human body or if it’s a machine in the form of an aviation engine, they are both governed by similar equations or relationships,” Jahn explains. “As long as we can draw on them and use those relationships to train the mathematical construct, we can read across a lot of what we’ve learnt or the capabilities we’ve developed.”

EMI’s Team MachineGenes, which oversees the artificial pancreas project, has now been shortlisted as a top 10 entry in the IBM Watson AI XPRIZE, a four-year international contest that wants to show how humans can collaborate with AI to produce solutions to big challenges.

JONATHAN BRADLEY

ABOVE: Mechanical engineer Ingo Jahn, Consulting Engineer at Evolving Machine Intelligence.

“IF IT’S THE HUMAN BODY OR IF IT’S A MACHINE IN THE FORM OF AN AVIATION ENGINE, THEY ARE

BOTH GOVERNED BY SIMILAR EQUATIONS.”

Digital twinEvolving Machine Intelligence’s approach allows an AI-trained digital twin to be created, which can be used for maintenance repair and overhaul. “By then monitoring deviations and performance between the digital twin and the actual engine, I can draw conclusions of that engine having issues that may require preventative maintenance,” Consulting Engineer Ingo Jahn says. “By being able to tune the digital twin to each individual engine, we’ll have a much better resolution at detecting issues that might be appearing.”

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If anything is possible and you had unlimited time, money, help, or skill, what would you engineer? Visualise your creation for the chance to win an iPad Pro and Apple Pencil. Open to people of all ages and skill levels.

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ENGINEERS FROM the University of Sydney are using plasma — the highly reactive fourth state of matter — to develop a new surface coating that can block light or heat from passing through.

Among its potential applications are smart windows that save on energy costs and reduce environmental impacts.

Dr Behnam Akhavan, from the University of Sydney’s Applied Plasma and Surface Engineering Research Group, tells create that the technology can be used on any transparent material.

“By applying various small voltages to this coating, it can be dark in colour, or it can become transparent,” he explains.

“For example, during the hot summer days, the coating can become dark, so it prevents the heat and sunlight from entering the building.”

Then when it gets cold or overcast, the windows can be programmed to match the change in conditions.

“This coating can become transparent, and then it will let light — more light and heat to go into the building,” Akhavan says.

According to the University of Sydney, heating and cooling make up close to half of the energy costs in Australia — $4.6 billion in an average year.

Electrically conductive and optically transparent, the coating consists of a super-thin layer of silver sandwiched between two layers of tungsten oxide.

Akhavan, who led the study that produced the technology, says attempts to create comparable materials usually require four to six layers, increasing the product’s cost and reducing the transparency.

The super-thin coating is created with a plasma sputtering process called high power impulse magnetron sputtering, or HiPIMS.

This involves exciting a mixture of argon and oxygen until it transforms into the ionised state called plasma. That plasma is then used to bombard tungsten, detaching atoms from it, which

USING A SUPERCHARGED STATE OF MATTER, BEHNAM AKHAVAN IS PRODUCING AN

ENERGY-EFFICIENT COATING THAT CAN TRANSFORM ON DEMAND.

ABOVE: Behnam Akhavan with a coating sample. ABOVE RIGHT: A voltage can turn the transparent coating dark.

ITO-FTO

Glass substrate

Metal oxideTHE MATERIAL CONSISTS OF JUST THREE LAYERS.

EC coating (WO3) deposited

glass substrate.

Lightand dark

SMARTCOATING

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NEXT GEN VOICES

WHO?SHANIA RHODES WHAT? BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

ENGINEERINGWHERE?

are then deposited as a super-thin layer on the material to be coated.

The process is repeated using a silver target and, after that, carried out one more time with the tungsten target.

“Everything is done in one go,” Akhavan says. “It’s very fast and efficient.”

The tungsten oxide layers are 40 to 50 nm thick, while the silver measures a mere 10 nm across.

The method of producing the coating is also an environmentally friendly one, Akhavan says.

“Plasma technology is a dry process,” he explains. “Usually, no waste is produced during the process, because no wet chemicals or solvents, are used.”

It also has the advantage of being easy to carry out — unlike processes that use chemicals requiring careful adjustments of ingredients and pH levels.

“The capital costs might be initially high for these plasma systems, to set them up: the chamber, the reactors,” says Akhavan.

“But once the process is established, then the maintenance

costs and also the running costs are comparatively very low.”

Another benefit of the coating is its robustness — it attaches strongly to the materials to which it’s applied and can cycle from transparent to dark and back again at least 2500 times without its performance being degraded.

Akhavan is now bringing the technology to the real world.

“We are looking for industrial partners so they can come and invest in the technology,” he says. “Then we work on the scaling-up of the process.”

JONATHAN BRADLEY

THERE’S MORESCAN HERE FOR THE FULL VERSION OF OUR DISCUSSION WITH SHANIA RHODES.

What is the value of this engineering degree to you?My engineering degree has taught me resilience and how to come back from failure. I

just wary of not learning from that failure.

What is your ideal job?I would love to be working in the construction industry on large-scale projects. I am fascinated by earthworks; watching a site transform is something quite spectacular.

Favourite subject in your engineering course and why?My favourite subject has been Construction Engineering. This subject only became one of my favourites this year when I started my work experience and started going out on site to see the inner workings of a project.

What will you look for in an employer?The perfect employer for me will be willing to foster my growth as an engineer and to make sure I never stop learning and growing in my

work environment should be

“BY APPLYING VARIOUS SMALL VOLTAGES TO THIS COATING, IT CAN BE DARK IN COLOUR, OR IT CAN BECOME TRANSPARENT.”

Metal oxide

Metal oxide Metal oxide

Glass substrate Glass substrate

Protective layer Metal oxide

Metal Metal

Transparent, conductive DMD structure (WO3/Ag/WO3) deposited on the glass substrate.02 03

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THE LATEST ENGINEERING NEWS AT: createdigital.org.au

W H A T ’ S O N L I N E

East-West Rail Corridor to hydrogen rail vehicles, an example of a large-scale transport application. The results were assessed via a cost-benefi t analysis.

The current practice of using fresh water for hydrogen production could place unnecessary pressure on Australia’s water supplies. Instead, the paper recommends that a large-scale hydrogen project using recycled water could serve as a test case for a more sustainable model while also providing further economic benefits.

“This analysis was focused on the East-West Rail Freight Corridor, which would represent a large-scale user of hydrogen,” says Henry Swisher, Strategic Consultant for Energy Markets at Jacobs.

In the short term, users that require smaller amounts of hydrogen could make eff ective use of renewable Power Purchase Agreements.

“In the longer term, achieving a cost-eff ective and environmentally sustainable large-scale hydrogen economy would benefi t from a staged approach to zero-emissions

John Poon, Regional Solutions Director for Drinking Water and Reuse at Jacobs, says the pure oxygen created as a by-product of hydrogen production could be used to enhance effi ciency of wastewater treatment facilities.

“This process currently uses air, which is about 20 per cent oxygen,” says Poon. “A boost in oxygen effi ciency would reduce capital and operating costs of tanks and blowers, as well as decreasing the energy required to operate the treatment systems.”

If recycled water could be redirected for hydrogen production, rather than discharged to the environment, it could reduce the environmental impact on local ecosystems. It could also provide water utilities with a solution to the current challenge of fi nding a demand for recycled water without increased costs for customers.

While the use of recycled water presents cost benefi ts in the Proposed Model, using only renewable energy in this scenario required larger electrolysers to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, due to the fact that it is less available compared to the constant fl ow of grid-purchased energy in the Current Model. This resulted in increased capital and operating costs.

HYDROGEN IS widely viewed as a key player in Australia’s clean energy future.

Improvements in technologies, the declining cost of renewables and its potential for energy storage have combined to boost the viability of hydrogen production.

However, if the current electrolysis-based hydrogen supply chain model is adopted in Australia at scale, the pursuit of a hydrogen economy could represent a trade-off between environmental sustainability and economic practicality due to the country’s climatic conditions and energy landscape.

A new white paper from engineering consultancy fi rm Jacobs investigates the benefi ts of two hydrogen supply chain models: the ‘Current Model’, which uses grid-purchased electricity and drinking water; and the ‘Proposed Model’, which uses renewable energy and recycled water.

The paper compares the economic feasibility of the two models by applying them to convert the existing Melbourne-to-Perth

hydrogen as Australia’s electricity grid transitions to lower-carbon generation,” notes Henry Swisher, Strategic Consultant for Energy Markets at Jacobs. “This would need to be supported by increased renewable energy investment and a stronger transmission network.”

The white paper also uncovered environmental value in converting the East-West Rail Corridor to hydrogen by 2025.

“In our rail freight case, converting diesel locomotives to hydrogen reduced emissions by an average of 232,000 t per annum and 546,000 t per annum under the Current and Proposed Models respectively,” Swisher says. “This is roughly equivalent to taking about 49,000 and 116,000 passenger cars off the road each year.”

While hydrogen has potential to play a key role in decarbonising Australian industry, the pursuit of a large-scale hydrogen economy must consider the broader sustainability challenges it presents. Collaboration across government, industry and research institutions will help to ensure that Australia navigates potential environmental and economic hurdles along the way.

Hydrogen: a viable optionANALYSING THE BENEFITS OF

HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN MODELS.

