engineering bulletin 13-039...new york state eb department of transportation engineering bulletin...

New York State

Department of

Transportation

ENGINEERING

BULLETIN

EB 13-039

Expires one year after issue unless replaced sooner

Title: HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL REVISION NO. 75 – CHAPTER 9- SOILS, WALLS, AND FOUNDATIONS

Target Audience: Manufacturers (18) Local Govt. (31) Agencies (32)

Surveyors (33) Consultants (34) Contractors (39) ____________( )

Approved:

/s/Stephen A Zargham______________ Stephen A. Zargham, P.E. Director, Design Quality Assurance Bureau

9/15/13_ Date

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

This Engineering Bulletin (EB) is effective for projects submitted for the letting of January 9, 2014.

This issuance does not supersede any other issuance.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this EB is to announce the availability of Revision 75 to the

Highway Design Manual (HDM).

TECHNICAL INFORMATION:

The guidance in Chapter 9 has been revised to correspond with updates to Standard Specification sections 206 and 552. The item for Excavation Protection System (EPS) no

longer exists and has been replaced by the Shields and Shoring item.

A revised Standard Specification Section 206 Trench, Culvert and Structure Excavation is being issued concurrently via EI 13-019.

A revised Standard Specification Section 552 Externally Stabilized Cut Structures is

being issued concurrently via EI 13-020.

An update to the Standard Sheets is being issued concurrently via EB 13-038. TRANSMITTED MATERIALS:

The revision has been incorporated into the on line version of HDM Chapter 9 at: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/chapter9

The pages modified by this revision can be found in the HDM Revisions Log at: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/hdm-revised-logs

BACKGROUND: Chapter 9 of the Highway Design Manual was last revised by Revision No. 60

issued by EB 10-042, dated October 29, 2010.

CONTACT: Direct questions regarding HDM Chapter 9 to Don Dwyer, P.E., of the

Geotechnical Engineering Bureau at (518) 457-4724, [email protected].

HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9 - SOILS, WALLS, AND FOUNDATIONS

Revision 75

September 15, 2013

CHAPTER 9 SOILS, WALLS, AND FOUNDATIONS

9/15/13

Contents Page 9.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................9-1 9.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................9-2

9.2.1 Geotechnical Reports ...............................................................................................9-2 9.2.2 Subsurface Explorations ..........................................................................................9-7

9.3 SOIL AND FOUNDATION CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................. 9-18

9.3.1 Alignment ............................................................................................................... 9-19 9.3.2 Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) .................................................. 9-20 9.3.3 Widening ................................................................................................................ 9-21 9.3.4 Settlement .............................................................................................................. 9-22 9.3.5 Stability .................................................................................................................. 9-26 9.3.6 Embankment Foundation ....................................................................................... 9-29 9.3.7 Geotechnical Design Guidance for Stormwater Management and

Erosion and Sediment Control ................................................................................ 9-32 9.3.8 Underdrains and Edge Drains ................................................................................ 9-45 9.3.9 Cut Slopes ............................................................................................................. 9-51 9.3.10 Frost Heaves and Boulder Heaves ....................................................................... 9-59 9.3.11 Rock Excavation .................................................................................................. 9-60 9.3.12 Excavation, Excavation Protection and Support ................................................... 9-62 9.3.13 Design of Spoil Sites ............................................................................................ 9-63 9.3.14 Optional Borrow Areas ......................................................................................... 9-65 9.3.15 Geotextiles ........................................................................................................... 9-68 9.3.16 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) ............................................................ 9-73 9.3.17 Lightweight Concrete Fill .................................................................................... 9-74a

9.4 RETAINING WALLS AND REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES AND WALLS ........................ 9-75

9.4.1 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 9-75 9.4.2 Wall Types ............................................................................................................. 9-77 9.4.2.1 Externally Stabilized Cut Structures..................................................................... 9-77 9.4.2.2 Externally Stabilized Fill Structures ..................................................................... 9-81 9.4.2.3 Internally Stabilized Fill Structures ....................................................................... 9-85 9.4.2.4 Internally Stabilized Cut Structures ...................................................................... 9-93 9.4.2.5 Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................... 9-94 9.4.3 Proprietary Retaining Wall Systems ....................................................................... 9-95 9.4.4 Wall Selection Process ........................................................................................... 9-95 9.4.5 Wall Design & Detailing .......................................................................................... 9-95 9.4.6 Aesthetic Treatments ........................................................................................... 9-112 9.4.7 Sole Source ......................................................................................................... 9-114


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Contents Page

9.5 DEEP FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................................. 9-115

9.5.1 Drilled Shafts ........................................................................................................ 9-115 9.5.2 Driven Piles .......................................................................................................... 9-118 9.5.3 Micropiles ............................................................................................................. 9-120

9. 6 BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY AND VIBRATION MONITORING (NONBLASTING)........... 9-123

9.6.1 General ............................................................................................................ 9-123 9.6.2 Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 9-124 9.6.2.1 Adjacent Sensitive Structures .......................................................................... 9-125 9.6.2.2 Consultation ..................................................................................................... 9-127 9.6.2.3 Action .............................................................................................................. 9-128

9. 7 TRENCHLESS INSTALLATION OF CASING .............................................................. 9-129

9.7.1 General ............................................................................................................ 9-129 9.7.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................ 9-129 9.7.3 Casing, Length, Type, and Size ....................................................................... 9-132 9.7.4 Design Development........................................................................................ 9-133 9.7.5 Submittal Process ............................................................................................ 9-137 9.7.6 Designer Guidance .......................................................................................... 9-138

9. 8 CONTRACT INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 9-140

9.8.1 Earthwork Summary Sheet .............................................................................. 9-140 9.8.2 Specifications .................................................................................................. 9-141 9.8.3 Proposal .......................................................................................................... 9-142 9.8.4 Plans .............................................................................................................. 9-143

9.9 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 9-146 APPENDIX 9A - PROPRIETARY WALL SYSTEM EVALUATION PROCESS ..................... 9A-1

9A.1 Procedure Overview .............................................................................................. 9A-1 9A.2 Definitions and Roles ............................................................................................. 9A-1 9A.3 Procedural Guidelines ............................................................................................ 9A-3 9A.4 Steps in the PreApproval Process ......................................................................... 9A-4 9A.5 Related Official Issuances...................................................................................... 9A-6

Attachment 1 Instructions for Preparation of the Application Package ................................... 9A-7 APPENDIX 9B - PROJECT CHECKLIST FOR DETERMINING IF SUBSURFACE

EXPLORATIONS ARE REQUIRED ........................................................ 9B-1 APPENDIX 9C - SUBJECT INDEX ....................................................................................... 9C-1


