ENGINEERING DESIGN GRAPHICS A u t o C A D ® R e l e a s e 1 4 • I M i n t h E d i t i o n

James H. Earle

^ ADDISON-WESLEY

An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York • Harlow, England Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam

Contents

Chapl 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13

1.14 1.15 1.16

:er 1 Engineering and Technology Introduction Engineering Graphics Technological Milestones The Technological and Design Team Engineering Fields Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Industrial Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mining and Metallurgical Engineering Nuclear Engineering Petroleum Engineering Graphics / Drafting Problems

2 2 2 3 4 6 6 7 7 8 9

10 11

12 12 13 13 14

2.3 2.4 2.5

Chapt 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Chapt 4.1

The Design Process Problem Identification Application of the Design Process Problems

er 3 Problem Identification Introduction Example: Ladder Attachment The Identification Process Design Worksheets Example: Exercise Bench Organization of Effort Planning Design Activities Problems

er 4 Preliminary Ideas Introduction

18 19 21 26

28 28 28 29 30 30 32 33 34

36 36

4.2 Individual Versus Team Methods 37 4.3 Plan of Action 38

Chapter 2 The Design Process 16 4.4 Brainstorming 38 2.1 Introduction 16 4.5 Sketching and Notes 39 2.2 Typesof Design Problems 17 4.6 Quickie Design 41

ix

•'

4.7 Background Information 4.8 Opinion Surveys 4.9 Preliminary Ideas: Exercise Bench

Problems

Chapter 5 Refinement 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Physical Properties 5.3 Application of Descriptive

Geometry 5.4 Refinement Considerations 5.5 Refinement: Exercise Bench 5.6 Standard Parts

Problems

Chapter 6 Design Analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Graphics and Analysis 6.3 Types of Analysis 6.4 Analysis: Exercise Bench

Problems

Chapter 7 Decision 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types ofDecisions 7.3 Decision: Exercise Bench 7.4 Types of Presentations 7.5 Organizing a Presentation 7.6 Visual Aids 7.7 Making a Presentation 7.8 Written Reports

Problems

Chapter 8 Implementation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Working Drawings 8.3 Specifications 8.4 Assembly Drawings 8.5 Miscellaneous Considerations

42 43 44 46

/ I O

48 48 48

49 51 51 53 53

56 56 56 56 65 68

72 72 72 73 74 74 75 78 79 82

84 84 84 85 86 86

8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10

Chapt« 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9

Chapt 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6

Chapt 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

Chapl 12.1 12.2 12.3

Implementat ion: Exercise Bencl Patents Patent Drawings Patent Searches Questions and Answers Problems

*r9 Design Problems Introduction The Individual Approach The Team Approach Selection of a Problem Problem Specifications Scheduling Team Activities Short Design Problems Systems Design Problems Product Design Problems

er 10 Drawing Instruments Introduction Drawing Media Drawing Equipment Lines Measurement Presentation of Drawings Problems

er 11 Lettering Introduction Lettering Tools Guidelines Gothic Lettering Computer Lettering Problems

:er 12 Geometrie Construction Introduction Angles Polygons

i 87 90 91 93 93 97

98 98 98 98 99 99 99

100 104 106

112 112 112 114 117 119 124 125

128 128 128 129 130 133 135

136 136 136 136

x • Contents

12.4 Circles 12.5 Geometrie Solids 12.6 Constructing Polygons 12.7 Bisecting Lines and Angles 12.8 Division of Lines 12.9 An Are Through Three Points 12.10 Parallel Lines 12.11 Tangents 12.12 Conic Sections 12.13 Spirals 12.14 Helixes

Problems

Chapter 13 Freehand Sketching 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Shape Description 13.3 Sketching Techniques 13.4 Six-View Sketching 13.5 Three-View Sketching 13.6 Circular Features 13.7 Oblique Pictorial Sketching 13.8 Isometric Pictorial Sketching

Problems

Chapter 14 Orthographie Drawingwith Instruments

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Orthographie Projection 14.3 Alphabet of Lines 14.4 Six-View Drawings 14.5 Three-View Drawings 14.6 Arrangement ofViews 14.7 Selection of Views 14.8 Line Techniques 14.9 Point Numb ering 14.10 Lines and Planes 14.11 Drawingwith Triangles 14.12 Views by Subtraction 14.13 Three-View Drawing Layout 14.14 Views by Computer 14.15 Two-View Drawings

137 137 139 140 141 142 143 143 149 152 152 153

160 160 160 162 163 163 166 168 169 173

178 178 178 180 181 182 183 183 184 185 185 185 186 187 189 191

14.16 One-View Drawings 14.17 Simplified and Removed Views 14.18 PartialViews 14.19 Curve Plotting 14.20 Conventional Practices 14.21 Conventional Intersections 14.22 Fillets and Rounds 14.23 First-Angle Projection

Problems

Chapter 15 Primary Auxiliary Views 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Folding-Line Principles 15.3 Auxiliariesfromthe Top View 15.4 Auxiliaries from the Top:

Application 15.5 The Rules of Auxiliary View

Construction 15.6 Auxiliaries from the Front View 15.7 Auxiliaries from the Profile View 15.8 Curved Shap es 15.9 PartialViews 15.10 Auxiliary Sections 15.11 Secondary Auxiliary Views 15.12 Elliptical Features

Problems

Chapter 16 Sections 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Basics of Sectioning 16.3 Sectioning Symbols 16.4 Sectioning Assembliesof Parts 16.5 Füll Sections 16.6 PartialViews 16.7 Half-Sections 16.8 Offset Sections 16.9 Broken-Out Sections 16.10 Revolved Sections 16.11 Removed Sections 16.12 Conventional Revolutions 16.13 Conventional Breaks

191 191 192 192 193 194 195 199 200

208 208 209 209

211

212 213 216 218 219 219 220 221 221

226 226 226 228 229 229 232 233 234 234 234 235 237 239

Contents • xi

• '

16.14 Phantom (Ghost) Sections 240 16.15 Auxiliary Sections 240

Problems 241

Chapti 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21

;r 17 Screws, Fasteners, and Springs Introduction Thread Terminology English System Specifications English Thread Notes Metrie Thread Notes Drawing Threads Detailed Symbols Schematic Symbols Simplified Symbols Nuts and Bolts Drawing Square Heads Drawing Hexagon Heads Typesof Screws Other Threaded Fasteners Tapping a Hole Washers, Lock Washers, and Pins Pipe Threads and Fittings Keys Rivets Springs Drawing Springs Problems

246 246 246 248 249 251 253 254 256 258 258 261 261 263 265 266 267 268 269 269 270 271 273

Chapter18 GearsandCams 276 18.1 Introduction 276 18.2 SpurGears 276 18.3 GearRatios 278 18.4 Drawing Spur Gears 279 18.5 Bevel Gears 280 18.6 Drawing Bevel Gears 282 18.7 Worm Gears 282 18.8 Drawing Worm Gears 284 18.9 Cams 284 18.10 Designing Plate Cams 286

Problems 288

Chapt 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7

er 19 Materials and Processes Introduction Commonly Used Metals Properties of Metals Forming Metal Shapes Machining Operations Surface Finishing Plastics and Other Materials Review Questions

290 290 291 294 294 299 304 305 307

Chapt« 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20

;r20 Dimensioning Introduction Terminology Units of Measurement English /Metrie Conversions Dual Dimensioning Metrie Units Numerais and Symbols Dimensioning by Computer Dimensioning Rules Curved and Symmetrical Parts Finished Surfaces Location Dimensions Outline Dimensioning Machined Holes Chamfers Keyseats Knurling Necks and Undercuts Tapers Miscellaneous Notes Problems

308 308 308 309 310 310 310 311 313 314 323 324 324 327 328 330 330 330 331 332 332 332

Chapter21 Tolerances 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Tolerance Dimensions 21.3 Mating Parts 21.4 Tolerancing Terms: English Units 21.5 Basic Hole System 21.6 Basic Shaft System

336 336 336 338 339 340 340

xii • Contents

21.7 Cylindrical Fits 340 21.8 Tolerancing: Metrie Units 341 21.9 Chain Versus Datum Dimensions 345 21.10 Tolerance Notes 346 21.11 General Tolerances: Metrie Units 347 21.12 Geometrie Tolerances 21.13 Rules ofTolerancing 21.14 Cylindrical Datum Features 21.15 Datum Targets 21.16 Location Tolerancing 21.17 Form Tolerancing 21.18 Profile Tolerancing 21.19 Orientation Tolerancing 21.20 Runout Tolerancing 21.21 Surface Texture

Problems

23.10 Working Drawings for Forged Parts and Castings 394 Problems 396

Chapl 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8

ter22 Welding Introduction Welding Processes Weld Joints and Welds Welding Symbols Application of Symbols Surface Contouring Brazing Soldering Problems

Chapter23 Working Drawings 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Working Drawings as Legal

Documents 23.3 Dimensions and Units 23.4 Laying Out a Detail Drawing 23.5 Notes and Other Information 23.6 Checking a Drawing 23.7 Drafter's Log 23.8 Assembly Drawings 23.9 Freehand Working Drawings

348 350 351 354 354 357 358 358 3fif) J U U

361 363

370 370 370 372 373 374 377 378 378 379

380 380

380 381 387 389 391 392 392 394

Chapl 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5

Chapt 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 25.11

Chapt 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7

Chapt«

27.1 27.2

:er 24 Reproduction of Drawings Introduction Computer Drawing Types Types of Reproduction Assembling Drawing Sets Transmittal of Drawings

er 25 Three-Dimensional Pictorials Introduction Oblique Drawings Oblique Projection Theory Isometric Pictorials Isometric Drawings Technical Illustration Isometrics by Computer Axonometrie Projection Perspective Pictorials Three-Dimensional Modeling The Human Figure Problems

er 26 Points, Lines, and Planes Introduction Projection of Points Lines Visibility Planes Parallelism Perpendicularity Problems

;r 27 Primary Auxiliary Views in Descriptive Geometry

Introduction Geometry by Computer

432 432 432 432 435 436

438 438 439 444 445 446 453 455 456 457 460 461 462

464 464 465 465 467 468 470 472 473

476 476 476

,.

Contents • xiii

1

27.3 True-Length Lines 27.4 Angles Between Lines and

Principal Planes 27.5 Sloping Lines 27.6 Bearings and Azimuths of Lines 27.7 Application: Plot Plans 27.8 Contour Maps and Profiles 27.9 Plan-Profiles 27.10 Edge Views of Planes 27.11 Planes and Lines 27.12 Sloping Planes 27.13 Ore-Vein Applications 27.14 Intersections Between Planes

Problems Review Questions

Chapter 28 Successive Auxiliary Views 28.1 Introduction 28.2 PointViewofaLine 28.3 Dihedral Angles 28.4 TrueSizeofa Plane 28.5 Shortest Distance from a Point

to a Line: Line Method 28.6 Shortest Distance Between

Skewed Lines: Line Method 28.7 Shortest Distance Between

Skewed Lines: Plane Method 28.8 Shortest Level Distance Between

Skewed Lines 28.9 Shortest Grade Distance Between

Skewed Lines 28.10 Angular Distance to a Line 28.11 Angle Between a Line and a Plane:

Plane Method 28.12 Angle Between a Line and a Plane:

Line Method Problems

Chapter 29 Revolution 29.1 Introduction 29.2 True-Length Lines: Front View

478

480 480 481 483 484 485 486 488 490 492 495 496 501

504 504 504 505 506

508

509

509

510

510 511

29.3 29.4

29.5 29.6 29.7

Chap 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4

30.5 30.6 30.7

30.8

Chap

31.1 31.2

31.3 31.4

31.5

31.6 31.7

31.8

512

TrueSizeofa Plane 520 Angle Between Planes 522 Determining Direction 523 Revolution: Point About an Axis 524 A Line at Specified Angles 526 Problems 527

Chapter 30 Vector Graphics 530 Introduction 530 Definitions 530 Coplanar, Concurrent Forces 531 Noncoplanar, Concurrent Forces 532 Forces in Equilibrium 533 Coplanar Truss Analysis 534 Noncoplanar Vector Analysis 537 Resultant of Parallel, Nonconcurrent Forces 539 Problems 540

31.9

514

518 518 518

31.11

31.12 31.13 31.14

Introduction Intersections of Lines and Planes Intersections Between Prisms Intersections Between Planes and Cylinders Intersections Between Cylinders and Prisms Intersections Between Cylinders Intersections Between Planes and Cones Intersections Between Cones and Prisms Intersections Between Prisms and Pyramids

31.10 Principles of Developments Development of Rectangular Prisms Development of Oblique Prisms Development of Cylinders Development of Oblique Cylinders

xiv • Contents

31.15 Development ofPyramids 561 31.16 Development ofCones 562 31.17 Development of Transition Pieces 563

Problems 563

Chapt 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5

32.6 32.7

er 32 Graphs Introduction Pie Graphs Bar Graphs Linear Coordinate Graphs Semilogarithmic-Coordinate Graphs Schematics Graphs by Computer Problems

568 568 569 570 571

576 578 579 580

Chapt 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6

er 33 Nomography Introduction Alignment Graph Scales Concurrent Scales Alignment Graphs: Three Variables Parallel Scale Graphs: Linear Scales N or Z Nomographs Problems

584 584 585 586 588 588 590 592

Chapter 34 Empirical Equations and

34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7

Calculus Introduction Linear Equation: Y = MX + B Power Equation: Y = BXM Exponential Equation: Y = BMX

Graphical Calculus Graphical Differentiation Graphical Integration Problems

594 594 595 595 596 597 598 602 602

Chapter 35 Pipe Drafting 606 35.1 Introduction 606 35.2 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 606

35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16

Cast-Iron Pipe Copper, Brass, and Bronze Piping Miscellaneous Piping Materials Pipe Joints Pipe Fittings Screwed Fittings Flanged Fittings Welded Fittings Valves Fittings in Orthographie Views Piping Systems in Pictorial Dimensioned Isometrics Vessel Detailing Computer Drawings Problems

607 608 608 608 609 611 612 613 613 614 615 616 618 619 620

Chaptt 36.1 36.2 36.3

36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 36.10 36.11 36.12

sr36 Electric/Electronics Graphics Introduction Typ es of Diagrams Schematic Diagram Connecting Symbols Graphic Symbols Terminals Separation of Parts Reference Designations Numerical Units of Function Functional Identification of Parts Printed Circuits Shortcut Symbols Installation Drawings Problems

624 624 624

626 628 630 633 634 635 636 637 638 638 639

Chapt 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8

er 37 AutoCAD Computer Graphics Introduction Computer Graphics Overview Computer Hardware Your First AutoCAD Session Introduction to Windows Format of Presentation Using Dialogue Boxes DrawingAids

644 644 644 645 647 651 651 652 654

Contents • xv

• • :

37.9 General Assistance Commands 37.10 Drawing Layers 37.11 Toolbars 37.12 Creating a New Drawing 37.13 Drawing Scale 37.14 Saving and Exiting 37.15 Plotting Parameters 37.16 Readying the Plotter 37.17 Two-Dimensional Lines

(Draw Toolbar) 37.18 Circles (DrawToolbar) 37.19 Ares (DrawToolbar) 37.20 Polygon (DrawToolbar) 37.21 Ellipse (DrawToolbar) 37.22 Fillet (ModifyToolbar) 37.23 Chamfer (ModifyToolbar) 37.24 Trim (Modify Toolbar) 37.25 Extend (Modify Toolbar) 37.26 Trace (Command Line) 37.27 Zoom and Pan (Standard Toolbar) 37.28 SelectingObjects 37.29 Erase and Break (Modify Toolbar) 37.30 Move and Copy (Modify Toolbar) 37.31 Undo (Standard Toolbar) 37.32 Change (Modify Toolbar) 37.33 Grips (Tools Menü) 37.34 Polyline (Draw Toolbar) 37.35 Pedit (DrawToolbar) 37.36 Spline (DrawToolbar) 37.37 Hatching (DrawToolbar) 37.38 Text and Numerais 37.39 Text Style (Format Menü) 37.40 Multiline (Mtext): Draw Toolbar 37.41 Mirror (Modify Toolbar) 37.42 Osnap (Object Snap Toolbar) 37.43 Array (ModifyToolbar) 37.44 Donut (Draw Menü) 37.45 Scale (Modify Toolbar) 37.46 Stretch (Modify Toolbar) 37.47 Rotate (Modify Toolbar) 37.48 Setvar (Command Line) 37.49 Divide (Draw Menü) 37.50 Measure (Draw Menü)

655 656 658 659 662 663 663 667

667 668 669 670 670 671 671 672 672 673 673 674 675 676 677 677 678 680 681 683 684 685 686 686 687 688 689 689 689 690 690 690 691 691

37.51 37.52 37.53

37.54

37.55 37.56

37.57

37.58 37.59

37.60 37.61 37.62

37.63

37.64

37.65 37.66

37.67

37.68 37.69 37.70 37.71 37.72

Chapt 38.1 38.2

38.3 38.4

38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9

38.10 38.11 38.12

Offset (Modify Toolbar) 691 Blocks (Draw Toolbar) 692 Transparent Commands (Command Line) 693 View (Command Line) 693 Inquiry Commands (Tools) 694 Dimensioning 695 Dimension Style (Dimstyle) Variables 696 Linear (Dimension Toolbar) 697 Angular (Dimension Toolbar) 698 Diameter (Dimension Toolbar) 698 Radius (Dimension Toolbar) 699 Dimension Style (Dimension Toolbar) 700 Saving Dimension Styles 704 Dimension Style Override (Dimension Toolbar) 704 Editing Dimensions 704 Toleranced Dimensions 706 Geometrie Tolerances (Dimension Toolbar) 706 ACustom Title Block 707 Digitizing with the Tablet 708 Sketch (Miscellaneous Toolbar) 708 Oblique Pictorials 709 Isometric Pictorials 709 Problems 710

sr38 Three-Dimensional Modeling 712 Introduction 712 Paper Space and Model Space: AnOverview 712 Paper SpaceVersus Model Space 714 Fundamentals of3D Drawing 714 Elementary Extrusions 714 Coordinate Systems 716 Setting Viewpoints (VPoints) 718 Application of Extrusions 719 Dynamic View (Dview) 719 Basic 3D Shapes (Surfaces) 721 Surface Modeling 723 Line, Pline, and 3Dpoly 725

xvi • Contents

38.13 The 3Dface Command 38.14 XYZ Filters 38.15 Solid Modeling: Introduction 38.16 Extrusion Example: Tilemode=0 38.17 Solid Primitives 38.18 ModifyingSolids 38.19 Section 38.20 Slice 38.21 A Solid Model Example 38.22 Views of a Solid 38.23 Mass Properties (Massprop) 38.24 Paper Space and Model Space:

Tilemode=0

725 726 727 728 729 732 733 734 734 735 737

38.25 Dimensioning in 3D 38.26 Render 38.27 Lights 38.28 WorkingwithScenes 38.29 Materials

Problems

Appendix

740 741 742 746 747 747

A-1

738 Index 1-1

,. -

Contents • xvii