Access the full report at www.jacobs.com/hydrogen-economy or contact [email protected]

TOP: John PoonBELOW: Henry Swisher


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S P O N S O R E D C O N T E N T

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LACHLAN KNIGHT NAMED HIS NOVEL SOFTWARE COMPANY GLAASS TO REFLECT THE ELEGANCE AND TRANSPARENCY THAT HE HOPES TO BRING TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.

WORDS BY BRENT BALINSKI

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EARLY INTO a new job helping infrastructure firm Salini Impregilo build

the Cityringen metro line in Copenhagen, Lachlan Knight realised there was a set of headaches across all the firms he’d worked for.

It was 2014, and the young civil engineer had been bothered by information-sharing across projects the entirety of his early career.

He put this down to four problems common across civil engineering and building.

Emails lack traceability and openness. Storage drives are disorganised and hard to search. Issues with paper are too numerous to mention. And construction software can be complicated to use.

“I always had this massive frustration on construction projects

where I’m trying to record, track and trace project information on the large projects, and I always had these disconnected, diffi cult-to-use, really arduous systems which didn’t really speak to each other,” Knight tells create.

“When you’re trying to create a quality record, for example, you need to have the concrete dockets there, you need to have a test request, you need to have the sign-off from the client, you need to have any non-conformances or defects.

“It was all really so diffi cult — and chuck paper systems into the mix and it’s just so diffi cult to recall and fi nd information on these large projects.”

He had seen these issues working on the Gold Coast Rapid Transit project, shrugging it off as “it must just be this company”.

Then, seeing that the issues existed wherever he went, he decided it was a problem he could tackle.

THE RIGHT SOLUTIONFortuitously, Knight had been going to Danish lessons and had met Tomas Burger, a Czech software engineer at Microsoft. Burger was interested in the project.

“I said to him in a break one time, ‘Look, if someone came to you with an idea, could you build it? Because, me, I don’t know how to build software. But I know how the software should function, I know how it should look, and I know how it should work’,” recalls Knight. “He was really interested ... I took him out to dinner and

showed him the design mock-ups and talked to him about the idea and where I could see it going. Basically, we started to work on it the next night.”

Small investments from family and friends followed, and a small team of software engineers and architects was assembled.

Knight estimates it took about two-and-a-half years to develop their cloud platform to manage “documents, drawings, correspondence, quality assurance, inspections, diaries, orders and media”.

“The construction user — they’re great at building things but they’re, generally speaking, not so talented with computers,” says Knight.

“It was really important to make a solution that was extremely user-friendly, but at the same time powerful. Because you can’t make something that’s simple, because it might not deliver the kind of features and functionality that large organisations require.”

The resulting traceability tool, Glaass, was shown to Salini Impregilo managers in 2016, who started as beta users that year.

Since then the company estimates its subscriber list has grown to more than 1000 people at 100 companies who are handling €3 billion worth of projects.

The development team, based in Prague, has expanded to 10 and is headed by CTO Burger.

Knight says he wanted Glaass’s design to be “beautiful”.

“I wanted to create a solution which was beautiful in design as all of the other products I had used all looked like an application out of Windows 2000,” he says.

ABOVE (from left): Glaass founder Lachlan Knight with Sales Director Rob Barley.

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“I also wanted to create a product which was clear and transparent, like a project’s digital blueprint. I also wanted to create something that was bulletproof in performance and security. The material glass is all of those things.”

BACK HOMEFive of the company’s staff are on the Gold Coast, to which Knight has returned to with his Danish wife.

Asked if he’d been born with an entrepreneurial streak, Knight admits he’d always wanted to run his own business, and says, “I think working on the Gold

Coast all those years on these big projects, I was just frustrated, and I didn’t know any better ... And [I thought about], how can I help people and how can I turn it into a business?”

Knight studied civil engineering at Griffith University, earning first class honours and a cadetship at Baulderstone Hornibrook, which has since been acquired by Lend Lease.

He worked as Site Engineer and Site Manager at Baulderstone, followed by a year as Site Engineer at McConnell Dowell.

“Baulderstone were just doing the road widening, and then I went to McConnell Dowell to actually do the proper light rail system,” he recalls.

Knight continues to look for ways to improve Glaass.

Developments in the pipeline for 2019 include a new workflow feature, and a more affordable, lightweight version for small contractors.

In the longer-term, augmented reality might play a role in the company’s products.

Innovation will continue to be driven by the frustrations slowing construction professionals at work.

“We’ve got a whole backlog of features to add, and it’s only going to get better and better,” says Knight.

Glaass on siteAs with most new tools, there was some degree of getting used to Glaass, says Salini Impregilo’s Matteo Bonifacci, the Construction Manager on Cityringen. However, he adds, the advantages were quickly realised through the software, which he describes as powerful and versatile.

It allows site staff to have all documents related to work tasks

on-demand through a smartphone, with all the information for a task linked via a smart tag system.

“In particular it has proven to be really useful for the preparation of reports,” Bonifacci tells create.

“All the information is recorded and organised like in a database; therefore, it also allows to export them from the software for further data analysis.”

When asked for an example of how the tool has proven its usefulness, Bonifacci says site managers have started to use Glaass to send reports about site inspections to subcontractors, with

“This has also been useful to collect evidences to resolve disputes with them,” he says. “Of course, it is essential to extend the use of the software to all the parties involved.”

“WE’VE GOT A WHOLE BACKLOG OF FEATURES TO ADD, AND IT’S ONLY GOING TO GET BETTER AND BETTER.”

ABOVE: Using Glaass on site. LEFT: A station in Copenhagen’s Cityringen. BELOW: Matteo Bonifacci.


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C E N T E N A R Y

ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA was founded on 1 August 1919 to accommodate the

needs of both engineers and a modernising Australia.

One hundred years later, the country has changed a lot, as have the challenges confronting it, but its engineers are as inspired as ever — and so is the organisation that represents and supports them.

To celebrate this milestone birthday, create presents a selection of special centenary content that focuses on the past, present and future of Engineers Australia and the engineers who have made it what it is.

Read on to discover excerpts from Wonders Never Cease, a new book published for the centenary of Engineers Australia.

Stories include the 6600-year-old stone weirs developed by the Gunditjmara people in Victoria for fish and eel farming, the transformational industrialisation that saw Australia through World War II,

a global navigation system and an ingenious thrust bearing.

“A centenary is time to take stock and, through Wonders Never Cease, we can look back and marvel at our Australian engineering accomplishments,” says Trish White, National President of Engineers Australia.

We also profile some of the Engineers Australia members who are making a difference in their community, explore the national undertaking that was the Snowy Mountain Scheme, and talk to Felicity Furey, who works tirelessly to bring more women into the profession.

A century of wonderOld Parliament House in Canberra was the backdrop for the launch this past June of Wonders Never Cease, a book that highlights

engineering achievements.Engineers Australia National

President Trish White says the book is a celebration of the country’s rich engineering history and the many contributions engineers have made to building the nation.

“Engineers have taken often visionary ideas and turned them into practical realities, and the pages of this book highlight the combination of toil and genius that have shaped the Australia we live in today,” she tells create.

The book, which was was curated by Engineering Heritage Australia for Engineers Australia’s centenary celebrations, brings Australia’s engineering past to life through images and stories of the people behind the innovations.

The hardcover book is available to members for $49.95. To purchase your copy, visit http://bit.ly/EAWonders

THERE’S MORE IN THE APPExplore Australia’s engineering heroes, triumphs and more. The Engineers Australia Centenary App takes a deeper look at these stories through augmented reality, video, online content, and more.

HEROESOver the course of the year, Engineers Australia is sharing the inspiring stories of fi ve engineering heroes who work to change Australians’ lives for the better.http://bit.ly/CentenaryHeroes

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is celebrated in Engineers Australia’s

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The Michell thrust bearing is an ingenious Australian invention that became a vital component of every propeller-driven ship.

Early screw-driven ships used a thrust box to support the shaft and to transfer the axial loads. However,

to dismantle, often overheated and wasted power through friction.

In 1905, hydraulic engineer Anthony Michell took out a patent on a new type of bearing containing a number of sector-shaped pads or

shoes, arranged in a circle around the shaft, and which are free to pivot.

When the bearing is in operation, the rotating part of the bearing carries fresh oil into the pad area through viscous drag.

Michell mathematically derived the pressure distribution in the oil so that the pivot for the tilting pads could be optimally placed.

There was initial reluctance by the British to adopt Michell Bearings in their ships, until they discovered that the German Navy was using them in its World War I U-boats, giving them a range and speed that surprised the Royal Navy. Once it had been adopted, it was estimated that the Royal Navy saved coal to a value of £500,000 in 1918 alone.

No longer riding the sheep’s backThe dramatic expansion and prosperity of Australia’s manufacturing activity was motivated by and genuinely embedded in the years either side of and during World War II.

Australia had been a small, predominantly agricultural country of fewer than four million. One man, Essington Lewis, would inspire a manufacturing revolution that elevated Australia to among the world’s largest industrial producers.

Lewis was General Manager of BHP. To keep abreast of technology and manufacturing advancements, he undertook a world tour in 1934.

He formed the opinion that another grand war was inevitable.

From 1936, Lewis gathered Australian industrialists, who devised a program to expand existing and develop major new industries. They focused on aircraft, munitions, special steels, shipbuilding and glass.