9/15/13

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page

9.2-1 a Drilling in Roadway .....................................................................................9-7 b Drilling in a Parking Lot ...............................................................................9-7 c Drilling on Steep Terrain ..............................................................................9-8 d Drilling on Ice ..............................................................................................9-8 e Drilling with All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Drill Rig ............................................9-8 f Drilling on Soft Soils ....................................................................................9-8 g Drilling off a Barge .......................................................................................9-8 9.2-2 a Split Spoon Sampler ................................................................................. 9-10 b Split Spoon Sampler Opened (Split) .......................................................... 9-10 9.2-3 a Drilling with Augers ................................................................................... 9-10 b Hollow-Flight Auger with Split Spoon Sampler .......................................... 9-10 9.2-4 a Undisturbed Sampling (Setting Sampler) .................................................. 9-11 b Undisturbed Sampling (Breaking Down Sampler) ...................................... 9-11 c Undisturbed Sampling (Sealing Sample with Wax) .................................... 9-11 d Undisturbed Sampling (Capping Sample and Securing for Delivery to lab)9-11 e Extracting Undisturbed Soil Sample .......................................................... 9-12 f Undisturbed Soil Sample Testing; Triaxial Test ......................................... 9-12 g Undisturbed Soil Sample Testing: Consolidation Test ............................... 9-12 9.2-5 a Probe Hole (Progressed via Poyne Jar) .................................................... 9-13 b Probe Hole (Jack to Extract Rods) ............................................................ 9-13 9.2-6 a Extracting Rock Core Sample ................................................................... 9-14 b Labeled and Boxed Rock Core .................................................................. 9-14 c Point Load Test Set-Up ............................................................................. 9-14 d Point Load Test (Testing a Rock Core) ..................................................... 9-14 e Unconfined Compression Test .................................................................. 9-14 f Unconfined Compression Test (Instrumented Rock Core) ......................... 9-14 9.2-7 Typical Pore Water Pressure Monitoring Installation ................................. 9-15 9.2-8 Seismic Refraction .................................................................................... 9-15 9.2-9 a Collapsed Mechanical Cone Penetrometer Tip (Dutch Mantle Cone) (metric values) .......................................................................................... 9-16 b Extended Mechanical Cone Penetrometer Tip (Dutch Mantle Cone) (metric values) .......................................................................................... 9-16 c Collapsed Mechanical Friction-Cone Penetrometer Tip (Begemann Friction-Cone)(metric values) ................................................. 9-16 d Extended Mechanical Friction-Cone Penetrometer Tip (Begemann Friction-Cone)(metric values) ................................................. 9-16 9.2-10 Retractable-Plug Sampling Equipment (Hammer, Drive Head, Tube, And Brass Sampling Tubes) ...................................................................... 9-17 9.2-11 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) ......................................................... 9-17 9.3-1 Embankment Widening Utilizing Benching ............................................... 9-21 9.3-2 a Lightweight Fill- Expanded Polystyrene Blocks (EPS) ............................... 9-22 b Lightweight Fill- Expanded Polystyrene Blocks (EPS) ............................... 9-22 c Lightweight Foamed Concrete ................................................................... 9-22 d Lightweight Foamed Concrete ................................................................... 9-22 e Lightweight Fill- Tire Shreds ...................................................................... 9-23 f Lightweight Fill- Tire Shreds ...................................................................... 9-23 g Lightweight Fill- Pumice ............................................................................ 9-23


9/15/13

Figure Title Page h Lightweight Fill- Pumice ............................................................................ 9-23 i Lightweight Fill- Expanded Shale .............................................................. 9-23 j Lightweight Fill- Expanded Shale .............................................................. 9-23 9.3-3 a Surcharge of Approach Embankment (Additional Fill) .............................. 9-24 b Surcharge of Approach Embankment (Instrumentation of Fill) ................... 9-24 9.3-4 a Wick Drain Installation (Layout of Drains) ................................................. 9-24 b Wick Drain Installation (Instrumentation of Some Drains) .......................... 9-24 9.3-5 Example of Data Collection from Settlement- Monitoring Devices ............. 9-25 9.3-6 Deep-Seated Slope Failure ....................................................................... 9-26 9.3-7 Stability Failure of an Embankment ........................................................... 9-26 9.3-8 Embankment with Stabilizing Berm ........................................................... 9-27 9.3-9 Constructed Stabilization Berm ................................................................. 9-27 9.3-10 Example of Earthwork Staging and Erosion Control Plan .......................... 9-34 9.3-11 Example Sequence of Stabilized Earthwork Construction Operations ....... 9-35 9.3-12 Pipe Underdrain Bedding and Backfill Details for Trench Installations ...... 9-46 9.3-13 Edge-of-Pavement Drain: Curbed Section................................................. 9-47 9.3-14 a PGED with Stone Backfill Detail: Adjacent to Full Depth Asphalt Pavement ................................................. 9-48 b PGED with Stone Backfill Detail: Adjacent to Concrete Pavement ............ 9-48 c PGED with Existing Suitable Material Detail: Adjacent to Full Depth Asphalt Pavement ................................................. 9-49 d PGED with Existing Suitable Material Detail: Adjacent to Concrete Pavement ................................................................ 9-49 e PGED: Sample of Product ......................................................................... 9-49 f PGED: Drain Unrolled ............................................................................... 9-49 g PGED: Drain Installed Through Guides ..................................................... 9-50 h PGED: Drain Installed (Outer Side of Trench) ........................................... 9-50 i PGED: Granular Backfill Material (Pavement/ Inner Side of Trench) ......... 9-50 j PGED: Capping Operation ........................................................................ 9-50 9.3-15 Large Scale Surface Slough ..................................................................... 9-51 9.3-16 Cut-Slope Failure and Benching Solutions ................................................ 9-52 9.3-17 Large Scale Rock Fall ............................................................................... 9-53 9.3-18 Stone Slope Protection.............................................................................. 9-53 9.3-19 No Recharge Area Behind Slope .............................................................. 9-54 9.3-20 Recharge Area Behind Slope .................................................................... 9-55 9.3-21 a Rock Scaling (Using Long Reach Excavator) ............................................ 9-56 b Rock Scaling (Using Long Reach Excavator) ............................................ 9-56 c Rock Scaling (Using Hoe Ram) ................................................................. 9-56 d Rock Bolts ................................................................................................. 9-56 e Rock Bolts ................................................................................................. 9-56 f Wire Mesh Drape ...................................................................................... 9-57 g Wire Mesh Drape ...................................................................................... 9-57 h Wire Mesh Drape (Drape Connections) ..................................................... 9-57 i Wire Mesh Drape (Anchor) ........................................................................ 9-57 j Rock Buttress ............................................................................................ 9-57 k Rock Buttress ............................................................................................ 9-57 l Thrie Beam Railing/Corrugated Beam Rock Fence ................................... 9-58 m Thrie Beam Railing/Corrugated Beam Rock Fence ................................... 9-58


