engineers- designers and innovators.ppt

8/20/2019 Engineers- Designers and Innovators.ppt

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04.07.2011 AICTE-INAE lecture

Engineers

Designers and Innovators.

Captain N S Mohan Ram, VSM, FNAE

Advisor, TVS Motor Company Limited.


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Five Conepts.

! Creativity, Innovation, Disovery, Design andInvention" interhangea#$y and $oose$y %sed.

! Conepts interre$ated #%t Distintive$y di&&erent

! Engineers more $i'e$y to #e onerned (ithinnovation and design. A &e( may invent somethingne(. Fe(er $i'e$y to disover ne( $a(s o& nat%re.

! In day to day $i&e, ho(ever, one %ses reative

&a%$ties to varying degrees.! )se&%$ to have a $ear %nderstanding (hat the terms

mean.


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De&initions*! Create+ riginate or #ring to e-istene, invent and imagine

! Disover+ A%ire insight or 'no($edge #y hane ordesign

! Design+ /rod%e a genera$ arrangement or $ayo%t o&something to #e made, o&ten a man%&at%red prod%t and

deve$op detai$ed prod%tion instr%tions.! Invent+ Create #y tho%ght or design something (hih did

not e-ist #e&ore.

! Innovate+ 0ring in ne( methods, ideas or ma'ing hanges.

1*So%re+ adapted &rom -&ord Re&erene Ditionary2


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Di&&erenes

Creation and invention #ring into e-istene a

ne( idea or o#3et, (hih did not e-ist #e&ore.

Disovery onerned (ith a phenomenon orre$ationship (hih (as not 'no(n #e&ore.

Design may or may not reate something ne(.

Innovation o&ten a ne( arrangement orom#ination o& 'no(n things, %s%a$$y &or a

ommeria$ p%rpose.


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Fo%r great reative peop$e


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Creativity

! Creativity spans (ider anvas than 3%st Engineering. Art,M%si, Literat%re, Engineering, /hi$osophy, Even po$itis.

! /aintings o& Da Vini or /iasso, ompositions o& Mo4art orThyagara3a, p$ays o& Sha'espeare or 5a$idasa, (or's o&

To$stoy, Va$$%var, Si$appadi'aram, poems o& 0haratiyar arereativity at (or'.

! 6andhi7s Sa$t marh.

! 8Aya Ram 6aya Ram9+ &$oor rossing in vidhan sa#ha #y0ha3an La$$

! Something ne( sho%$d ome into #eing, s%rprise, e-ite anda$so #e e&&etive. Creativity prod%es Effective Surprise.


7/6604.07.2011 AICTE-INAE lecture

/iasso S%$pt%re

M%se%m o& Modern Art, Ne( :or' ;hat is it< Anything %n%s%a$<



/iasso7s geni%s

! The &ae is made %p o& t(o toy ars (e$ded together= n$y/iasso o%$d see a mon'ey7s &ae in a toy ar. n$y a mysti

poet 0harati o%$d see Lord 5rishna7s dar' o$or in the (ings

o& a ro(= This is reativity.



Fo%r Disoveries



Disoveries+ E-amp$es

! Arhimedes /rinip$e! Ne(ton7s La(s o& 6ravity! 0erno%$$i7s e%ation in &$%id mehanis.

! /ythagoras theorem! Faradays $a(s! /enii$$in! Do%#$e he$i- str%t%re o& DNA and RNA! Theory o& Re$ativity! Radi%m! >+ Ray! Raman E&&et



Fo%r inventions.

!



Inventions impat every day $i&e

! Sa&ety Math+ 6%stav Eri' /ash o& S(eden! Sa&ety /in+ ;a$ter ?%nt! ;ire$ess Comm%niation+ Maroni! Assem#$y Line+ ?enry Ford

! Interna$ Com#%stion Engine+ tto! Inandesent Lamp+ Thomas A$va Edison! @ip Fastener+ 6ideon S%nd#$a' ! 0arode+ ;ood$and and Si$ver 1;rig$eys2

! Intermoda$ Container+ Ma$o$m Ma$ain! Te$evision+ 0aird! Internet+ La(rene Ro#erts+ Arpanet



Fo%r Innovations

!



Innovation E-amp$es

! /ost it! ;a$'man! Shampoo sahet

! SMED! Tata Nano! Toyota /rod%tion System! Miro(ave oven

Com#ination o& e-isting ideas or prod%ts, in a ne( (ay to ma'e amar'eta#$e prod%t or proess.



Engineering Design

/rinip$es



Form and F%ntion! Form follows function + prinip$e states that shape o& a

#%i$ding or o#3et sho%$d #e primari$y #ased %pon its intended

&%ntion or p%rpose.

! 8Ta$$#oy9 ars" S%4%'i ;agon+R and ?y%ndai Santro. Sports

ars stream$ined to minimi4e air resistane+ City r%na#o%ts

shaped &or ma-im%m passenger room and easy par'ing.

Room &or aesthetis (ithin the onepts

! Sooterettes &or gir$s radia$$y di&&erent &rom per&ormane

#i'es &or maho men.

! Indian and apanese design %s%a$$y &o$$o( this prinip$e.



0oth are ars=



Men are &rom Mars, ;omen &rom Ven%s

photostream.htm



Chi$dren7s Tooth #r%sh! Videos o& hi$dren #r%shing teeth

sho(ed that they &o%nd it a('(ard

to hand$e s%are shaped sharp

ornered miniat%re versions o&

ad%$t tooth #r%shes. %st ma'ing

#r%shes sma$$er (as not attrating'ids to #r%sh their teeth.

! Raised so&t s%ishy ridges in the

hi$dren7s so&t hands (hih (i$$

not rotate.

! Sed%tive o$ors and si4e re+ proportioned &or hi$dren7s so&t

and p%dgy pa$ms (on IDE orp.

)S nationa$ a(ard &or prod%t

design.



am7s Ra4or

The $a( o& parsimony in Design



am7s Ra4or+ Le- /arsimonie

! Design+ Simp$iity pre&era#$e to omp$e-ity

! Entities sho%$d not #e m%$tip$ied (itho%t neessity+ ;i$$iam o& 'ham

! Nat%re operates is shortest (ay possi#$e+ Aristot$e

! Everything sho%$d made as simp$e as possi#$e #%t not simp$er+ Einstein

! )nneessary e$ements derease design e&&iieny. )nneessary (eight physia$, vis%a$ or ognitive degrade per&ormane

! This prinip$e an #e %sed to eva$%ate ompeting &%ntiona$$y e%iva$ent

designs. Remove as many e$ements as possi#$e (itho%t ompromising

&%ntion. E.g. omp%ter disp$ay (ith &e(est e$ements


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T(o e$egant simp$e designs.


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)$timate de&inition o& simp$iity=


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Form $i#erated &rom &%ntion=

! E$etronis &rees &orm &rom &%ntion.! E-amp$e + App$e I+/od+ shape or si4e does not

evo'e p$aying m%si= 0ea%ti&%$ #y itse$&=

! App$e Corporation $eader in ne( paradigm in prod%tdesign+ aestheti prod%ts (ith s%per# &%ntiona$ity%sing #ri$$iant tehno$ogy.

! More s%ited to ons%mer E$etronis and persona$ %segoods $i'e per&%mes, soaps et

! More and more &ree &orms (i$$ enter ons%merd%ra#$es engineering designs a$so, as tehno$ogydeve$ops.


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Fo%r Ioni /rod%ts

Divoring &orm &rom &%ntion=


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Imitating Nat%re+ 0iomimiry! 0iomimiry is a too$ &or s%staina#$e

design #y imitating nat%re . ;e an %se Nat%re7s (isdom &or physia$ design,man%&at%ring proess and $ogistis.The design spira$ sho(n opposites%mmari4es the methodo$ogy.

! The design #rie& is 8#io$ogised9 to

%nderstand ho( nat%re dea$s (ithsimi$ar &%ntions. Find o%t ho(organisms hand$e simi$ar iss%es.

! 6e'os $im# vertia$ and overhangings%r&aes. Ro#otis tries to mimi these$i4ards %se &or ma'ing ro#ots moveover s%h s%r&aes=

! Nat%re (or's (ith onstant &eed#a',$earning and adaptive $oops. Nat%ra$systems operate at m%h highere&&iienies than mehania$ systems.There is a $ot to $earn &rom nat%re .


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Imitating Nat%re+ 0iomimiry! Termite mo%nds are a#$e to maintain sta#$e temperat%res inside their

mo%nds at am#ient ranging &rom +B to degree C. Adapting a simi$ar

approah, green #%i$dings have #een deve$oped, %sing m%h $ess energy

&or air onditioning.

! St%dy o& eho$oation #y #ats in dar'ness res%$ted in deve$opment o& a

speia$ ane &or the vis%a$$y impaired.

! The ama4ing hearing apa#i$ity o& Do$phins and (ha$es is #eing st%died

&or deve$opment o& sonar7s &or anti s%#marine (ar&are.

! 0iomimiry an provide tehni%es &or optimi4ing engineering systems

and str%t%res. M%rray7s $a(s %sed &or determining optim%m diameter &or #$ood vesse$s has #een no( re&ramed a&ter st%dying #io$ogia$ ana$ogies

&or determining pipe or t%#e diameters &or minimi4ing mass engineering

system.


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0iomimiry in Design

! The spider7s (e# and #eehive

honeyom# inspired the geni%s

0%'minster F%$$er to deve$op

the 6eodesi Dome, (hih is a

spheria$ or partia$+spheria$

she$$ str%t%re or $attie she$$

#ased on a net(or' o& great

ir$es 1geodesis2 on the

s%r&ae o& a sphere.! This is ommon$y %sed in

/$anetari%m and $arge domed

str%t%res.


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Design in Rea$ Li&e

! In shoo$ one is ta%ght ana$ysis e.g. To a$%$atede&$etion or sta#i$ity o& a str%t%re (ith 'no(n endonditions %nder spei&ied $oads. In rea$ $i&e $oads orend &i-ity are not 'no(n. The str%t%re does not even

e-ist.! Design a grad%a$ progression &rom the a#strat to the

onrete in a spira$ iterative proess. Deisions ta'enat every stage #eome onstraints $ater= Important to

onsider m%$tip$e options at the ear$y stages and notto 4ero in on so$%tions too %i'$y.! The %i'est or o#vio%s ans(er may not #e the #est=


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ptions red%e as Design progresses

?o( does one ross a river<

! 0ridge<

! T%nne$

! Ferry<

! Levitation<

! 6o ro%nd the so%re<

! ?e$iopter<

ne deision ta'en, &reedom diminishes=


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Conept Eva$%ation+ Ta$$#oy ars

! Idea ame &rom metaphor+ 8A%tomo#i$e Evo$%tion9.

! Imagine ity is a 3%ng$e+ ars are $iving #eings

3ost$ing &or spae. ?o( (i$$ the speies evo$ve in

Dar(inian evo$%tionary terms<! 8Stop go9 tra&&i, $imited par'ing spae, s$o( speeds

and danger o& #eing dented #y other %sers.

! I& ars (ere $iving #eings, the short, s$o( andmane%vera#$e m%tants (i$$ s%rvive. Long, s$ee' and

&ast ones (i$$ disappear=


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Ta$$#oy Evo$%tion

! Ne( metaphor 8man ma-im%m, mahine minim%m9=

! %tome+ $o( po(ered ar (ith good $o( end tor%e,

short and easy to mane%ver and par', $i#era$

passenger and &$e-i#$e $%ggage spae, a%tomati gearshi&t and $ess spae &or engines.

! Res%$ts+ 0o-y design S%4%'i ;agon+R, ?y%ndai

Santro. Lo( po(er engine (ith good $o( end tor%e

&or ta'ing o&& at tra&&i $ights.

! Imagine a Ferrari in ;est Ve$i or ppana'ara streets<


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TATA Nano

! Sma$$ %r#an GNo &ri$$s7 ar &or a &ami$y o& &o%r positioned #et(een a Mar%ti H and motor y$e+ prie target R%pees B<

! Dra&t Conept+ Minim%m materia$, /o(er &or 5mtop speed, room &or &ami$y o& &o%r, modern sty$ing.De$%-e version (ith AJC, enter $o'ing and po(er(indo(s. No $%ggage spae=

! /rod%t Conept+ 3e$$y #ean, rear mo%nted KH CCengine transverse mo%nted, spae on$y &or #rie&ase,%se o& adhesives, $ess (e$ding, Stee$ #ody, entra$onso$e and st%nning sty$ing.


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Lo( Cost Desert Coo$er &or

S%#+Saharan A&ria

Innovation #ased on evaporative oo$ing

in a m%d pot (ith moist%re inside.