By the 1939 declaration of war, Australia had at least advanced its preparedness. Lewis and his deputy Noel Brodribb — both of whom were engineers — organised the Department of Munitions, reporting directly to the Minister of Munitions.

As war-production demand declined, the productive capacity, infrastructure and knowledge built up during this period enabled

manufacturing industries, which turned to peace-time production.

The post-war boom years no longer looked to country paddocks for support. As a manufacturing force, Australia had arrived.

Women inspecting anti-aircraftgun shell casings at a SouthAustralian ordnance factory.

ABOVE: Exploded view of a Michell type thrust bearing.

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PRESENTED ON THESE PAGES ARE EDITED EXTRACTS FROM WONDERS NEVER CEASE: 100 GREAT AUSTRALIAN ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENTS, PUBLISHED BY ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA.

A brilliant propeller proposal

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Taking what the land gives youAustralians can look to the Aboriginal people of the western district of Victoria and the structures they created prior to European settlement to truly engender wonder.

at Lake Condah. The region involves genuine engineering, in that stone races and canals were built to manipulate the water levels in various basins of the lake.

The races appear to have

rose or fell. Canals appear to have been formed to force water into various basins of the lake where

some cases, it appears that these

until they were needed. Stone walls also appear to have been used to

The area containing these unique hydraulic works is now under the control of Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation; they prefer not to use European names, referring to the whole area as Budj Bim.

The produce from the eel farming at Budj Bim provided a reliable and substantial food resource for at least 240 generations of Aboriginal communities in the immediate and trade-related area.

Guiding the world’s travellersThe Omega Navigation System was born in 1982, using eight transmitting stations around the world.

The stations provided

earth’s surface or above it, with signals from three or four Omega stations necessary for an accurate

about four kilometres but could be calibrated to a greater accuracy.

In Australia, a colossal 427-m steel tower rose just off the South Gippsland Highway at Woodside, in

rural eastern Victoria. Referred to as Station G in the Omega system, this represented the heart of the Australian Omega Transmitter.

Developed and managed by the US, stations in Hawaii and North Dakota were the central operational sites for Omega. Each of the eight stations transmitted on a unique signal frequency sequence, which enabled an Omega receiver to identify the source station.

In Australia, responsibility for building and operating the Omega system fell with the Australian Department of Transport, and construction was arranged by the

Commonwealth Department of Housing and Construction.

The Gippsland tower was a guyed structure consisting of a parallel triangular section steel structure with an edge dimension of 3660 mm. The vertical members were of high tensile tubular steel with varying diameter and wall thickness decreasing at the top.

This was an elegant and critical, if not particularly long-lived solution. Early in Omega’s existence, strides were made with the development of satellite-based global positioning system technology. Omega closed in 1997.

Glimpses of some of the pages in Engineers Australia’s centenary book Wonders Never Cease.

04

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&Phillip CampbellGeneral Manager Technical Standards, Australian Rail Track Corporation

Phillip Campbell has 40 years’ experience leading teams in the engineering, maintenance and project management domains.

He is the General Manager Technical Standards for Australian Rail Track Corporation, and was awarded the Order of Australia Medal in 2013 for services to engineering.

Campbell was awarded the Engineers Australia Professional Engineer of the Year for 2017.

He believes that the most

provide society are the products they create and how they articulate their approach to society’s problems.

“It is exciting to contemplate the contributions engineers can make to

to the future of society,” he says. “We must step up to these

challenges and not wait for problems to deepen.”

Varuni FernandoMIEAust, Senior Systems Engineer, ResMed

Varuni Fernando is a Senior Systems Engineer who works on the next generation of devices for the treatment of sleep disordered breathing.

She co-founded Experience It! with Annette Au in 2014 as student ambassadors for the Sydney Division of Engineers Australia’s Women in Engineering committee. This event brings together around 200 girls in years eight to 10 for a day of learning about engineering through a collaboration between industry, universities and Engineers Australia.

across all industries has been widely published on,” Fernando says. “For an industry that relies on innovation and solving problems for the communities we live in, the diversity of thought and representation of those who form more than half the population is of extreme importance.”

Varuni served as Chair of the Women in Engineering committee, from 2017 to 2018.

Sue Murphy AOHonFIEAust CPEng

Sue Murphy’s long-spanning career has seen her occupy a diverse range of roles, as well as playing a key role in safeguarding Western Australia’s water availability for years to come.

Murphy graduated as a Civil Engineer from the University of Western Australia in 1979. She joined Clough Engineering in 1980, commencing what would be a 25-year career in the organisation. Twelve as a site engineer and project manager led to corporate roles with a focus on human resources, safety, and engineering design management.

“I have spent the last decade leading WA on a journey of climate resilience so that a lack of water will not inhibit the state’s liveability or economy,” she says. “We have moved urban water supply to be increasingly independent of rainfall and worked with our community to lower per capita water use.”

She believes the reality of climate change means that virtually every aspect of engineering must adapt.

INFLUENCE

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&Dominic BurnetGradIEAust, Engineer, Frazer-Nash Consultancy

Dominic Burnet is a Systems Engineer with experience in rail, solar and defence. He adopts a creative outlook to solve problems, drawing upon his studies in Mechanical Engineering and Visual Arts. He volunteers as a Division Committee member of Engineers Australia in South Australia.

“Using my engineering background, my long-term objective is to create and design innovative technologies to advance our society,” Burnet says. “I have an interest in improving the

people around the globe by making day-to-day life easier. I have volunteered my time to investigate how the use of 3D printing can be

impaired with the use of tactile surfaces for special navigation.”

Burnet is excited by discoveries that don’t yet have a purpose, calling them a “gold mine of information, which with the right application will have the ability to transform society”.

Jillian KilbyFIEAust, GAICD, CEO and Founder, The Infrastructure Collective

Jillian Kilby is a civil engineer who is Non-Executive Director of Jobs for NSW, an Industry Advisor for the new engineering degree at Charles Sturt University in Bathurst, and an Advisor to the Monash University Accident Research Centre. With experience in regional Australia and the US, she is able to cross-pollinate learnings from her international work assignments.

The Infrastructure Collaborative, she has served the infrastructure needs of more than 70 local councils. In the US, Kilby has worked on projects including the California High Speed Rail, the Los Angeles Metro and on the incoming Governor’s transportation policy advisory team.

“Starting a company and serving clients was both interesting and challenging,” Kilby says. “The second challenge was to launch my infrastructure advisory business in the United States after graduation, entering a new market all together.”

Dr Daniel EghbalFIEAust CPEng NER APEC Engineer IntPE(Aus), Acting Manager Intelligent Grid Power Platform, Energy Queensland

Dr Daniel Eghbal is leading a team at Energy Queensland that’s responsible for developing the actionable strategies for the transformation of the Queensland electricity distribution network. The outcome? Enabling an intelligent grid with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources, which will leverage emerging technologies.

“My current job is focused on developing actionable strategies to build an electricity network that enables customers to adopt new technologies,” Eghbal says. “In a future world where most customers have battery energy storage and electric cars, everyone will be generating and consuming more electricity. The electricity grid can be an enabler for

from innovative engineering solutions that ultimately contributes to lowering the electricity bill.”

FOR THE FULL LIST...Engineers Australia is celebrating its 100th birthday by profi ling 100 inspiring members. For full interviews with all honorees on the list, visit http://bit.ly/100YearsMembers

INGENUITYTO CELEBRATE 100 YEARS OF ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA, WE ARE PROFILING MEMBERS WHO ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE TO OUR COMMUNITY.

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WHEN FELICITY FUREY NOTICED THE UNEQUAL GENDER REPRESENTATION IN ENGINEERING, SHE DECIDED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT.

FELICITY FUREY’S first day of university came as a shock.

Running late for class in 2014 at Queensland University of Technology, she burst into a lecture hall well-stocked with fellow engineering undergraduates.

She scanned the room for a seat and discovered that there were barely more women in the class than empty chairs.

“There were 120 people in my class and only 12 were women, including me,” Furey recalls.

“I looked around and thought, ‘Hang on, what’s going on?’.”

Fast-forward 15 years and the proportion of female engineering students in universities across the country has increased from the 10 per cent Furey experienced on day one.

Progress, however, remains stubbornly slow.

Data from Engineers Australia puts the figure at 16.4 per cent in 2017. This number translates to a workforce where just more than one in 10 Australian engineers today is a woman.

“Gender diversity has been a topic of conversation for such a long time,” says Furey.

“After I was in the workforce for a few years, I got sick of talking about it. I just wanted to do something about it.”

EVENING THE FIELDThat’s exactly what Furey set out to do with Power of Engineering, the social enterprise she co-founded in 2012 at the age of 25 while working full time as an engineer.

The volunteer-based organisation aims to encourage young people, particularly girls, to consider a career in engineering.

What started with a handful of events at schools in Queensland has now become a national program that has inspired 8000 Year 9 and 10 high school students across Australia to think about engineering careers. It has also attracted funding from

companies including Santos, QGC, Origin and Boeing.

Furey formed her interest in engineering late.

She attended an all-girls school where she says she was taught “women could do anything”.

Physics and art were her favourite subjects, and when her Year 12 teacher suggested she study engineering, she had no idea what it was.