9/15/13

Figure Title Page n Wire Rope Catchment Fence (Medium Impact) ......................................... 9-58 o Wire Rope Catchment Fence (Medium Impact) ......................................... 9-58 9.3-22 Boulder Heave ......................................................................................... 9-59 9.3-23 a Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 b Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 c Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 d Rock Excavation- Explosive Loading ......................................................... 9-60 e Rock Excavation- Explosive Loading ......................................................... 9-61 f Rock Excavation- Matting over Explosives ................................................ 9-61 9.3-24 Trench Box ............................................................................................... 9-62 9.3-25 The ICON Group (Slide Rail System) ........................................................ 9-62 9.3-26 Suggested Spoil Sites ............................................................................... 9-63 9.3-27 a Optional Borrow Areas (Removing Median and/or Grade) ......................... 9-65 b Optional Borrow Areas (Excavating Oversize Ditches) .............................. 9-66 c Optional Borrow Areas (Shifting or Flattening Cut Slope) .......................... 9-66 d Optional Borrow Areas (Flattening Rock Slopes and Daylighting) ............. 9-66 9.3-28 a Slit Film Woven (Mirafi 500X) .................................................................... 9-68 b Monofilament Woven (SI Geosolutions GEOTEX 104F) ............................ 9-68 c Combination Monofilament/Fibrillated Yarn Woven (WEBTEC Terra Tex HPG 16) .................................................................. 9-68 d Needle Punched NonWoven (SI Geosolutions GEOTEX 1001) ................ 9-68 e Heatbonded NonWoven (BBA FiberWeb 3401G) ...................................... 9-69 9.3-29 a Geotextile Testing (Grab Strength Test) .................................................... 9-70 b Geotextile Testing (Trapezoidal Tear Test) ............................................... 9-70 c Geotextile Testing (1/2 in. Puncture Test) ................................................. 9-70 d Geotextile Testing (Wide Width Strength Test) .......................................... 9-70 e Geotextile Testing (Permittivity Test- Geotextile in Ring) ........................... 9-71 f Geotextile Testing (Permittivity Test) ......................................................... 9-71 g Geotextile Testing (Apparent Opening Size Test) ...................................... 9-71 9.3-30 a Placement of CLSM .................................................................................. 9-74 b Placement of CLSM .................................................................................. 9-74 9.4-1 a Sheeting Wall Installation .......................................................................... 9-77 b Sheeting Wall (Permanent Timber Facing) ................................................ 9-78 c Sheeting Wall (Permanent Timber Facing) ................................................ 9-78 9.4-2 a Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Permanent Timber Lagging) ......................... 9-78 b Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Permanent Precast Concrete Lagging) ......... 9-78 c Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Cast-In-Place Finish) .................................... 9-79 9.4-3 a Sheeting Wall (Braced Excavation) ........................................................... 9-80 b Anchored Sheeting Wall ............................................................................ 9-80 c Anchored Soldier Pile and Lagging Wall ................................................... 9-80 d Anchor (Sheeting Deadman) ..................................................................... 9-80 e Anchor (Concrete Deadman)..................................................................... 9-81 f Anchor (Soldier Pile Deadman) ................................................................. 9-81 9.4-4 a Precast Gravity Wall (Foundation Construction) ........................................ 9-81 b Precast Gravity Wall (Stone Facing) .......................................................... 9-81 9.4-5 Precast Concrete Cantilever Wall .............................................................. 9-82 9.4-6 a T-Wall: Plain Concrete Finish (Wall Construction) ..................................... 9-83 b T-Wall: Plain Concrete Finish (Wall Construction) ..................................... 9-83


9/15/13

Figure Title Page c T-Wall: Exposed Aggregate Finish (Wall Construction) ............................. 9-83 d T-Wall: Exposed Aggregate Finish (Wall Construction) ............................. 9-83 e Stone Strong Wall (Wall Construction) ...................................................... 9-83 f Stone Strong Wall (Wall Construction) ...................................................... 9-83 g Stone Strong Wall (Use of EPS Backfill) ................................................... 9-84 h Stone Strong Wall (Use of EPS Backfill) ................................................... 9-84 i Evergreen Wall (Constructed Wall) ........................................................... 9-84 j Evergreen Wall (Plant Growth) .................................................................. 9-84 k Unilock Siena Stone 500 ........................................................................... 9-84 l Unilock Siena Stone 500: Back Face ........................................................ 9-84 9.4-7 a Gabion Wall .............................................................................................. 9-85 b Gabion Wall .............................................................................................. 9-85 9.4-8 a MSES Wall (Reinforcement Layout) .......................................................... 9-86 b MSES Wall (Form Liner Finish) ................................................................. 9-86 c Terraced MSES Wall ................................................................................. 9-87 d MSES Wall (Temporary Stage Line Wall) .................................................. 9-87 e MSES Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing)............................................................ 9-87 f MSES Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing)............................................................ 9-87 9.4-9 a Mechanically Stabilized Wall System (Unilock Siena Stone 500 & Strata Grid 200) ............................................ 9-88 b Mechanically Stabilized Wall System (Back Face) (Unilock Siena Stone 500 & Strata Grid 200) ............................................ 9-88 9.4-10 a GRSS (Temporary Stage Wall) ................................................................. 9-90 b GRSS (Temporary Stage Wall Section and Plan) ...................................... 9-90 9.4-11 a GRSS (Permanent Oversteepened Slope) ................................................ 9-91 b GRSS (Permanent Oversteepened Slope) ................................................ 9-91 c GRSS for Widening/Grade Change ........................................................... 9-91 9.4-12 a Geocell Faced GRSS ................................................................................ 9-92 b Geocell Faced GRSS ................................................................................ 9-92 9.4-13 a Timber Faced GRSS Wall ......................................................................... 9-92 b Timber Faced GRSS Wall ......................................................................... 9-92 9.4-14 a Soil Nail Wall (Temporary Shotcrete Facing) ............................................. 9-94 b Soil Nail Wall (Permanent Shotcrete Facing) ............................................. 9-94 c Soil Nail Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing) ......................................................... 9-94 d Soil Nail Wall (Stone Masonry Facing) ...................................................... 9-94 9.4-15 a Section Through Wall .............................................................................. 9-102 b Section Foundation & Backfill Preparation............................................... 9-103 c Illustrative Example (Slightly Sloping Wall – Elevation View) ................... 9-104 d Illustrative Example (Slightly Sloping Wall – Plan View) .......................... 9-104 e Illustrative Example (Steeply Sloping Wall – Elevation View) .................. 9-105 f Illustrative Example (Steeply Sloping Wall – Plan View) .......................... 9-105 g Section Gravity Wall ................................................................................ 9-106 h Layout Control ......................................................................................... 9-107 9.4-16 a Textured Surface (Cast-In-Place MSES) ................................................. 9-112 b Textured Surface (PWS) ......................................................................... 9-112 c Exposed Aggregate (Open Modular Units) .............................................. 9-113 d Exposed Aggregate (Solid Blocks) .......................................................... 9-113 e Architectural Pattern (Open Modular Units) ............................................. 9-113 f Architectural Pattern (Solid Blocks) ......................................................... 9-113


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Figure Title Page 9.5-1 a Drilled Shaft Installation (Barge Set-Up) .................................................. 9-116 b Drilled Shaft Installation (Drilling & Excavation) ....................................... 9-117 c Drilled Shaft Reinforcement (Rebar Cage & CSL Access Tubes) ............ 9-117 d Drilled Shaft Installation (Concrete Pour) ................................................ 9-117 e Drilled Shaft Layout ................................................................................. 9-117 f Crosshole Sonic Log Testing (Ultrasonic Probe Installation) ................... 9-117 g Crosshole Sonic Log Testing (Mobile Test Lab) ...................................... 9-117 9.5-2 a Pile Driving Operation ............................................................................. 9-119 b Dynamic Pile Load Test Set-Up .............................................................. 9-119 c DPLT: Strain Transducer and Accelerometer Bolted to CIP Pipe Pile ..... 9-119 d DPLT: Pile Driving Analyzer (Pile Dynamics, Inc.) ................................... 9-119 9.5-3 a Micropile Installation ................................................................................ 9-121 b Micropile Installation (Down-The-Hole Hammer) ..................................... 9-122 c Micropile Installation (Centralizer with Telltales) ...................................... 9-122 d Micropile Installation (Footing Connection) .............................................. 9-122 e Static Pile Load Test of Micropile ............................................................ 9-122 f Static Pile Load Test of Micropile ............................................................ 9-122 9.6-1 a Vibration Monitoring Set-Up .................................................................... 9-123 b Instatel’s Blastmate III (Includes full keyboard and thermal printer) ......... 9-123 c Vibration Monitoring (Microphone) .......................................................... 9-123 d Vibration Monitoring (Triaxial Geophone) ................................................ 9-123 9.6-2 Construction Vibrations as a Function of Distance, after Wiss (metric values) (1981) ............................................................ 9-125 9.6-3 Vibration Monitoring of Adjacent “Suspect” Building ................................ 9-127 9.7-1 a Track-Type Auger boring System: Auger boring machine placed on a track system .................................................................................... 9-129 b Augers Lifted into Entrance Pit ................................................................ 9-129 9.7-2 a Surface Launched Slurry Boring System ................................................. 9-130 b Slurry Boring Entrance Point & Slurry Retrieval Pit .................................. 9-130 9.7-3 a Horizontal Directional Drilling Entrance Pit with Dewatering Sump .......... 9-131 b Horizontal Directional Drilling Entrance Pit .............................................. 9-131 9.7-4 Classification Systems for Trenchless Methods ...................................... 9-132 9.7-5 a Slurry Boring Tracking Equipment: Electromagnetic Down-Hole Navigational System: Tracer Wire Splice................................................. 9-137 b Slurry Boring Tracking Equipment: Electromagnetic Down-Hole Navigational System: Surface Cables ..................................................... 9-137 9.7-6 a Horizontal Directional Drilling Tracking Equipment (Walk-Over Receiver): Vermeer Eclipse Drill Head Locator ....................................... 9-138 b Horizontal Directional Drilling Tracking Equipment (Walk-Over Receiver): Vermeer Eclipse Drill Head Locator ....................................... 9-138


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LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 9-1 Example Table of Earthwork Staging to Minimize Unprotected Earth ......................... 9-36 9-2 Settling Velocities of Soil Particles In Still Water (metric values) ................................. 9-38 9-3 Permeability and Drainage Characteristics of Soils (metric values) ............................ 9-42 9-4 Coefficients of Permeability of Common Natural Soil Formations (metric values) ....... 9-42 9-5 Example of Type of Geotextile Information to be Included in Miscellaneous Tables ... 9-72 9-6 Classification of Retaining Wall Systems .................................................................... 9-76 9-7 Table of Proportions ................................................................................................. 9-108 9-8 Ground Conditions and Suitability of Trenchless Methods ........................................ 9-134 9-9 Trenchless Construction Techniques ........................................................................ 9-135 9-10 Productivity Rates, Limitations, and Estimated Costs for Trenchless Methods ......... 9-136

SOILS, WALLS, AND FOUNDATIONS

§9.3.12 9/15/13

9-62

9.3.12 Excavation, Excavation Protection and Support Consideration for excavation protection and support shall be given when specifying excavation type work (e.g., unclassified excavation and disposal, trench and culvert excavation). Standard Specification(2) provisions are provided for unclassified excavation and disposal, trench and culvert excavation, and support and protective systems.

Figure 9.3-24 Trench Box

Figure 9.3-25 The ICON Group (Slide Rail System)


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9-62a

General Guidelines for Excavation Protection and Support The designer should become familiar with the appropriate specifications in the most current version of the Standard Specifications for Construction and Materials. The following guidelines shall in no way supersede the specifications. Note that excavation items do not include payment for protection systems. Protection and support is addressed and paid for under separate items. These guidelines conform to OSHA definitions, which differentiate between a support system as being a “structure . . . which provides support to an adjacent structure, underground installation, or the sides of an excavation” and a protective system, which protects workers from cave-ins. “Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.” The Department’s responsibility in designing excavations is to provide support of the roadway and adjacent structures and utilities. The Contractor’s responsibility in performing excavations is to provide protection for the workers from cave-ins. If geotechnical design assistance is needed or desired, refer to “Geotechnical Design Procedure for Flexible Wall Systems” GDP-11 or contact the appropriate Departmental Geotechnical Engineer. Key Points for the Designer: To determine the need for and the type of excavation support that should be included in the plans, the designer should examine the depth of the excavation along the alignment.

1. Excavation support is not needed where:

The excavation is made entirely in stable rock; or

The excavation is less than 5 feet deep and an examination of the ground by a competent person gives no indication of a potential cave-in.

2. For excavation depths from 5 feet through 20 feet, a protective/support system must be

used and specified, and will be paid for separately by the State. Designers should specify the pay item for Shields and Shoring whenever Trench and Culvert excavation is called for, and the excavation is between 5 and 20 feet deep. Calculate quantities for Shields and Shoring on an area basis, measured by the vertical height of the trench, measured on both sides, multiplied by the length of the trench that is between 5 and 20 feet deep.

3. For excavations greater than 20 feet, the Shields and Shoring item shall not be

specified. Instead, a support system or slope must be site specifically designed and shown on the plans. If a slope lay back is feasible as determined by the Regional Geotechnical Engineer or Geotechnical Engineering Bureau, it shall be designed and detailed on the plans and serve as a protection system. A support system shall be designed and specified (i.e., a sheeting wall or soldier pile and lagging wall, paid for under Interim or Temporary Retaining Wall items) to provide support and worker protection where a designed slope lay back is not feasible or desired.


§9.3.12 9/15/13

9-62b

4. If a structure, utility or facility is located within a theoretical layback line (determined per OSHA requirements or by the Department’s or Contractor’s Competent Person) drawn up from the bottom of trench, then an appropriate support system is required and shall be designed and specified by the Department or its representative.

5. If support or protective systems are used in the vicinity of a railroad right-of-way, special

requirements are usually necessary. Contact the appropriate Railroad Liaison for additional information. (See Chapter 23 of the Highway Design Manual.)

During construction, the Contractor’s responsibility in conforming to OSHA requirements is stipulated in Section 107 of the Standard Specifications.

A table must be shown on the contract plans indicating the locations of designed support systems and S&S whenever they are proposed for use.

Note that the Shields and Shoring item is not acceptable for use with stage construction of highways, bridges or culverts. The designer should check the maintenance and protection of traffic layout for conflicts (construction traffic is allowed). A table must be shown on the contract plans indicating the locations where S&S is proposed for use. Shields and Shoring is intended to provide support for trench excavation, that is, support of soil on both sides of an excavation. It is not intended and should not be used to support a one-sided excavation.

Unclassified Excavation and Disposal This is a general excavation Item (203.02) to remove material not provided for in another Item. Typically, this involves large excavations using large equipment. No special care, other than reaching grade, is required. No provisions for a support or protection system are included in this item. Additional items for support or protective systems must be added, as necessary, for excavation support or worker protection. Structure, Trench and Culvert, and Conduit Excavation The Structure Excavation Item (206.01) provides a small, neat excavation using smaller equipment. The Trench and Culvert Excavation Item (206.02) provide a neat excavation in a confined space; typically for pipe or culvert excavations. The Conduit Excavation Item (206.03) also provides a neat excavation in a confined space; typically for conduit or direct buried cable excavations. For all Items, special care is required to provide an excavation with an undisturbed bottom. Details for Trench and Culvert or Structure Excavation should be shown as follows: All details should show vertical pay lines.

1. For excavations less than 5 feet in depth, only show the excavation items on the plans. OSHA regulations do not require any special steps be taken regarding worker protection.


9/15/13 §9.3.12

9-62c

2. For excavations between 5 feet and 20 feet in depth, show the excavation item, and the protection/support item (i.e. Shields and Shoring) on the plans. Include a table indicating the locations where S&S is proposed.

S&S is not acceptable for stage construction of highways, bridges or culverts. S&S cannot support a one-sided excavation. The designer should check the maintenance and protection of traffic layout for conflicts (construction traffic is allowed).

3. For excavations greater than 20 feet, a support system or slope must be site specifically

designed by the Department or its representative and shown on the plans. If a slope lay back is feasible as determined by the Regional Geotechnical Engineer or Geotechnical Engineering Bureau, it shall be designed and detailed on the plans and serve as a protection system. A support system shall be designed and specified (i.e., a sheeting item or solider pile and lagging wall) to provide for worker protection where a designed slope lay back is not feasible.

All excavations up to 20 feet in depth shall show vertical pay lines. Slopes that are designed and shown on the plans shall be detailed and paid for under item 203.02. The pay line for Structure Excavation should be shown 3 feet outside footing limits. For all system items other than S&S, the system must be designed and detailed on the plans by the State or the State’s Consultant. If S&S is appropriate and specified (See Section 4.5 of the Bridge Manual), the selection of the system is the responsibility of the Contractor. However the State or the State’s Consultant is responsible for providing a table on the plans showing the locations where S&S is proposed for use.

Station Offset from Baseline to Trench

Centerline Maximum Depth

From Sta. x to Sta. y x feet a feet

From Sta. y to Sta. z y feet b feet

To detail Trench and Culvert Excavation, the following information is to be shown on the Contract Plans:

Location

Typical sections showing payment lines (when the situation is not covered by the Standard Sheets).

Removal of Substructures This item (202.19) is used only to remove concrete and masonry. If excavation is needed to remove the substructure, the excavation should be shown and paid for under the Structure Excavation Item (206.01), Item 202.19 is used to partially or fully remove stone or concrete substructures that are not to be repaired or altered and reused. Details for Removal of Substructures should be shown as follows:


§9.3.12 9/15/13

9-62d

All details should show vertical pay lines.

1. For excavations less than 5 feet in depth, only show the excavation items on the plans. OSHA regulations do not require any special steps be taken regarding worker protection.

2. For excavations between 5 feet and 20 feet in depth, show the excavation item, and the

protection/support item (i.e. Shields and Shoring) on the plans. Include a table indicating the locations where S&S is proposed.

S&S is not acceptable for stage construction of highways, bridges or culverts. S&S cannot support a one-sided excavation. The designer should check the maintenance and protection of traffic layout for conflicts (construction traffic is allowed).

3. For excavations greater than 20 feet, a support system or slope must be site specifically

designed by the Department or its representative and shown on the plans. If a slope lay back is feasible as determined by the Regional Geotechnical Engineer or Geotechnical Engineering Bureau, it shall be designed and detailed on the plans and serve as a protection system. A support system shall be designed and specified (i.e., a sheeting item or solider pile and lagging wall) to provide for worker protection where a designed slope lay back is not feasible.

All excavations up to 20 feet in depth shall show vertical pay lines. Slopes that are designed and shown on the plans shall be detailed and paid for under item 203.02. For all system items other than S&S, the system must be designed and detailed on the plans by the State or the State’s Consultant. If S&S is appropriate and specified (See Section 4.5 of the Bridge Manual), the selection of the system is the responsibility of the Contractor. However the State or the State’s Consultant is responsible for providing a table on the plans showing the locations where S&S is proposed for use.

All excavations up to 20 feet in depth shall show vertical pay lines. Slopes that are designed and shown on the plans shall be detailed and paid for under item 203.02 as shown in the following figure and corresponding table.


9/15/13 §9.3.12

9-62e

Station Offset from Baseline to Trench

Centerline Maximum Depth

From Sta. x to Sta. y x feet a feet

From Sta. y to Sta. z y feet b feet

Shields and Shoring (S&S) This Item (552.17) should be used for excavations greater than 5 feet and less than 20 feet in depth. It provides temporary worker protection where vibration or minor repairable subsidence is not considered a problem. A table must be shown on the contract plans indicating where S&S is proposed for use. This item should not be used when support for an adjacent structure or underground installation is necessary or when traffic is to be maintained anywhere within an area located out from the excavation a distance of 10 feet or to a projection of 1 vertical to 1 horizontal from the bottom of the excavation, whichever is less. (Construction traffic is allowed within the work zone.) The type of S&S system to be used is up to the Contractor. The type and condition of the materials is also the Contractor’s option, subject to the rejection of the Engineer. Sheeting, shoring, trench boxes or shields, or other pre-engineered support systems are acceptable alternatives. When no longer needed for worker protection, the protection system is removed. It may be left in place only with the written permission of the Engineer. Repair of damage caused by subsidence is the responsibility of the Contractor. This protection system is to be designed by the Contractor based upon OSHA requirements. The following information is to be shown on the Contract Plans:

A table showing the locations of the S&S system placement.

Typical Section (if used for pipe installation). Interim Sheeting Interim Steel Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details. Interim Timber Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details.


§9.3.12 9/15/13

9-62f

Temporary Sheeting Temporary Steel Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details.

Temporary Timber Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details. Permanent Sheeting Permanent Steel Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details. Permanent Timber Sheeting See Section 4 of the Bridge Manual for details.

APPENDIX 9C SUBJECT INDEX

9/15/13 §9C

9C-1

Subject Section Aesthetic treatments ............................................................................................................. 9.4.6 Alignment .............................................................................................................................. 9.3.1 Anchored walls............................................................................................................... 9.4.2.1.C Auger holes ........................................................................................................................ 9.2.2.3 Borrow areas ...................................................................................................................... 9.3.14 Building condition survey and vibration monitoring (non blasting) ............................................ 9.6 Casing. length, type, and size ............................................................................................... 9.7.3 Cofferdams ......................................................................................................................... 9.3.13 Cone penetrometer ............................................................................................................ 9.2.2.9 Contract information ................................................................................................................. 9.8 Controlled low strength material .......................................................................................... 9.3.16 Cut slopes ............................................................................................................................. 9.3.9 Deep foundations ..................................................................................................................... 9.5 Design of post construction stormwater management practices ...................................... 9.3.7.2.2 Drilled shafts ......................................................................................................................... 9.5.1 Driven piles ........................................................................................................................... 9.5.2 Earthwork summary sheet..................................................................................................... 9.8.1 Edgedrains ............................................................................................................................ 9.3.8 Embankment foundation ....................................................................................................... 9.3.6 Erosion and sediment control ............................................................................................. 9.3.7.1 Excavation, excavation protection and support ................................................................... 9.3.12 Externally stabilized cut structures ..................................................................................... 9.4.2.1 Externally stabilized fill structures....................................................................................... 9.4.2.2 Falling-weight deflectometer ............................................................................................ 9.2.2.11 Frost heaves and boulder heaves ....................................................................................... 9.3.10 Gabions ......................................................................................................................... 9.4.2.2.C Geophysical exploration ..................................................................................................... 9.2.2.8 Geotechnical design guidance for stormwater management and erosion and sediment control .................................................................................... 9.3.7 Geotechnical investigations...................................................................................................... 9.2 Geotechnical reports ............................................................................................................. 9.2.1 Geotextiles .......................................................................................................................... 9.3.15 Geosynthetic reinforced soil system (GRSS) ................................................................. 9.4.2.3.C Gravity walls .................................................................................................................. 9.4.2.2.A Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 9.1 Internally stabilized cut structures ...................................................................................... 9.4.2.4 Internally stabilized fill structures ........................................................................................ 9.4.2.3 Lightweight concrete fill ....................................................................................................... 9.3.17 Material sequencing ........................................................................................................ 9.3.7.1.4 Micropiles .............................................................................................................................. 9.5.3 Mechanically stabilized earth system (MSES) ................................................................ 9.4.2.3.A Mechanically stabilized wall system (MSWS) ................................................................. 9.4.2.3.B Observation wells ............................................................................................................... 9.2.2.7 On-Site material .............................................................................................................. 9.3.7.1.3 Piezometers ....................................................................................................................... 9.2.2.7


§9C 9/15/13

9-C2

Subject Section Plans ..................................................................................................................................... 9.8.4 Post construction stormwater management practices ........................................................ 9.3.7.2 Prefabricated wall systems............................................................................................. 9.4.2.2.B Probe holes ........................................................................................................................ 9.2.2.4 Proprietary wall systems ................................................................................. 9.4.3, Appendix 9A Proposal................................................................................................................................ 9.8.3 Project segmenting ......................................................................................................... 9.3.7.1.2 References .............................................................................................................................. 9.8 Resurfacing, restoration and rehabilitation ............................................................................ 9.3.2 Retaining walls and Reinforced soil slopes .............................................................................. 9.4 Retractable-plug sampling ............................................................................................... 9.2.2.10 Rock core drilling ............................................................................................................... 9.2.2.6 Rock cut slopes .................................................................................................................. 9.3.9.2 Rock excavation .................................................................................................................. 9.3.11 Sand drains ........................................................................................................................... 9.3.4 Settlement ............................................................................................................................. 9.3.4 Sheeting......................................................................................................................... 9.4.2.1.A Sizing of post construction stormwater management practices ....................................... 9.3.7.2.1 Slope protection ................................................................................................................. 9.3.9.3 rock slopes ..................................................................................................................... 9.3.9.4 soil slopes ...................................................................................................................... 9.3.9.3 Soil and foundation considerations ........................................................................................... 9.3 Soil cut slopes .................................................................................................................... 9.3.9.1 Soil nail wall system ....................................................................................................... 9.4.2.4.A Soldier pile and lagging walls ......................................................................................... 9.4.2.1.B Sole Source .......................................................................................................................... 9.4.7 Specifications ........................................................................................................................ 9.8.2 Spoil sites ........................................................................................................................... 9.3.13 Stability ................................................................................................................................. 9.3.5 Standard sheets .................................................................................................................... 9.8.4 Stormwater diversion ...................................................................................................... 9.3.7.1.1 Subsurface abbreviations and symbols ................................................................................. 9.8.4 Subsurface exploration ......................................................................................................... 9.2.2 Test pits ............................................................................................................................. 9.2.2.5 Trench, culvert and structure excavation ............................................................................. 9.3.13 Trenchless installation of casing .............................................................................................. 9.7 Underdrains .......................................................................................................................... 9.3.8 Undisturbed-sample drill holes ........................................................................................... 9.2.2.2 Unstable material ............................................................................................................... 9.3.6.3 Unsuitable material ............................................................................................................ 9.3.6.2 excavation ...................................................................................................................... 9.3.6.2 stripping ......................................................................................................................... 9.3.6.1 Wall selection process .......................................................................................................... 9.4.4 Wall definitions ...................................................................................................................... 9.4.1 Wall design and detailing ...................................................................................................... 9.4.5 Wall types ............................................................................................................................. 9.4.2 Wick drains ........................................................................................................................... 9.3.4 Widening ............................................................................................................................... 9.3.3

HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9 - SOILS, WALLS, AND FOUNDATIONS

Revision 75

Metric Version

September 15, 2013


9/15/13 Metric Version

Contents Page 9.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................9-1 9.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................9-2

9.2.1 Geotechnical Reports ...............................................................................................9-2 9.2.2 Subsurface Explorations ..........................................................................................9-7

9.3 SOIL AND FOUNDATION CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................. 9-18

9.3.1 Alignment ............................................................................................................... 9-19 9.3.2 Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) .................................................. 9-20 9.3.3 Widening ................................................................................................................ 9-21 9.3.4 Settlement .............................................................................................................. 9-22 9.3.5 Stability .................................................................................................................. 9-26 9.3.6 Embankment Foundation ....................................................................................... 9-29 9.3.7 Geotechnical Design Guidance for Stormwater Management and

Erosion and Sediment Control ................................................................................ 9-32 9.3.8 Underdrains and Edge Drains ................................................................................ 9-45 9.3.9 Cut Slopes ............................................................................................................. 9-51 9.3.10 Frost Heaves and Boulder Heaves ....................................................................... 9-59 9.3.11 Rock Excavation .................................................................................................. 9-60 9.3.12 Excavation, Excavation Protection and Support ................................................... 9-62 9.3.13 Design of Spoil Sites ............................................................................................ 9-63 9.3.14 Optional Borrow Areas ......................................................................................... 9-65 9.3.15 Geotextiles ........................................................................................................... 9-68 9.3.16 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) ............................................................ 9-73 9.3.17 Lightweight Concrete Fill .................................................................................... 9-74a

9.4 RETAINING WALLS AND REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES AND WALLS ........................ 9-75

9.4.1 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 9-75 9.4.2 Wall Types ............................................................................................................. 9-77 9.4.2.1 Externally Stabilized Cut Structures..................................................................... 9-77 9.4.2.2 Externally Stabilized Fill Structures ..................................................................... 9-81 9.4.2.3 Internally Stabilized Fill Structures ....................................................................... 9-85 9.4.2.4 Internally Stabilized Cut Structures ...................................................................... 9-93 9.4.2.5 Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................... 9-94 9.4.3 Proprietary Retaining Wall Systems ....................................................................... 9-95 9.4.4 Wall Selection Process ........................................................................................... 9-95 9.4.5 Wall Design & Detailing .......................................................................................... 9-95 9.4.6 Aesthetic Treatments ........................................................................................... 9-112 9.4.7 Sole Source ......................................................................................................... 9-114



Contents Page

9.5 DEEP FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................................. 9-115

9.5.1 Drilled Shafts ........................................................................................................ 9-115 9.5.2 Driven Piles .......................................................................................................... 9-118 9.5.3 Micropiles ............................................................................................................. 9-120

9. 6 BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY AND VIBRATION MONITORING (NONBLASTING)........... 9-123

9.6.1 General ............................................................................................................ 9-123 9.6.2 Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 9-124 9.6.2.1 Adjacent Sensitive Structures .......................................................................... 9-125 9.6.2.2 Consultation ..................................................................................................... 9-127 9.6.2.3 Action .............................................................................................................. 9-128

9. 7 TRENCHLESS INSTALLATION OF CASING .............................................................. 9-129

9.7.1 General ............................................................................................................ 9-129 9.7.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................ 9-129 9.7.3 Casing, Length, Type, and Size ....................................................................... 9-132 9.7.4 Design Development........................................................................................ 9-133 9.7.5 Submittal Process ............................................................................................ 9-137 9.7.6 Designer Guidance .......................................................................................... 9-138

9. 8 CONTRACT INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 9-140

9.8.1 Earthwork Summary Sheet .............................................................................. 9-140 9.8.2 Specifications .................................................................................................. 9-141 9.8.3 Proposal .......................................................................................................... 9-142 9.8.4 Plans .............................................................................................................. 9-143

9.9 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 9-146 APPENDIX 9A - PROPRIETARY WALL SYSTEM EVALUATION PROCESS ..................... 9A-1

9A.1 Procedure Overview .............................................................................................. 9A-1 9A.2 Definitions and Roles ............................................................................................. 9A-1 9A.3 Procedural Guidelines ............................................................................................ 9A-3 9A.4 Steps in the PreApproval Process ......................................................................... 9A-4 9A.5 Related Official Issuances...................................................................................... 9A-6

Attachment 1 Instructions for Preparation of the Application Package ................................... 9A-7 APPENDIX 9B - PROJECT CHECKLIST FOR DETERMINING IF SUBSURFACE

EXPLORATIONS ARE REQUIRED ........................................................ 9B-1 APPENDIX 9C - SUBJECT INDEX ....................................................................................... 9C-1



LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page

9.2-1 a Drilling in Roadway .....................................................................................9-7 b Drilling in a Parking Lot ...............................................................................9-7 c Drilling on Steep Terrain ..............................................................................9-8 d Drilling on Ice ..............................................................................................9-8 e Drilling with All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Drill Rig ............................................9-8 f Drilling on Soft Soils ....................................................................................9-8 g Drilling off a Barge .......................................................................................9-8 9.2-2 a Split Spoon Sampler ................................................................................. 9-10 b Split Spoon Sampler Opened (Split) .......................................................... 9-10 9.2-3 a Drilling with Augers ................................................................................... 9-10 b Hollow-Flight Auger with Split Spoon Sampler .......................................... 9-10 9.2-4 a Undisturbed Sampling (Setting Sampler) .................................................. 9-11 b Undisturbed Sampling (Breaking Down Sampler) ...................................... 9-11 c Undisturbed Sampling (Sealing Sample with Wax) .................................... 9-11 d Undisturbed Sampling (Capping Sample and Securing for Delivery to lab)9-11 e Extracting Undisturbed Soil Sample .......................................................... 9-12 f Undisturbed Soil Sample Testing; Triaxial Test ......................................... 9-12 g Undisturbed Soil Sample Testing: Consolidation Test ............................... 9-12 9.2-5 a Probe Hole (Progressed via Poyne Jar) .................................................... 9-13 b Probe Hole (Jack to Extract Rods) ............................................................ 9-13 9.2-6 a Extracting Rock Core Sample ................................................................... 9-14 b Labeled and Boxed Rock Core .................................................................. 9-14 c Point Load Test Set-Up ............................................................................. 9-14 d Point Load Test (Testing a Rock Core) ..................................................... 9-14 e Unconfined Compression Test .................................................................. 9-14 f Unconfined Compression Test (Instrumented Rock Core) ......................... 9-14 9.2-7 Typical Pore Water Pressure Monitoring Installation ................................. 9-15 9.2-8 Seismic Refraction .................................................................................... 9-15 9.2-9 a Collapsed Mechanical Cone Penetrometer Tip (Dutch Mantle Cone) ................................................................................. 9-16 b Extended Mechanical Cone Penetrometer Tip (Dutch Mantle Cone) ................................................................................. 9-16 c Collapsed Mechanical Friction-Cone Penetrometer Tip (Begemann Friction-Cone) ........................................................................ 9-16 d Extended Mechanical Friction-Cone Penetrometer Tip (Begemann Friction-Cone) ........................................................................ 9-16 9.2-10 Retractable-Plug Sampling Equipment (Hammer, Drive Head, Tube, And Brass Sampling Tubes) ...................................................................... 9-17 9.2-11 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) ......................................................... 9-17 9.3-1 Embankment Widening Utilizing Benching ............................................... 9-21 9.3-2 a Lightweight Fill- Expanded Polystyrene Blocks (EPS) ............................... 9-22 b Lightweight Fill- Expanded Polystyrene Blocks (EPS) ............................... 9-22 c Lightweight Foamed Concrete ................................................................... 9-22 d Lightweight Foamed Concrete ................................................................... 9-22 e Lightweight Fill- Tire Shreds ...................................................................... 9-23 f Lightweight Fill- Tire Shreds ...................................................................... 9-23 g Lightweight Fill- Pumice ............................................................................ 9-23



Figure Title Page h Lightweight Fill- Pumice ............................................................................ 9-23 i Lightweight Fill- Expanded Shale .............................................................. 9-23 j Lightweight Fill- Expanded Shale .............................................................. 9-23 9.3-3 a Surcharge of Approach Embankment (Additional Fill) .............................. 9-24 b Surcharge of Approach Embankment (Instrumentation of Fill) ................... 9-24 9.3-4 a Wick Drain Installation (Layout of Drains) ................................................. 9-24 b Wick Drain Installation (Instrumentation of Some Drains) .......................... 9-24 9.3-5 Example of Data Collection from Settlement- Monitoring Devices ............. 9-25 9.3-6 Deep-Seated Slope Failure ....................................................................... 9-26 9.3-7 Stability Failure of an Embankment ........................................................... 9-26 9.3-8 Embankment with Stabilizing Berm ........................................................... 9-27 9.3-9 Constructed Stabilization Berm ................................................................. 9-27 9.3-10 Example of Earthwork Staging and Erosion Control Plan .......................... 9-34 9.3-11 Example Sequence of Stabilized Earthwork Construction Operations ....... 9-35 9.3-12 Pipe Underdrain Bedding and Backfill Details for Trench Installations ...... 9-46 9.3-13 Edge-of-Pavement Drain: Curbed Section................................................. 9-47 9.3-14 a PGED with Stone Backfill Detail: Adjacent to Full Depth Asphalt Pavement ................................................. 9-48 b PGED with Stone Backfill Detail: Adjacent to Concrete Pavement ............ 9-48 c PGED with Existing Suitable Material Detail: Adjacent to Full Depth Asphalt Pavement ................................................. 9-49 d PGED with Existing Suitable Material Detail: Adjacent to Concrete Pavement ................................................................ 9-49 e PGED: Sample of Product ......................................................................... 9-49 f PGED: Drain Unrolled ............................................................................... 9-49 g PGED: Drain Installed Through Guides ..................................................... 9-50 h PGED: Drain Installed (Outer Side of Trench) ........................................... 9-50 i PGED: Granular Backfill Material (Pavement/ Inner Side of Trench) ......... 9-50 j PGED: Capping Operation ........................................................................ 9-50 9.3-15 Large Scale Surface Slough ..................................................................... 9-51 9.3-16 Cut-Slope Failure and Benching Solutions ................................................ 9-52 9.3-17 Large Scale Rock Fall ............................................................................... 9-53 9.3-18 Stone Slope Protection.............................................................................. 9-53 9.3-19 No Recharge Area Behind Slope .............................................................. 9-54 9.3-20 Recharge Area Behind Slope .................................................................... 9-55 9.3-21 a Rock Scaling (Using Long Reach Excavator) ............................................ 9-56 b Rock Scaling (Using Long Reach Excavator) ............................................ 9-56 c Rock Scaling (Using Hoe Ram) ................................................................. 9-56 d Rock Bolts ................................................................................................. 9-56 e Rock Bolts ................................................................................................. 9-56 f Wire Mesh Drape ...................................................................................... 9-57 g Wire Mesh Drape ...................................................................................... 9-57 h Wire Mesh Drape (Drape Connections) ..................................................... 9-57 i Wire Mesh Drape (Anchor) ........................................................................ 9-57 j Rock Buttress ............................................................................................ 9-57 k Rock Buttress ............................................................................................ 9-57 l Thrie Beam Railing/Corrugated Beam Rock Fence ................................... 9-58 m Thrie Beam Railing/Corrugated Beam Rock Fence ................................... 9-58



Figure Title Page n Wire Rope Catchment Fence (Medium Impact) ......................................... 9-58 o Wire Rope Catchment Fence (Medium Impact) ......................................... 9-58 9.3-22 Boulder Heave ......................................................................................... 9-59 9.3-23 a Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 b Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 c Rock Excavation- Drilling .......................................................................... 9-60 d Rock Excavation- Explosive Loading ......................................................... 9-60 e Rock Excavation- Explosive Loading ......................................................... 9-61 f Rock Excavation- Matting over Explosives ................................................ 9-61 9.3-24 Trench Box ............................................................................................... 9-62 9.3-25 The ICON Group (Slide Rail System) ........................................................ 9-62 9.3-26 Suggested Spoil Sites ............................................................................... 9-63 9.3-27 a Optional Borrow Areas (Removing Median and/or Grade) ......................... 9-65 b Optional Borrow Areas (Excavating Oversize Ditches) .............................. 9-66 c Optional Borrow Areas (Shifting or Flattening Cut Slope) .......................... 9-66 d Optional Borrow Areas (Flattening Rock Slopes and Daylighting) ............. 9-66 9.3-28 a Slit Film Woven (Mirafi 500X) .................................................................... 9-68 b Monofilament Woven (SI Geosolutions GEOTEX 104F) ............................ 9-68 c Combination Monofilament/Fibrillated Yarn Woven (WEBTEC Terra Tex HPG 16) .................................................................. 9-68 d Needle Punched NonWoven (SI Geosolutions GEOTEX 1001) ................ 9-68 e Heatbonded NonWoven (BBA FiberWeb 3401G) ...................................... 9-69 9.3-29 a Geotextile Testing (Grab Strength Test) .................................................... 9-70 b Geotextile Testing (Trapezoidal Tear Test) ............................................... 9-70 c Geotextile Testing (50 mm Puncture Test) ................................................ 9-70 d Geotextile Testing (Wide Width Strength Test) .......................................... 9-70 e Geotextile Testing (Permittivity Test- Geotextile in Ring) ........................... 9-71 f Geotextile Testing (Permittivity Test) ......................................................... 9-71 g Geotextile Testing (Apparent Opening Size Test) ...................................... 9-71 9.3-30 a Placement of CLSM .................................................................................. 9-74 b Placement of CLSM .................................................................................. 9-74 9.4-1 a Sheeting Wall Installation .......................................................................... 9-77 b Sheeting Wall (Permanent Timber Facing) ................................................ 9-78 c Sheeting Wall (Permanent Timber Facing) ................................................ 9-78 9.4-2 a Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Permanent Timber Lagging) ......................... 9-78 b Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Permanent Precast Concrete Lagging) ......... 9-78 c Soldier Pile & Lagging Wall (Cast-In-Place Finish) .................................... 9-79 9.4-3 a Sheeting Wall (Braced Excavation) ........................................................... 9-80 b Anchored Sheeting Wall ............................................................................ 9-80 c Anchored Soldier Pile and Lagging Wall ................................................... 9-80 d Anchor (Sheeting Deadman) ..................................................................... 9-80 e Anchor (Concrete Deadman)..................................................................... 9-81 f Anchor (Soldier Pile Deadman) ................................................................. 9-81 9.4-4 a Precast Gravity Wall (Foundation Construction) ........................................ 9-81 b Precast Gravity Wall (Stone Facing) .......................................................... 9-81 9.4-5 Precast Concrete Cantilever Wall .............................................................. 9-82 9.4-6 a T-Wall: Plain Concrete Finish (Wall Construction) ..................................... 9-83 b T-Wall: Plain Concrete Finish (Wall Construction) ..................................... 9-83



Figure Title Page c T-Wall: Exposed Aggregate Finish (Wall Construction) ............................. 9-83 d T-Wall: Exposed Aggregate Finish (Wall Construction) ............................. 9-83 e Stone Strong Wall (Wall Construction) ...................................................... 9-83 f Stone Strong Wall (Wall Construction) ...................................................... 9-83 g Stone Strong Wall (Use of EPS Backfill) ................................................... 9-84 h Stone Strong Wall (Use of EPS Backfill) ................................................... 9-84 i Evergreen Wall (Constructed Wall) ........................................................... 9-84 j Evergreen Wall (Plant Growth) .................................................................. 9-84 k Unilock Siena Stone 500 ........................................................................... 9-84 l Unilock Siena Stone 500: Back Face ........................................................ 9-84 9.4-7 a Gabion Wall .............................................................................................. 9-85 b Gabion Wall .............................................................................................. 9-85 9.4-8 a MSES Wall (Reinforcement Layout) .......................................................... 9-86 b MSES Wall (Form Liner Finish) ................................................................. 9-86 c Terraced MSES Wall ................................................................................. 9-87 d MSES Wall (Temporary Stage Line Wall) .................................................. 9-87 e MSES Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing)............................................................ 9-87 f MSES Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing)............................................................ 9-87 9.4-9 a Mechanically Stabilized Wall System (Unilock Siena Stone 500 & Strata Grid 200) ............................................ 9-88 b Mechanically Stabilized Wall System (Back Face) (Unilock Siena Stone 500 & Strata Grid 200) ............................................ 9-88 9.4-10 a GRSS (Temporary Stage Wall) ................................................................. 9-90 b GRSS (Temporary Stage Wall Section and Plan) ...................................... 9-90 9.4-11 a GRSS (Permanent Oversteepened Slope) ................................................ 9-91 b GRSS (Permanent Oversteepened Slope) ................................................ 9-91 c GRSS for Widening/Grade Change ........................................................... 9-91 9.4-12 a Geocell Faced GRSS ................................................................................ 9-92 b Geocell Faced GRSS ................................................................................ 9-92 9.4-13 a Timber Faced GRSS Wall ......................................................................... 9-92 b Timber Faced GRSS Wall ......................................................................... 9-92 9.4-14 a Soil Nail Wall (Temporary Shotcrete Facing) ............................................. 9-94 b Soil Nail Wall (Permanent Shotcrete Facing) ............................................. 9-94 c Soil Nail Wall (Cast-In-Place Facing) ......................................................... 9-94 d Soil Nail Wall (Stone Masonry Facing) ...................................................... 9-94 9.4-15 a Section Through Wall .............................................................................. 9-102 b Section Foundation & Backfill Preparation............................................... 9-103 c Illustrative Example (Slightly Sloping Wall – Elevation View) ................... 9-104 d Illustrative Example (Slightly Sloping Wall – Plan View) ...

engineering bulletin 13-039...new york state eb department of transportation engineering bulletin...

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