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/ot in /ot

Desert Coo$er+ @eer ! 8@eer9 idea Deve$oped in Nigeria+

Mat'a+S%rahi evaporative oo$ing.+! Lo( ost oo$er+ osting on$y B. =

Se$$ing %nits per year.! Inreases storage $i&e o& &ood in S%#

Saharan A&ria+ Tomatoes &rom to

days and Meat &rom B to B days=! 5eeps &ood &resh $onger and red%es

&ood re$ated diseases.! Longer storage $i&e $eads to higher

pro&its, #etter opport%nities &or(omen to se$$ &ood, greater r%ra$emp$oyment and (ider diet variety.

! A simp$e tehno$ogy (hih enrihesdai$y $i&e in an A&rian desert.

! ;on Ro$e- and She$$ a(ards &orinnovator Mohammed 0ah A##ah


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! In the s$%ms o& Mani$a, an innovative pro3etis shedding $ight on the ityOs dim and dreary

shanties. /$asti #ott$es 3%t &rom the roo&s, #ringing $ight to the dar' d(e$$ings #e$o(.Eah #ott$e ontains (ater and #$eah. ;hen p$aed sn%g$y into a p%rpose+#%i$t ho$e inthe roo&, the home+made #%$# re&rats andspreads s%n$ight, i$$%minating the room #eneath.

!S%n $ight goes thro%gh the #ott$e, (or'ing asa (indo( on the roo&, and then goes insidethe (ater. )n$i'e a ho$e, thro%gh (hih $ight(i$$ trave$ in a straight $ine, the (aterre&rats it to go vertia$, hori4onta$ and Kdegrees. It provides PP to K (atts o& $ear$ight, a$most ten months o& the year. QA $itero& $ightQ, #rings s%staina#$e energy pratiesto poor omm%nities, &rom an idea origina$$y

deve$oped #y st%dents at Massah%settsInstit%te o& Tehno$ogy.

A Litre o& Light


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Design ase st%dyDesign o& gang(ay

Nava$ Do'yard M%m#ai


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Roya$ o%p$e<

! 6%ess (hoare they<


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/ontoon+ Arti%$ated 6ang(ay

! In BK, Shah o& Iran and %een Soraiya, visitedINS Vi'rant, moored in open sea. They (ent &romdo'side in the morning, d%ring high tide. ;hen the$adder to the pontoon had a gent$e s$ope. ;hen

they ret%rned the tide had &a$$en, (ith the $addera$most vertia$. The %een, dressed in e$egantgo(n and high hee$s, a$most &e$$ in to the sea.

! It #eame a ma3or dip$omati em#arrassment.

! I (as as'ed to design a gang(ay onvenient &orVI/ %se at a$$ times.


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0oot /oo$ /ontoon

6ang(ay s$ope hanges (ith tides


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0oat /oo$ /ontoon 6ang(ay+

! /ontoons heave, pith, s(ay, ya(, ro$$ and s%rge random$yin an open #asin. The &i-ed $adder r%#s at the top anddrags at the #ottom (hen a pontoon moves.

! Ladder s$opes steep$y at $o( tide. Steps ang$e inonvenient

! I made the $ength o& the gang(ay so that it had to$era#$es$ope at a$$ tides. Designed do%#$e hinged 1gim#a$ type2s%pports at top and #ottom. ?inges (ere onea$ed.0ottom hinge $oated on an e$egant p$at&orm on (hee$s,(hih ro$$ed on rai$s (e$ded on pontoon. System ens%red

that $adder and p$at&orm (ere sta#$e at a$$ (eathers.! Designed hinged steps to s%it a$$ s$opes o& the $adder .


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0oat /oo$ /ontoon

Arti%$ated 6ang(ay


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0oat /oo$ /ontoon 6ang(ay+

Arti%$ated Design 1ontin%ed2! This $adder is %sed every day #y tho%sands,

%na(are o& the engineering innovation inside.

! I e-tended this do%#$e hinge prinip$e to thehe$iopter hand$ing systems in a n%m#er o&(arships, in$%ding the 6odavari $ass &rigates.

! The same onept is emp$oyed e-tensive$y #y the

i$ Ind%stry in gang(ays to #oard &&shoreS%pp$y vesse$s &rom &i-ed p$at&orms .


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A Design Innovation St%dy

/rop%$sion System Innovation

In a (arship.


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INS 6odavari+ /o(ering

! Fo$$o(ing the Ni$giri C$ass 1#%i$t to a 0ritish design2 Indian Navy (anted a #igger ship (ith s%r&ae and anti airra&tmissi$e systems. They a$so spei&ied minim%m one 'nothigher speed than Leanders, 'nots.

! Layo%t st%dies sho(ed that the h%$$ (o%$d #e t(e$ve meters$onger, (ith an inrease o& over t(enty perent indisp$aement 1(eight2.

! As a #igger and &aster ship (o%$d need more po(er thanavai$a#$e in the S?/ steam t%r#ines o& Ni$giri, a

hange in prop%$sion p$ant appeared inevita#$e. ;e arriedo%t st%dies o& gas t%r#ine systems (ith higher po(er o%tp%t.


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INS Ni$giri and proposed $arger &rigate

! Length BH meters

! Disp$aement P Tons

! Speed + H 5nots

! /o(er > BP, ?/ SteamT%r#ines

! Length B meters

! Disp$aement K Tons

! Speed red.+ 'nots

! /o(er Re%ired+ &or #iggership to go &aster<

INS 6odavari /o(ering


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! I dood$ed at home on a (et Sat%rday a&ternoonestimating the drop in speed, i& &itted (ith the samesteam t%r#ine p$ant as in the Ni$giri $ass, in a $argerh%$$. ;o%$d the Navy top #rass aept the drop inspeed, i& margina$<

! In a ro%gh #a' o& the enve$op a$%$ation to mys%rprise, the ship seemed to ahieve a 'not e-tra speed(ith the same po(er p$ant= Most s%rprising=

! I %sed di&&erent methods to he' the &indings over the

(ee'end. The res%$t (as same. I o%$d not #e$ieve it.


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! The &o$$o(ing Monday I anno%ned my innovation to my #oss, Mr.. /aramandhan, Diretor 6enera$ o& Nava$Design. ?e (as s%rprised and as'ed my o$$eag%e CaptainS%##iah to he' and on&irm res%$ts. ?e on%rred (ithmy &indings.

! Detai$ed ana$ysis revea$ed that a &avora#$e #o( and stern(ave intersetion red%ed (ave resistane #et(een and 'nots, o&&setting higher &rition. At $o(er speeds, (here&ritiona$ drag dominated, more &%e$ (as needed &or sameend%rane.

! This phenomenon is seen in s%pertan'ers, (ith midsetionsadded to inrease apaity 13%m#oi4ing2. &ten theyahieve higher speeds (ith same engines=


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! The Nava$ sta&& aepted my &indings tho%gh many engineersvie(ed them (ith s'eptiism. Mode$ tests at N/L )5on&irmed the res%$ts. ;e saved osts #y %sing steamt%r#ines a$ready deve$oped in India. I re$oated the entire

engine #$o' a&t, &rom D6 sets to prope$$er and (as a#$e to%se the same engine, gear #o-, /$%mmer #o-es, tai$ sha&t and prope$$er. This saved %s enormo%s design e&&ort,onstr%tion time and ost.

! D%ring sea tria$s on the &irst day, at every revo$%tion %p to BH

'nots, 6odavari (as s$o(er than Ni$giri= n the seond day,at &%$$ revo$%tions she ahieved .P 'nots, a &%$$ B.P 'nots

&aster =


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! Si- ships o& the $ass have #een #%i$t andde$ivered to the Indian Navy. Tho%sands o&rores o& r%pees have #een saved #y %sing thesame steam t%r#ines and a%-i$iariesdeve$oped &or the 6iri $ass. The ships haverendered great servie to the nation.

! The innovation o& %sing same po(er p$ant ina #igger ship to ahieve higher speed, (aso%nter int%itive.


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6odavari+ A #igger heavier ship (ent

one 'not &aster(ith the same - BP ?/ Steam t%r#ines

Speed ahieved .P 'nots=

.


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Case St%dy+

/roess Innovation in a stee$ p$ant

Inreasing thro%ghp%t

M%'and 5a$(e Stee$ /$ant


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M%'and Stee$ /$ant Layo%t! ?eat si4es (ere $imited to tons &or a$$oy stee$s and

P tons &or stain$ess stee$ heats.! The )$tra ?igh /o(er F%rnae (as apa#$e o& $arger

heats. The overhead rane apaity and si4e o& $ad$es

$imited heat si4es.! To a%gment thro%ghp%t, M%'and tried to inrease the

n%m#er o& heats #y se%ene asting and (or'ing&aster #y red%ing time &or harging, &ett$ing, po%ring

and other non me$ting ativities.! This &re%ent$y res%$ted in &ai$ed heats and meta$$osses d%e to &ored pae o& (or'ing.


