engineering and facilitation bob briggs university of alaska delft university of technology...
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Engineering and FacilitationEngineering and Facilitation
Bob BriggsUniversity of AlaskaDelft University of TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska at Omaha
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http://groupsystems.dist-ed.uaf.eduhttp://groupsystems.dist-ed.uaf.edu
Logins: UAF01 – UAF10Logins: UAF01 – UAF10
Passwords: group! Passwords: group!
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Which is Bob’sWhich is Bob’sExciting Secret Identity?Exciting Secret Identity?
• Bob BriggsBob Briggs– Rowed alone across the AtlanticRowed alone across the Atlantic
– Sang with Elvis in ConcertSang with Elvis in Concert
– Invented the InternetInvented the Internet
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Photographic EvidencePhotographic Evidence
Elvis
Bob
You ain’ nuttin’ but a hound dog!
You ain’ nuttin’ but a hound dog!
You ain’ nuttin’ but a hound dog!
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BobBob
Rowing aloneRowing alone
in Englandin England
(Which is, in fact, across the Atlantic)(Which is, in fact, across the Atlantic)
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Who Is This Bob, Anyway?Who Is This Bob, Anyway?
• Scholar?Scholar?
• Adventurer?Adventurer?
• Snappy dresser?Snappy dresser?
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Bob?Bob?
‘‘Ee’s just zis guy, you know?Ee’s just zis guy, you know?
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Engineers on Facilitation:Engineers on Facilitation:Who Cares?Who Cares?
• You chose a profession where you You chose a profession where you must work with groupsmust work with groups
• Your first promotion will make you a Your first promotion will make you a group leadergroup leader
• Your promotions will come faster Your promotions will come faster with facilitation skillswith facilitation skills
• Collaboration can be engineeredCollaboration can be engineered
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The Trouble with TeamworkThe Trouble with Teamwork
Waiting to speak
Domination
Fear of Speaking
Misunderstanding
Inattention
Lack of Focus
Inadequate Criteria
Premature Decisions
Missing Information
Distractions
Digressions
Wrong People
Groupthink
Poor Grasp of Problem
Ignored Alternatives
Lack of Consensus
Poor Planning
Hidden Agendas
Conflict
Inadequate Resources
Poorly Defined Goals
POOR
TEAMWORK
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A SolutionA Solution
• Facilitation SkillsFacilitation Skills- Methods and tools for moving Methods and tools for moving
a group toward its goalsa group toward its goals- