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PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Engineering Geology
Part one
2nd semester 20182019
Eng Amany Assouli
1
1
INTRODUCTION
What is the engineering geology
engineering geology is application of geological data technique and principle to the study of minerals rocks soil surface materials and ground water And this is essential for the proper location planning design and construction of engineering structure Engineering geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials durability and other properties
CONThellip
What is the engineering geology study
Minerals
Rocks
Soli surface
Ground water
3
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
4
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
MINERALS BUILDING BLOCKS
OF ROCKS
Geologically a mineral can be defined as a
naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an
orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
5
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
INTRODUCTION
What is the engineering geology
engineering geology is application of geological data technique and principle to the study of minerals rocks soil surface materials and ground water And this is essential for the proper location planning design and construction of engineering structure Engineering geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials durability and other properties
CONThellip
What is the engineering geology study
Minerals
Rocks
Soli surface
Ground water
3
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
4
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
MINERALS BUILDING BLOCKS
OF ROCKS
Geologically a mineral can be defined as a
naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an
orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
5
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
CONThellip
What is the engineering geology study
Minerals
Rocks
Soli surface
Ground water
3
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
4
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
MINERALS BUILDING BLOCKS
OF ROCKS
Geologically a mineral can be defined as a
naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an
orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
5
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
4
Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks
MINERALS BUILDING BLOCKS
OF ROCKS
Geologically a mineral can be defined as a
naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an
orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
5
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERALS BUILDING BLOCKS
OF ROCKS
Geologically a mineral can be defined as a
naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an
orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
5
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MOST COMMON MINERALS
1 Quartz (sio2)
2 feldspar group
3 mica group
4 pyroxene group
5 amphibole
6 clay group
7 calcite ( caco3)
8 dolomite (mgco3)
9 limonite (fe2o3 )
10 pyrite ( fes2)
6
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
7
01_03
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
8
By definition a mineral ishas
1 Naturally occurring
2 Solid (at temperatures normally
of the Earthrsquos surface)hellipICE is a
mineral
3 Ordered crystalline structure
(repetitive and ordered crystal
structure eg cubic)
4 Definite chemical composition
(SiO2 Quartz CaCO3 Calcite)
5 Generally inorganic (sugar is not
a mineral
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
NOT MINERALS
A synthetic diamond is not true mineral
Organics-C bonded to H (mostly from plants and
animals)
Calcite (CaCO3) can originate from organisms
9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Crystal form ( Habit)
External expression of a mineralrsquos
internal structure
Crystals grow if time and space
are enough
Often crystal growth is
interrupted due to competition
for space and rapid loss of heat
10
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
11
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
12
Quartz
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
A GARNET CRYSTAL
13
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
CUBIC CRYSTALS
OF PYRITE
14
Figure 17 A
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
Crystal form is not clear
15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Luster
Appearance of a mineral in reflected lighthellipregardless of their color
Two basic categories Metallic-appearance of a metal
Nonmetallic
includes descriptive terms include glassy silky pearly earthy
submetallic-appear slightly metallic 16
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
GALENA (PBS) DISPLAYS
METALLIC LUSTER
17 Figure 113
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Color
Minerals tend to occur in a range of colours and
colour patterns which help to identify them
Most minerals are coloured by a limited number of metals present as impurities
The most common elements affecting colour are
chromium iron manganese titanium and copper
It is chromium which produces the intense red of ruby and the brilliant green of emerald
19
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
QUARTZ (SIO2) EXHIBITS
A VARIETY OF COLORS
20
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STREAK
WHEN MINERALS ARE SCRATCHED THE
POWDER THAT IS MADE BY THE SCRATCH IS
CALLED THE STREAK
SOMETIMES THE COLOUR OF THE STREAK CAN
BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
EG HAEMETITE A BLACK MINERAL HAS A RED
STREAK NO OTHER BLACK MINERAL HAS A
RED STREAK
21
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
dark streak-metallic
light streak- nonmetallic
Streak obtained by rubbing a mineral sample against an Unglazed Porcelain Plate
22
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
STREAK IS OBTAINED ON AN
UNGLAZED PORCELAIN PLATE
23
Figure 18
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Hardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
Is determined by comparing minerals to a standard
scale called the Mohs scale of hardness
However other handy object can be used to determine
Hardness glass finger nail streak plate etc
24
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
25
Mohs Scale of
Hardness
Figure 19
Not linear scale but of relative ranking
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Cleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
Perfect cleavage or imperfect cleavage
Produces flat shiny surfaces
Described by resulting geometric shapes
1 Number of planes (1 2 or 3 sets of cleavage)
2 Angles between adjacent planes
27
Calcite has 3 set while quartz has no cleavage
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
28
01_17C
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
FLUORITE HALITE AND CALCITE
ALL EXHIBIT PERFECT CLEAVAGE
29
Figure 111
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
It was Archimedes who first worked out the
principal of specific gravity or relative density
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight of a substance compared to that of an
equal volume of water
For example a piece of galena (lead ore) with a
specific gravity of 74 will feel much heavier than
a piece of quartz of a similar size but with specific
gravity of 265 reflecting the way the atoms are
packed together
30
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS Fracture
Absence of cleavage when a
mineral is broken
Specific Gravity
Weight of a mineralweight of an
equal volume of water
Average value = 25 ndash 30
31
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
32
Figure 112
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Other properties
Magnetism
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Malleability
Double refraction
Taste
Smell
Elasticity 33
Magnetite
Calcite
Gold
Calcite
Halite
Sulfur
Mica
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS
Nearly 4000 minerals have been named
Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earthrsquos
crust
Only a few dozen members are common
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98 of
the continental crust
34
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES
IN CONTINENTAL CRUST
Al-Q
udah 2
006
35 Figure 114
Almost 75 of crustal composition
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS
Silicates-(dark and light) Most important mineral group
1 Comprise most rock-forming minerals
2 Very abundant due to large of silicon and oxygen in
Earthrsquos crust
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Fundamental building block
Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon
ion
36
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
37
SindashO Tetrahedron
Figure 115
Fe Mg K Na and Ca bond the silicate structure to produce an electrically neutral compound
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS
38
Figure 1_16
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
39
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
Al-Q
udah 2
006
40
01_16
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
COMMON SILICATE MINERALS ARE
41
Feldspar group Most common mineral group (50
of Earthrsquos crust)
Quartz
The only common silicate composed
entirely of oxygen and silicon
(SiO2)
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
42
Figure 117
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
43
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
ORIGIN OF SILICATE MINERALS
1 Crystallization from molten rocks (Magma) while
cooling
2 Weathering of other Silicate minerals at Earthrsquos
surface (eg Clay Minerals)
Which mineral to form is controlled by
Environmental conditions during
crystallization (TampP close to Earthrsquos surface
or deep)
Chemical composition of Magma
44
Example
Olivine forms deeper than Quartz
1200ordmC 700ordmC
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS
Forms only 8 of Earthrsquos crust
Often occur as constituents in sedimentary rockshellipdue to their origin
Economically important
including
(Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates amp Native Elements)
45
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
Al-Q
udah 2
006
46
Table 11
Origin At earthrsquos surface
Mag Forms from magma at high TampP
Thermal Solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Next to magmatic activity
Diamond from magma at high TampP
Graphite low T metamorphism
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
Earthrsquos surface aqueous solutions
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS
Important nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Primary constituents of limestone and
marble
Limestone is used commercially for road
paving building stone and as the main
ingredient in Portland cement
47
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
Halite and gypsum
Both are commonly found in thick
layers
Like limestone both halite and
gypsum are important nonmetallic
resources
48
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL GROUPS Important nonsilicate minerals
A number of other minerals have economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore)
Galena (lead)
Native Elements
Gold Silver copper and Carbon (Diamond amp
Graphite)
49
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
NATIVE COPPER
50
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
MINERAL RESOURCES
Are the storehouse of useful minerals that can be
recovered
It includes
Reserves (known deposits that can be profitably
extracted at the current time)
Known deposits that are not yet recoverable due to
economic conditions or technology
Inferred deposits but not yet discovered
51
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
Ore profitable metallic mineral but may include
non-metallic minerals like fluorite and sulfer
Industrial rock minerals are not ores like these
used as building stones ceramics and fertilizers
52
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
ECONOMIC VALUE
Element must be concentrated above the level of its average
crustal abundance
Example Al needs 4 times the concentration of its average crustal
abundance (4x81)
Economic changes
53
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws
54
Talc Baby powder soapstone gymnastics to grasp bars
Gypsum Wall board Plaster of paris
Bauxite Aluminum foil Airplane parts aluminum
Copper Tubing electrical wires sculptures
Sulfur Fungicides kills bacteria vulcanizes rubber in coal and fuels
Muscovite (Mica) White gray material in electrical insulators
Halite Salt
Calcite Hard water depositpart of limestone rock of ancient sea
bedsforming along shores of the Great Salt Lake
Limonite Taconite Source of Iron around Cedar City
Feldspar Ceramics and porcelain colors in granites (not black)
Quartz (massive type) Quartz crystal
Glass manufacturingRadioscomputers electronic equipment
Diamond Cutting tools blades saws