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M%'and Stee$ /$ant Layo%t! I (as not a meta$$%rgist, not even a mehania$ engineer.

Stee$ tehno$ogy (as tota$$y ne( to me tho%gh I (as

heading a team o& e-periened stee$ma'ers.

! I inherent$y %nderstood that &%rnaes (ere 3%st me$ting

devies. Non me$ting ativities $i'e harging, &ett$ing et.(ere not va$%e adding. The )$tra ?igh /o(er F%rnae

o%$d hand$e $arger heats %p to PP tons.

! I (ondered (hy (e did not try inreasing heat si4es

instead o& inreasing the n%m#er o& heats<


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M%'and Stee$ /$ant Layo%t

! My idea (as pooh+poohed= The Shed roo& tr%ssesand rane (ere designed &or P tons $oad. The$ad$es (ere not apa#$e o& $arger heats. Stopping

prod%tion to redesign the roo& and rep$aement o&

the $ad$es, LF and VD (as %na&&orda#$e.! I o%$d not aept the onstraint as god given. I

(ondered (hy the str%t%re &or strengthening theroo& o%$d not #e &a#riated o&& $ine and (e$ded on

the roo& on S%ndays= I a$so &o%nd that the e-isting$ad$es (ere $ong and had $o(er diameter thanoptim%m and poor in heat trans&er.


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M%'and Stee$ /$ant Layo%t! I ontated MN Dast%r Stee$ ons%$tants to (or' o%t

the design and p$an &or &a#riating the sti&&ening

str%t%res o& the roo& and SMS ranes o&& $ine. I a$so

p$anned and osted provision o& ne( $ad$es andmodi&iation o& Lad$e F%rnae and the VADJVD

&%rnae and Conast Mahine.

! I estimated that (e needed a three (ee' sh%tdo(n o&

the shop and tota$ ost o& Rs. .P rores. /ay#a' o&investment (as 3%st &o%r months d%e to additiona$

thro%ghp%t.


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! I presented my idea to CE Mr. Ra3esh Shah and my

o$$eag%es in the stee$ p$ant. A$ the e-perts in$%ding

meta$$%rgists (ith years o& stee$ ma'ing e-periene

opposed the idea. The CE, a Cam#ridge Math /6and 0er'$ey M0A, overr%$ed them and gave the go

ahead=

! The sh%tdo(n too' &ive (ee's and ost (ent %p to

Rs. .P Crores. The e-tra investment (as paid #a'in P months.


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! The p$ant thro%ghp%t (ent %p #y . E$etriity

and re&ratory ons%mption (ent do(n d%e to $arger

heats. Lad$e re&ratory (ent %p #y t(o heats. There

(ere m%$tip$e savings.

! The e-erise (as a reso%nding s%ess. It happened

#ea%se I re&%sed to aept man made rane apaity

as a onstraint. May #e my $a' o& e-pertise instee$ma'ing (as an asset=


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Fai$itating

Innovation in design


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The o#vio%s not a$(ays right or the

#est ans(er Cha$$enge stat%s %o.! Thin' o%t o& the #o-.! Constraints not 6od given.

! 0$o's o&ten on$y in o%r minds.! Loo' &or para$$e$s &rom other &ie$ds. &ten simi$ar

pro#$ems so$ved in other ind%stries.! Read (ide$y" Not 3%st Engineering #oo's + The

Eonomist, /op%$ar Mehanis and Sienti&iAmerian, #oo's on reativity e.g. Latera$thin'ing.


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Innovation hints

! Respet e-perts #%t their advie not gospe$. Che'yo%rse$&, as they an a$so go (rong. .

! Never dismiss ideas &rom non e-perts. 1An arhitet, onhoneymoon in Crete, ra'ed the Minoan sript, (hih hadde&ied $ing%ists2

! Do not #$ind$y re$y on %stom omp%ter programs. Che'order o& res%$ts #y o(n a$%$ations.

! Do%ment (or' and share ideas (ith others.

! No greater satis&ation than reating something ne(, (hih

(or's.! Innovation in engineering is &%n=


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Than' :o%.

engineers- designers and innovators.ppt

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