Her love of engineering clicked when she took on a role at Brisbane City Council.

“I was about 23 and I had up to $45 million worth of road infrastructure projects to work on,” she says.

“That’s when I discovered that engineers interact with the community and come up with creative solutions to some of their problems.”

After three years at Brisbane City Council, Furey joined AECOM as a water resources engineer and later Arup as a senior project manager.

As in the public sector, she was often the only woman in meetings or on projects.

“I definitely didn’t intend to start my own business,” says Furey, who now works at Swinburne’s Engineering Practise Academy as Director of Industry Partnerships.

“I was just sick of being in this environment and it not being okay for me. I often felt excluded from social events because I was a girl. Just like in university, I felt that I had to adjust to fit in.”

ENGINEERING CHANGEPower of Engineering aims to inspire more women to enter the profession by showing girls the real-world applications.

They range from the simple, such as how water gets into a tap, to the more inspiring, such as how mechanical engineers create powered exoskeletons to help people with disability to walk.

Furey says this approach was lacking during her secondary school days and its absence remains an impediment today.

She also believes the practical will translate across the gender divide. With the number of students applying to study engineering steadily declining since 2013, it might be time to consider a new approach.

BELOW: Adelle Lack attended one of Felicity Furey’s events as a student.

WORDS BY SUSAN MULDOWNEY

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“At a recent event, I asked students what they thought engineering was — they said it was about fixing cars,” says Furey, who also co-founded Machinam in 2013, a social enterprise that provides mathematics resources based on real-world scenarios.

“I think it points to the fact that kids don’t know what it is.”

Power of Engineering events also include hands-on workshops where students make something with a clear purpose, such as a prosthetic leg.

“In STEM education, kids might be encouraged to build a robot, but what’s the point of the robot? I think that adding the ‘why’ behind something is much more exciting,” Furey says.

She notes that more than 75 per cent of students who would not otherwise have considered an engineering career changed their mind after attending a Power of Engineering event.

Adelle Lack is one of them. Lack attended a Power of Engineering event when she was a Year 9 student and has just now graduated from QUT.

She is about to start her career as a Graduate Project Engineer with Monadelphous in Brisbane.

“I didn’t really know much about engineering before I went to Felicity’s event,” says Lack.

“I didn’t know what I wanted to do when I finished school, but I remember leaving the event and feeling really inspired by all the ways that engineers solve problems and how creative they are.”

BEYOND THE NUMBERSWhile a shift in science, technology engineering and maths (STEM) education may help inspire engineers of the future, Furey believes a cultural shift is required to ensure that a good share of them are female.

“In our society, males and females are programmed with ideas about gender norms,” she says. “If you look at the UK and Australia, we all have similar numbers in terms of gender in engineering. In countries such as Iran, the number of women in the profession is much higher.”

Indeed, women account for approximately 70 per cent of Iran’s science and engineering students. Data from UNESCO show 50 per cent of engineering graduates in Malaysia and Cyprus are women.

Recent research from Washington State University investigated why the STEM gender gap was smaller in many developing countries.

It found that Western industrialised nations tend to assign gendered labels to different

fields — a caregiving role, such as nursing, for example, is still widely considered women’s work.

In many developing nations, however, women are steered towards STEM careers because that’s simply where the work is.

Workplaces also have a role in creating a more even playing field for female engineering graduates.

AECOM, for example, recently set a target of 40 per cent women by 2022. The figure currently sits at 35 per cent.

Kerry van Donderen, AECOM’s Regional Managing Director, New South Wales and Australian

“YOU DON’T NEED TO BE THE CEO TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE. I THINK THERE’S A LOT TO BE SAID ABOUT GRASSROOTS CHANGE.”

BELOW: Kerry van Donderen, AECOM Regional Managing Director, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory.

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3Capital Territory, describes 40 per cent as a “stretch target”.

“When you look at the number of graduates coming through, it’s still a very shallow pool that we’ve got to draw from,” she says. “And it’s not just our competitors, it’s also our clients who are trying to draw from that same pool.”

The company’s initiatives include mentoring and sponsorship programs for female engineers.

“Sponsorship programs are about advocacy and giving them exposure and opportunity that they may not otherwise have,” says van Donderen.

As well as this, the company has shifted its recruitment processes.

“We’ve reviewed our wording in job ads and changed things from ‘required years of experience’ to ‘required capabilities’,” van Donderen says.

AECOM managers have also undergone training to address any issues of unconscious bias.

Furey believes the industry’s gender diversity challenge is too great for engineers alone to solve.

“It’s a complex, systemic problem that requires a systems-wide response,” she says.

“It’s easy to talk about solutions, but how many people actually go and volunteer their time to help make a change or talk to their company to get funding behind a program? You don’t need to be the CEO to make a difference. I think there’s a lot to be said about grassroots change.”

ABOVE (from left): Power of Engineering co-founder Jillian Kenney and Furey with students Shelby Driver and Lucy Griggs; Renee Wootton (left) and Furey with students visting Qantas.

0 1. E XAM I NE WORKPL AC E CUL TURE AND POL I C I E SEnsure policies promote a balance between work, life and family care to ensure you attract — and retain — the best talent.

WAYS TO ADDRESS THE GENDER IMBALANCE

0 2. CAL L I N THE E XPE RTSEnlist help from organisations such as the Workforce Gender Equality Agency, a government agency that provides practical tools and education to help companies improve their gender performance and measure their progress.

0 3. RE VI E W YOUR RE CRUI TM E NTProvide training to address unconscious bias and ensure that there is a gender balance on recruitment panels.

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THE SNOWY MOUNTAINS HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEME WAS AN AMBITIOUS ENGINEERING FEAT THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF AUSTRALIA.

IN EARLY 2019, a representative of energy company Snowy Hydro

contacted a Snowy Mountains hardware retailer and placed an order for 16,000 star pickets, to be used in the preparation work for Snowy 2.0.

The staff member at the retailer, understandably, thought that the order was for a single, 1600-mm star picket. When they read the number a second time and realised the immensity of

the order, it likely gave them a sense of how locals felt several generations earlier, when the world’s biggest engineering project was beginning to take shape.

It’s difficult to pinpoint an exact start date for Snowy 1.0, aka the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme.

Discussions dated back to the 1880s, when experts bemoaned the fact that the waters of the Snowy River flowed through mountain valleys before running on to the flats of

East Gippsland and eventually streaming — somewhat wastefully, it was considered — into the sea.

If that mighty fl ow could be reversed so the water surged west, it would help to irrigate a massive area of dry farmland. It would off er an enormous boost to crop production, help mitigate drought risk and provide fuel to help feed the ever-increasing agricultural needs of a burgeoning nation.

After World War II, State Governments, particularly in

LEFT: Tunnelling through the Snowy Mountains. RIGHT: A camp in 1950 by the Snowy River.

WORDS BY CHRIS SHEEDY

A N AT I O N

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New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, began to take the idea seriously.

In 1946, the Commonwealth Government set up a committee to develop a proposal and, in late 1948, a report suggested a solution far greater than anybody had imagined.

It suggested not just re-routing the river via a series of tunnels through the mountains, but also constructing a number of dams and hydroelectric power stations, which would help pay for the venture.

The Commonwealth Government passed legislation to enable the formation of the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Authority in July 1949.

Construction began a few months later, on 17 October, making 2019 the 70th anniversary of Snowy Hydro’s beginning.

The project was completed a quarter of a century later, in 1974. It forever changed not just the

world of engineering but also the face of Australia.

THE WORLD ON OUR SHORESSiobhán McHugh, a writer, academic, oral historian and author of The Snowy: A History, was attracted to capturing the history of the Snowy Mountains Scheme because of its human side.

“It wasn’t just the biggest engineering project in the world, it was also built by a largely migrant workforce comprising groups of nationalities who, a few years prior, had been fighting against each other in a war,” McHugh tells create.

“So it was that combination of the scale of the project, which promised enormous challenges and big personalities, with

the nitty-gritty of how former enemies managed to work alongside each other.”

In the beginning, McHugh says, the Snowy Mountain Authority made “some tactical errors”.

They brought in several hundred German tradesmen and billeted them all in the one place — in Jindabyne, for instance.

That made the Germans a target for other ethnic groups, such as Poles.

Things never degenerated into violence, but there was some harassment, such as stones being thrown on to the roofs of the Germans’ barracks.

“So there were teething problems, but in the camps there was such a mix of nationalities,

BELOW: The power station on the Tumut River. INSET: Siobhán McHugh.

“IN THE CAMPS THERE WAS SUCH A MIX OF NATIONALITIES, ALL FOCUSED INTENSELY ON GETTING THROUGH THIS DANGEROUS CONSTRUCTION WORK.”

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all focused intensely on getting through this dangerous construction work, that it worked well enough,” McHugh says.

Such was the number of foreign workers — two thirds of the 100,000 workers were from offshore — that one surveyor’s assistant from Russia decided to study Serbian before learning to speak English, because it would better help him on the worksite.

THE CHALLENGEThe major challenge of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme came from the tunnelling requirements: 145 km of tunnels, plus 80 km of aqueducts.

“The Snowy Scheme was always the showcase project for tunnelling in Australia,” says Harry Asche, Aurecon’s Design Director, Tunnels.

“It has shaped the tunnel industry significantly in a number of ways. While many of the processes are a little old fashioned now, there are certain elements that are still vital to our current system.”

The Snowy Scheme generated local expertise in rock mechanics that equalled or bettered knowledge held anywhere else in the world.

It also drew in specialists from other fields, such as John Conrad Jaeger, an Australian mathematician and physicist who co-authored the book

FROM TOP: A Snowy hydroelectric plant; the scheme’s tunnels, structures and working conditions; English class for migrant workers in Cooma, NSW.

“IT WAS THE FIRST MAJOR TUNNELLING USE OF ROCKBOLTING SUPPORT, AND IT LED TO ROCKBOLTS BEING ADOPTED BROADLY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.”


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At the Craigieburn Train Maintenance Facility in Victoria, the use of hot dip galvanizing (HDG) has enabled the combination of modern design and a durable, cost-effective product with proven performance.

Compared to any other protective coating for steel, hot dip galvanizing is unmatched in its superior corrosion resistance, strong and tough coating, proven performance, and lifetime cost benefits.

It also has very high sustainability credentials, with zinc and steel being 100% recyclable, and is immune from UV damage. Hot dip galvanized steel contains no volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) and does not emit ozone depleting gases, but its strength is its length of protection – with many examples where HDG steel has been in operation for over 70 years.

Hot Dip Galvanizing – First and last line of defenceFor further examples of the durability of hot dip galvanizing please visit www.gaa.com.au or scan the QR code.

A maintenance facility with low maintenanceA maintenance facility with low maintenance

Architects: HBO+EMTB Photography: Dianna Snape

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Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, which is still regarded as among the most authoritative books in its field.

The project also pioneered the fundamentals of rockbolting — a method of enhancing the strength of rock by reinforcing it directly.

“It was the first major tunnelling use of rockbolting support, and it led to rockbolts being adopted broadly throughout the world as a type of tunnel support,” Asche says.

All 145 km of tunnelling were constructed using drill and blast.

A rail ran up to the face and on that rail ran a car — a ‘drill jumbo’ — containing platforms that allowed men to stand against the face at multiple levels, each drilling a hole.

Those holes would be blasted and, once the rubble was removed, the arch would be supported by rockbolts and steel arches.

Today, Asche says, a substantial number of the tunnels would be drilled with a tunnel boring machine.

Using this machinery, the daily rate of advance per heading would likely be around three times faster than it was during the original Snowy Mountains Scheme.

Nevertheless, in its day, the Snowy Scheme broke world records for hard-rock drilling, achieving seven times the Australian average pace.

One other major difference would be the safety aspect.

On the original build, 121 workers lost their lives. Even a single death today would be considered unacceptable.

TODAY’S SNOWY HYDRORoger Whitby is electrical engineer and Chief Operating Officer of Snowy Hydro.

He has worked with the company for 35 years and seen the industry develop while he has worked on this most iconic of engineering projects.

He’s not sure if the same initiative would stand a chance if it were suggested today.

“In terms of damming up river valleys, importing all of the workers, environmental impacts and modern safety standards, etc., seeing it through today’s lens, I think it’s inconceivable it would ever happen,” Whitby says.

Some standards and expectations change, and some do not.

“SEEING IT THROUGH TODAY’S LENS, I THINK IT’S INCONCEIVABLE IT WOULD EVER HAPPEN.”

BELOW (from top): Aurecon’s Harry Asche; the project’s workforce faced harsh conditions.

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The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme now includes:

POWER STATIONS

PUMPING STATION

MAJOR DAMS WITH A COMBINED STORAGE CAPACITY OF 12 TIMES THE VOLUME OF SYDNEY HARBOUR

OF AQUEDUCTSOF TUNNELS AND PIPELINES

KM

KM

WITH A GENERATING CAPACITY OF 4100 MW

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One that remains the same is the expectation that a major project, such as Snowy 2.0, will benefit the local community during its construction.

“There are a lot of opportunities and local jobs,” Whitby says.

“We need to leverage them for the benefit of the surrounding communities.”

“Already, for example, about 70 businesses based in the Snowy Mountains have been directly involved in the Snowy 2.0 project. And we’re only just getting started.”

One of those businesses is the local hardware retailer that has just placed a special order with its suppliers for 16,000 star pickets.

And that order is just the beginning.

“ALREADY, ABOUT 70 BUSINESSES BASED IN THE SNOWY MOUNTAINS HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE SNOWY 2.0 PROJECT.”

power station located almost one kilometre underground.

To generate power, water will be recycled between the two

reversible turbines. The reversible nature of the

turbines means water can be pumped back to the higher dam at times of low energy demand. At times of peak energy demand, gravity will bring the water to the lower dam, via the turbine.

Pumped hydro operates in a closed system, so the water is then released so there are no impacts on downstream water users or

Snowy 2.0Snowy 2.0, says Snowy Hydro

Whitby, is a visionary project that is almost as grand as its older sibling.

“We see Snowy 2.0 as being absolutely crucial to the transformation that’s happening in the broader electricity and energy space,” Whitby says.

“Renewable energy is coming, and Snowy 2.0 is an absolutely vital part of that energy transformation. We are a clear enabler of it.”

Snowy 2.0 is a project that links

the Tantangara Reservoir and the Talbingo Reservoir, through 27 km of underground tunnels — each about 10 m in diameter — and a

BELOW: Some of the scheme’s 84,000 ML of water surges past. INSET: Roger Whitby.

Talbingo Reservoir

Tantangara Reservoir

Headrace Tunnel

Tailrace TunnelUnderground Power Station

HOW IT WILL

WORK

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CEO OF BAE Systems Australia Gabby Costigan became an engineer

“When I decided I wanted to join the Army, I wanted actually to be a helicopter pilot,” she tells .

“Before I joined, women were not

It was “pretty frustrating,” she says,

“I was going to get into the Royal Australian Electrical Mechanical Engineering Corps with a plan to get into the RAEME aviation side,” she says.

The plan worked, and Costigan ended up getting a degree in aeronautical engineering.

That positioned her to work on projects including Black Hawk

Chinook and the ARH Tiger. It also included service in Afghanistan.

“One of the great things about working in the Defence Force as an engineer or in the defence industry

much different technology,” she says. “As my career progressed, I

actually moved a little bit out of the engineering side and into logistic operations and supply chain.”

her up well for her current role. She now heads one of Australia’s largest defence companies, overseeing projects like the Royal Australian

working on autonomous technology and hypersonics.

Costigan believes Australia has great engineering stories.

“We’ve got some unbelievable constructions — engineering construction feats here,” she says, pointing to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney Opera House, and

She hopes BAE’s frigate program will measure up to that standard.

“That too will be a tremendous engineering feat, building nine

frigates in South Australia,” she says.Costigan became a Chartered

engineer while in the Army.“It gives you a market value

and I think it instantly signals your

she says. “It can also open the door to new career opportunities.”

She describes Chartered status as a benchmark across her peer group.

“Your competence has been assessed by other engineering professionals and is recognised internationally,” she says.

1 Join the defence industry — it’s

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ENGINEERS AT THE PINNACLE OF THE PROFESSION.

K E Y S T O N E

CC O N C E R NA LIFE-SAVING

TEMPERATURE SENSOR DEVISED BY JACQUELINE SAVAGE COULD GIVE CANCER PATIENTS A MUCH BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVING TREATMENT.

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERand entrepreneur Jacqueline Savage is keen

to discuss the engineering behind her award-winning invention — a wearable medical device that looks set to revolutionise the healthcare system by accurately measuring core body temperature from the surface of the skin and sending the information to a smartphone.

The challenge for Savage — and surely a frustration for those wishing to get under the hood of this potentially lifesaving device — is that the technology is a secret she can’t share.

There is a lot riding on Savage’s invention.

Not only may it significantly improve the wellbeing of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, its success may

also smooth the pathway to market for a wearable intravenous drug delivery and patient monitoring device called MedPro, which Savage has also designed and patented.

“We’re an R&D company and so our work is highly confi dential,” says an apologetic Savage, who founded biomedical engineering company MedCorp Technologies in 2013 while studying product design engineering at Swinburne University.

“We can’t risk anything impacting us commercially. It’s tricky for me, because sometimes I get a bit excited from an engineering point of view and want to tell all, but then I have to reign it back in.”

THE PATH TO BIOMEDICINEIt may be too risky to reveal the technology behind Savage’s invention, which was listed among the Top 100 Global Engineering

Innovations by NASA’s magazine Tech Briefs in 2014.

However, the journey from engineering student to start-up founder and med-tech leader is a story she’s happy to share — especially if it can inspire other engineers to transform their ideas into action.

Engineering was not Savage’s fi rst choice. She had devoted much of her childhood and early teen years to horse riding and had set her mind on an equestrian career.

A fractured vertebra – the result of a fall during a jump – put an end to that dream and she shifted her thinking to engineering.

While completing her second year of study at Swinburne, Savage watched a close friend battle blood cancer.

Savage would visit her in hospital every Friday while she underwent chemotherapy and an interest in biomedical engineering was sparked.

WORDS BY SUSAN MULDOWNEY

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B I O M E D I C A L

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HOW IT WORKS

“We were in the mindset of second year of engineering where students start to look at products and systems in a very diff erent way,” says Savage, who was voted Telstra Victorian Business Woman’s Entrepreneur Award in 2016.

“You begin to notice inefficiencies and how you could make them better.”

Savage’s friend lost her battle to cancer and, within a month, a family friend died from an undetected infection he had developed while undergoing chemotherapy.

If his infection had been detected earlier, Savage believes he’d be alive today.

And one of the earliest signs of infection? A spike in body temperature.

REMOVING THE BLINKERSAlthough the core body temperature sensor is MedCorp’s flagship product, Savage’s first ambition was to create a product to provide intravenous drug delivery and health monitoring from the comfort of the patient’s home.

In 2014, Savage joined sailboat hardware manufacturer Ronstan and founded a baby

product company called MioPlay, where she learned to design, manufacture and distribute products internationally.

Within a year, Savage quit her day job to focus on her medtech start-up, which is based in the Factory of the Future at Swinburne’s Innovation Precinct.

She engaged with more than 100 healthcare professionals during the research for her device and raised seed funding via

medtech competition prize money and product sales from MioPlay.

Savage says commercialising MedPro was a tough first project for a start-up. Development time, costs and regulatory risks presented significant obstacles.

“There’s one thing to be an engineer and another thing to be a commercially viable business owner,” says Savage.

“I was developing an incredibly complicated class IIB medical device for intravenous, life support drug delivery, which is probably one of the more difficult things you can do in healthcare. It was not the easiest first venture for somebody starting out on their own, but it was A for effort.”

Savage shifted her focus to the commercialisation of MedCorp’s key technology – the core body temperature sensor.

“This is what really set us apart,” she says.

Roughly the size of a 50-cent coin, the patch is worn on the chest and uses a sensor and an algorithm to measure core body temperature.

“That’s about as much as I can tell you about the technology,” says Savage.

“We use a lot of machine learning algorithms; there’s a strong AI component to what we’re developing.”

The core body temperature sensor is currently undergoing trials before being launched onto the market.

Initial product testing was conducted in MedCorp’s lab at Swinburne. Savage heated a tub of water, which represented the heart, and placed the sensor on a layer of aluminium and silicone, which simulated human tissue layers.

She then took temperature readings from the sensor and compared them to the actual water temperature.

The Eureka moment came when the sensor measured and tracked changes in core body temperature within plus or minus 0.1 of a degree Celsius.

IDEAS INTO ACTIONDavid Grayden, Head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of Melbourne, says entrepreneurship is vital to the future of Australia’s medtech industry.

“The industry is quite small, so it’s great to see engineers like Jacqui creating a business around her idea,” he says.

“The healthcare system is under pressure and the push to keep people out of hospital is only going to get greater in the future, so we need to be promoting innovation across the sector.”

Melissa Knothe Tate, Paul Trainor Chair of Biomedical Engineering at the University of New South Wales, says

“THERE IS A VERY STRONG FOCUS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION AT UNIVERSITY

LEVEL THAT WASN’T REALLY THERE A DECADE AGO.”

BELOW: DavidGrayden, Head of the Departmentof BiomedicalEngineering atUniversity of Melbourne.

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entrepreneurship is now fostered in engineering courses across the country.

“We’re training the next generation of lateral thinkers, both in the classroom and in labs,” she says. “There is a very strong focus on entrepreneurship and innovation at university level that wasn’t really there a decade ago. We’re also seeing our own homegrown successes, such as Jacqui Savage and the founders of Atlassian, and I think they are seen as an inspiration for other Australians to create something out of their ideas.”

Medcorp now employs a team of about 10, and Savage says its future lies at the integration of diagnostic devices and delivery devices.

Through the MedPro device, she has redesigned how infusion pumps operate with patented mechanisms that ensure high accuracy and control.

“The MedPro device is very lightweight and is designed to be comfortably worn under clothing,” says Savage.

“We’ve also designed fluid reservoirs, which are impregnated within textiles, so instead of

walking around with a big fluid bladder of drugs, we’ve created quite a unique textile that can evenly distribute weight and that is embedded with biometric sensors. These sensors are the core intellectual property of MedCorp Technologies and we developed them from scratch.”

Savage describes her approach to engineering as “very user-centric”.

“My background is in product design engineering with a minor in biomedical engineering, but I also spent a lot of time shadowing doctors and nurses and patients. I wanted to ensure that the patient was at the centre of what I was designing but that doctors and nurses would also be comfortable using it.

“Out of our many years of development and manufacturing of sensors for measuring core body temperature, we’ve made some incredible discoveries in other areas of vitals monitoring.

“We’re heading down the path of developing very novel ways of monitoring biometrics from accessible locations such as the chest. We should have some announcements to make very soon.”

Biomedical transformationsBiomedical engineering will transform the future of healthcare around the world and a promising innovation is being developed in the College of Engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia. Scientists are working on a new capsule that can transport medicine through the bloodstream to target physical ailments intravenously.

Drug delivery vessels have traditionally been designed to avoid recognition by the immune system by mimicking naturally occurring materials in the body, such as cells or liposomes; however, they are not always durable enough to get to the far reaches of the body. The new development from Drexel involves the creation of a highly durable polymer, described as a crystalsome, which is used to encase drugs and is considered

nanoparticle packaging currently in wide use.

Test results have found that the crystalsomes can last in the bloodstream for up to 96 hours.

could signal a new generation of nano-materials for drug delivery and gene therapy.

“YOU BEGIN TO NOTICE INEFFICIENCIES AND HOW YOU COULD MAKE THEM BETTER.”

ABOVE: Savage is looking atintegrating diagnosticdevices anddelivery devices.

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THE POWER OFTHREE FORMER ENGINEERING STUDENTS HAVE BUILT A GLOBAL BUSINESS MANUFACTURING ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGERS IN THEIR HOME TOWN OF BRISBANE.

UNLESS YOU’VE been living under a rock you could not help but have noticed the

furore sparked in the lead up to this past Federal election on the subject of electric vehicles, or EVs.

It must have all seemed a bit bizarre to the trio of electrical engineers who head up Tritium, a Brisbane-based enterprise that has established itself as a global leader in the design, development and manufacture of EV fast chargers.

Tritium arranged a factory tour for create, to see the fast-growing company’s R&D and manufacturing facilities, in suburban Murrarie, near Brisbane’s Gateway Bridge.

Founder Paul Sernia explains that he and his now business partners met while studying electrical engineering at the University of Queensland in the late 1990s.

The trio worked together on several World Solar Challenges, including the 1999 event in which the University’s ‘Sunshark’ placed third.

“We actually designed electronics for that car as part of that project and when other solar car teams saw what we had developed, they wanted to know whether they could get their hands on the technology themselves,” Sernia says. “And so after we graduated we formed

Tritium to supply that market with those electronics and it’s really grown from there.”

Sernia explains that the partners decided they would use their expertise to pursue DC charging solutions, since that was the best known way to get high power into EVs quickly.

“What we really want to do is make it as convenient as possible for drivers, which means replicating the petrol station experience, where you come in, you fill up quickly and you move on,” he says.

“Really, DC charging is the only way to do that. It may be that one day in the future electric vehicles won’t support AC charging at all.”

WORDS BY GED BULMER

Tritium founder Paul Sernia with one of his company’s DC high-voltage EV charging stations.

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Today, the company has expanded to more than 300 staff — the majority employed at its facilities in Brisbane and others at its Los Angeles and Amsterdam operations.

HIGH POWERTritium’s two main products are its Veefil-RT 50 kW DC fast charger,

which is the charger of choice for most EVs, and its new Veefil PK 350 kW DC high-power charger, which is the next generation of charging technology being rolled out in Europe.

Sernia explains that the 50 kW units take around 10 minutes to deliver a 50 km charge, whereas in the same time frame the new 350 kW units can deliver enough charge for 350 km.

Only a few vehicles are capable of using this level of

charging power right now, but the Volkswagen Group has a number of new models in the pipeline that will be suited to it, including the Porsche Taycan.

In July last year Tritium inked a deal to supply its new generation units for 100 sites in Europe’s Ionity charging network, which plans to locate the chargers across Germany, France, UK, Norway and Sweden.

A spokesperson for Ionity said at the time that it had chosen Tritium as its technology partner due to the company’s

“world-leading technology and ability to provide rapid delivery.”

COOLING SYSTEMAs create discovered during its tour of the 3500 m2 manufacturing facility, Tritium is quite sensitive about that world-leading technology, refusing to allow our photographer to snap anything that might remotely show the inner workings of the charging units.

Sernia explains that part of the key to the Tritium chargers is the design of their cooling system, which is an integral part of the unit’s efficiency due to the high heat loads generated by the charging process.

Inside the user units are coolant hoses that circulate ethylene glycol – the stuff you put into a car

PICTURED: Scenes from Tritium’s 3500 m2 production facility in Brisbane.

“PART OF OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS AROUND UNDERSTANDING HOW WE GET THE HEAT FROM THE

ELECTRONICS INTO THOSE COOLING PLATES.”

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T E C H N O L O G Y

radiator — over a series of liquid cooling plates with a manifold at the base of the chargers.

“Part of our intellectual property is around understanding how we get the heat from the electronics into those cooling plates, and then it comes out via the automotive grade fans and radiators,” explains Sernia.

The trio of fans and radiators he references are stacked atop each other and look like scaled-down versions of the custom radiator you might see in a V8 Supercar.

That’s no coincidence; they are made by Gold Coast’s PWR, which supplies the Supercars series, along with F1, NASCAR and major original equipment manufacturers.

JUST CHARGE

IT!SLOWUsing a standard household 240 V AC 3-prong power outlet cable will take 27 hours and 50 minutes to charge the Kona from 0 to 100 per cent.

FASTERUsing an AC fast charger, such as those sited along the DC fast chargers on Queensland’s Electric Super Highway, will take nine hours to charge the Kona from 0 to 100 per cent.

FASTESTUsing a 50 kW DC fast charger, such as the Tritium units on the Electric Super Highway, will take 60 to 90 minutes to charge the Kona to around 90 per cent (the maximum available when DC charging, due to inbuilt battery protection features).

While Tritium specialises in the manufacture of high-voltage DC fast chargers, this type of charger is more the exception than the norm

themselves charging at home via an AC power outlet, or possibly with an AC fast charger.

Here’s how the various charging types are forecast to perform when

64 kWh lithium ion battery to

BELOW: create’s team makes an evening recharging stop at a Tritium charger in Queensland.

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“In terms of our technology, we are unique in that we are the only liquid-cooled DC fast charging stations and that enables us to get some really unique properties out of our chargers,” Sernia says.

“Generally we have a very small footprint, the smallest footprint in the world, [and] we’re the lightest in the world.”

The radiators are the only parts of the chargers exposed to air, with all the crucial electronics sealed inside an IP65-rated enclosure,

meaning no dust, water, salt or other material can enter the units.

Sernia explains that the chargers have a lifetime expectation of “10 years-plus” but notes that because the charging market is still so new, the projection could prove pessimistic.

PRODUCTION FLOWTritium also boasts a strong local supply chain with about 60 per cent of the thousands of components that go into the chargers sourced from Australian suppliers. This includes the

aluminium chassis, sourced from Yatala, and the plastic outer cases from a Queensland-based body panel manufacturer.

At the end of the assembly process the chargers go through high-power end-of-line testing, where Tritium use a series of slave chargers to recirculate test load and reduce their electricity usage.

The last step in the manufacturing process is branding and customisation for individual clients, before being boxed up and shipped to destinations in Australia and around the world.

One of those customers is Queensland energy company Yurika, which manages the state’s so-called Electric Super Highway, which stretches from Coolangatta to Cairns, and inland from Brisbane to Toowoomba.

Tritium’s 50 kW DC fast chargers are dotted all along the state’s coastline and look not unlike a fuel bowser, with an inbuilt charging lead on either side for diff erent vehicle connections and a small window and control

“WE HAVE A VERY SMALL FOOTPRINT, THE SMALLEST FOOTPRINT IN THE WORLD, AND WE’RE THE LIGHTEST IN THE WORLD.”

Upgrading the grid

concerns about how the growth in the number of EVs on our

more power plants to power electric vehicles. What we’ll really see is that charging will happen as

“When people come to work

signals, there’ll be control that people will have over their charging, or that a workplace will have over their chargers, that enables them

Sernia also sees a future of

“What we want is to enable people to unlock their vehicles not just as transport assets but also as

really exciting, if we have millions

throughout our cities. I call it the internet of mobile energy. The

RIGHT: Sernia highlights the charger’s control panel and display.


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T E C H N O L O G Y

Lorcan Ryan, [email protected] on 02 9556 9136

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panel on the front to activate the unit and advise on charge status.

To date, the network has delivered just 3000 charging sessions but Sernia nonetheless believes the existence of the network will accelerate EV uptake.

“It’s a catalyst,” he says. “Of the three things that you really need to enable adoption or transition to electric mobility, the availability and diversity of cars is very important, and the availability of public charging infrastructure is the other big one. And we know that the infrastructure always leads the vehicle activity, so it really was a very important network in Australia.”

While Tritium is currently the only Australian manufacturer of EV charging stations, it does have a number of global competitors.

“I think the more activities and the more competitors we start to see, the better the signs

are for the market in general,” Sernia says.

At present, only a half-dozen EVs are sold in Australia — a tiny percentage of the annual one million-plus new vehicle sales. Incredibly, in the US there are just 19 EV models, but Sernia points to the fact that this is expected to expand to around 50 or 60 vehicle types over the next three years, so the opportunity is huge.

How huge? In Norway, the country with the highest penetration of EVs worldwide, 77 per cent of new cars sold this past February were electric. In China, the world’s biggest EV market, sales of electric cars rose by 62 per cent in 2018 to an estimated 1.2 million units.

Given the rapid growth and potential scale of the EV industry, Tritium appears well placed to continue to lead the charge in the EV charging space.

Driving the Electric Super Highway The catalyst for create’s visit to Tritium was the opportunity to drive Hyundai’s new Kona electric vehicle (EV) the length of Queensland’s so-called Electric Super Highway.

This network of EV fast charging stations stretches from Coolangatta to Cairns, and inland from Brisbane to Toowoomba, and was completed in 2018 as an initiative of the State Government.

In total, there are 14 DC fast charging stations along an 1800 km length of the state’s glittering coastline, with the distance between charge points varying from 98 km to 208 km, with an average of 130 km.

Over the course of our 2122 km journey we recharged the Kona EV at Tritium-manufactured chargers in Brisbane, Childers, Rockhampton,

Mackay, Townsville and Cairns. The powerful 50 kWh DC fast chargers recharged the Kona’s 64 kWh battery to 90 per cent capacity in 60 to 90 minutes, delivering an effective highway range of just under 400 km.

The network itself is managed by Yurika Energy, which says that its chargers use only green power and are carbon-neutral. Based on this, the journey saved an estimated 288 kg of CO2 compared with an internal combustion engine-powered model.

Our adventure showed that an EV trip is perfectly feasible – at least on the Queensland coast. Elsewhere, Australia has a long way to go.

Sernia sees huge opportunity in the expanding EV market.

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A BIT OF DARING AND A DESIRE FOR HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE HAS HELPED LUKE HEFFERNAN TRANSFORM HIS AMBITIONS INTO BIG ACHIEVEMENTS.

WHEN ENGINEERINGgraduate Luke Heffernan heard

that South Australian Premier Steven Marshall was at a recent university orientation week, the 25-year-old wasted no time tracking him down.

Heffernan had a stall promoting Adept, a club he founded at the University of Adelaide to build a culture of hands-on engineering.

He was determined to get the Premier and South Australia’s Chief Entrepreneur on board.

He succeeded, not only securing a further contact with Marshall but convincing him to pose for a photo wearing the club’s T-shirt.

It is an example of the passion, people-centred approach and opportunistic mindset that has seen Heffernan touted as a future leader in South Australian engineering.

Heffernan grew up far from Adelaide’s elite suburbs, in the small town of Port Willunga.

When he finished high school, he didn’t know anyone who had been to university.

But graduating Year 12 with a Long Tan Youth Leadership Award and having dreamed as a child of mixing chemicals and creating explosions for a job, Heffernan thought he’d give science a go.

He enrolled in physics in his first year at university, having never really heard of engineering, and later added mechanical engineering when he found himself immersed in his friends’ units.

THE MISSING PIECEThe only problem was that Heffernan wasn’t getting the practical experience he wanted.

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“Doing engineering work at uni, I could be doing very little practical work — sometimes as little as seven hours a semester in the lab,” he says.

“Whereas some physics courses I was doing 10 hours a week, and you’d be learning so much more.”

Heffernan tried to boost his hands-on experience through half a dozen university clubs, but nothing fit what he was after.

He began to think about why most students weren’t doing practical projects at home.

“We started identifying risks like finances, the network you need for it … workshop space, tools,” Heffernan says.

“There’s high barriers to entry and a lot of risks if you fail.”

When he founded Adept, he decided its focus would be purely on students gaining hands-on experience.

“We don’t do pub crawls or barbeques or anything that the other clubs around the uni do,” he says.

“We focus solely on getting money, getting contacts, getting industry help, getting support from the uni to let students do practical projects — the ones that they came to uni to do.”

A year on from the club’s launch, Adept has 70 students working on 12 projects, ranging from rocket launches to artificial intelligence for flying drones and machines that create art.

FIBRELESS OPTICSLast year, Heffernan completed his honours with a small group project in free-space optical communications to support the space industry.

You can think of it like fibre optics — only without the fibre.

Heffernan and the team designed and built a prototype

device that uses laser beams to communicate with a distant receiver. The device employs Risley prisms — pairs of wedge prisms that can be used for beam steering.

Heffernan says that by varying the voltage of the electricity powering the laser, the team was able to send music to the receiver.

“You could also send internet,” he says.

The technology could one day be used to communicate with satellites, which would require it to hit a target no bigger than a person from millions of kilometres away, Heffernan says.

“We tested it at 50 metres and could find [a one-inch] target within a second every time,” he says.

The technology could deliver high-speed internet to very remote areas or be used in autonomous vehicles, Heffernan says.

FOR THE LOVE OF SPACELast year, Heffernan was named one of four Young Australian Space Leaders for 2018.

The award saw him flown to Germany for the International Astronautical Congress and Space Generation Congress, where he presented three papers.

Heffernan is also currently working on a project fuelled by

“I HATE GIVING UP. I HATE GETTING HALFWAY THROUGH A PROJECT OR BEING

TOLD SOMETHING CAN’T BE DONE.”

ABOVE: The Risley prism beam steering system. BELOW: Heffernan with Australian space industry representatives in Germany.

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his love of space as an intern at Frazer-Nash Consultancy.

“It’s understanding where satellites and other space-based objects in the Earth’s orbit are moving around, what they’re doing, whether they’re going to crash into each other — and letting people know if it is going to happen,” he says.

“We’ve especially been doing work helping defence … developing a mission system, a controller and a program that lets them do all the space situational awareness work.”

Heffernan’s other projects at the consulting firm include one he suggested himself, which uses natural language processing to increase the ease of reading and understanding documents.

Heffernan believes South Australia is poised to become a tech hub, with both the public and private sectors open to new machine learning, artificial intelligence, space and blockchain technologies.

“There’s a lot of smart people around here who are quite often world leaders in their areas,” he says.

“The only thing that’s stopped them before is they’re not good at publicity; they’re not good at selling themselves.

“And now there’s more focus on the space agency, Lot Fourteen and all these others little things, which aim to be like a micro Silicon Valley in Adelaide.

“Getting this publicity and these connections to each other has allowed them to build not just technical and great research, but commercialisable technology.”

WIDE AWAKEWhy has Heffernan been so successful?

“For one I think I just don’t sleep very much,” he laughs.

“I think my passion for it all is what makes me stay up late.

“I hate giving up; I hate getting halfway through a project or being told something can’t be done.

“I hate being able to see the solution to a problem and not doing anything about it, so I generally tend to, even if I’ve been told not to.

“And if there’s people that I can help — like Adept — I will push even harder.”

Heffernan is open about suffering from anxiety and depression for much of his life.

But he credits the experience with giving him techniques that have allowed him to achieve so much.

It’s all about breaking down big projects into small tasks.

“People put things off and just get too scared to take a

step because it seems too big,” Heffernan says.

“In my head I’ve gotten much better at breaking it down to the point where I can take the steps and just start going, even if it’s slow.”

While in Germany last year, Heffernan attended a dinner with Dr Megan Clark.

The man who hit up South Australia’s Premier was not going to miss an opportunity to chat to the former CSIRO boss and now head of the Australian Space Agency.

Heffernan says Clark put into words best the way he approaches his work in her description of her own methods.

“She just said ‘Just do what’s in front of you the best you can’,” he says.

GROW ADEPT AND INTEGRATE IT INTO THE LOCAL INDUSTRY

Heffernan hopes Adept will encourage people to create their own technology jobs in South Australia. He wants to connect politicians, companies, engineers and students, and have Adept at three universities in his home state

BUILD BUSINESS EXPERIENCE

Heffernan believes a solid business grounding will help him commercialise technology such as his Risley prism device, as well as solve big challenges like connecting to Mars and the Moon.

CHOOSE HIS NEXT PATH

With enviable job offers in machine learning, space technology and research, Heffernan is weighing up his next move while he continues as an engineer with Frazer-Nash.

01 02 03THREE BIGGEST

CHALLENGES

BELOW: Heffernan receives the Young Australian Space Leader 2018 award. BELOW LEFT: Adept with South Australian Premier Steven Marshall.

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T E C H W A T C H

THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD.

01 02 03Metallic ‘wood’A microscopic image of the porous structure of the material, which is as strong as titanium but far lighter. Image: University of Pennsylvania

A collaboration between engineers from universities in the US, the UK and Turkey has resulted in a new metallic material with the strength of a metal but the structure of wood. Filled with tiny pores, this ‘metallic wood’ contains empty spaces in its atomic arrangement, which could

example that the researchers suggest is that by infusing the structure with an anode and a cathode, it could be

can also be used as a battery. “The reason we call it metallic wood is not just its density, which is about that of wood, but its cellular nature,” says Assistant Professor James Pikul of the University of Pennsylvania, who led the study. “Cellular materials are porous; if you look at wood grain, that’s what you’re seeing — parts that are thick and dense and made to hold the structure, and parts that are porous and made to support biological functions.” The University of Cambridge, the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana and Middle East Technical University also participated in the project.

Tiny BluetoothThe lavender Bluetooth chip is connected to a green antenna and a circuit board used for testing. Image: Yao Shi/University of Michigan

University of Michigan engineers have created a millimetre-scale chip that can communicate with the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol, with potential applications in Internet of Things technology and tiny computers. Researchers have been creating smaller and smaller computers, but the physical limits imposed by antenna size and energy needs have made it

them. The new device combines an oscillator and an antenna so that it can dispense with the need for an

during transmission. “I’m really excited about the future research directions that will be opened up by removing the wireless connectivity barrier!” says

millimetre-scale computer. “This radio

communication to the M3 stack,” says

M3 devices more quickly and more easily get sensed data to the cloud by connecting directly to a smartphone.”

AntbotThis walking robot can navigate without using GPS; it locates itself in space the way that ants do. Image: Julien Dupeyroux, ISM (CNRS/AMU)

Engineers in France have created a walking robot that navigates by detecting polarised light and referencing the robot’s position compared to the sun, freeing it from relying on GPS to determine

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Electronic skin‘Wootkzin’, an electronic skin, gives robots the same sense of touch that humans have. Image: Royal Academy of Engineering

UK, has produced an electronic skin that gives robots the ability to touch

gives a robot feedback on humidity, temperature, force and pressure and can be manipulated without damaging its sensors. Consisting

elastomer with photolithography, it

and CEO Dr Atif Syed as part of his PhD at Edinburgh University. The technology could be used to help

like fruits and vegetables and might one day be applied to prosthetic limbs, giving users a sense of touch. The material has been showcased at the UK Royal Academy of Engineering.

highly sensitive and fully compliant force/pressure sensor embedded with temperature sensors in the form of an

robot’s technique was inspired by desert ants, which cannot rely on

precision within 1 cm after travelling 14 m. The researchers, from CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, equipped the robot with an optical compass, which

two pixels and responds to polarised

ultraviolet radiation in the sky. Although the robot can operate in cloudy weather, the engineers still

that it will work at night and over long distances. The robot has six legs, which allow it to negotiate complex environments. Potential applications for the technology include in the automobile industry or aerial robotics.

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CONFERENCES & EVENTS |

Melbourne, VICicef13.com

The congress will highlight opportunities for engineering innovations across food supply chains to add value and enable the sustainable manufacture of healthier food products for global markets. Other topics in the program include food security, novel food processing technologies, food systems engineering and modelling, food properties and packaging, nutrition and health, food education, food engineering innovations in Australasia and much more. Speakers include (pictured left from top):

Dr Grace Douglas Advanced Food Technology Lead Scientist, NASA

Dr Silvia Estrada-FloresPrincipal Consultant and Founder of Food Chain Intelligence

Professor Karin SchroenWageningen University & Research, Netherlands

Dr Lana Zivanovic Global Innovation Protein Program Director at Mars Petcare

23—26

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Hobart, TAS coastsandports2019.com.auCoasts and Ports 2019 brings engineers, planners, scientists and researchers together to focus on the technological,

diverse and developing coasts.

Sydney, NSW chemeca2019.orgThe theme for Chemeca 2019 is ‘Engineering Megatrends and the Elements’. The focus will be on exploring the emerging opportunities and challenges for the chemical engineering profession and process industries throughout our region.

Melbourne, VIC abec2019.com

ABEC 2019 will bring all branches of biomedical engineering together in one conference to focus on the role engineering has to play in improving healthcare outcomes.

Gold Coast, QLD apisat2019.comAPISAT is the prime forum for aerospace research and

provides the opportunity for researchers and industry engineers to discuss current and future advanced topics in aeronautical and space engineering.

Sydney, NSW eecon2019.com

EECON 2019 will explore the theme ‘Engineering Leadership Providing Sustainable, Customer-centric Electric Energy Solutions Through the Interactive Grid’.

Sydney, NSW apemc2020.org

APEMC was founded in 2008. Since its inception, it has grown to become one of the major electromagnetic compatibility events in the world.

Melbourne, VIC nano2020.org.au

NANO is the largest conference dedicated to nanomaterials and brings together scientists, academics and industry to share cutting-edge research on a range of nanoscience topics.

10-13S E P 2 0 1 9

AUSTRALASIAN COASTS AND

PORTS

29–02S E P / O C T 2 0 1 9

CHEMECA

17–20N O V 2 0 1 9

AUSTRALIAN BIOMEDICAL

ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

04-06D EC 2 0 1 9

ASIA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL

SYMPOSIUM ON AEROSPACE

TECHNOLOGY

26-27N O V 2 0 1 9NATIONAL ELECTRIC ENERGY

CONFERENCE

19-22M AY 2 0 2 0

ASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

06-10J U L 2 0 2 0

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS

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N E W SS A V E T H E D A T E

CRICOS 00111D RTO 3059

Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship

MBA (Executive)Corporate GovernanceDigital Business ManagementEntrepreneurship and Innovation

Financial TechnologiesMarketingSocial ImpactSupply Chain Innovation

SIMON MURPHY CEO OF REFLIVE AND CLASS OF 2015

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION

Engineer your way into the C-suite

Find your perfect postgraduate course at swinburne.edu.au/agse

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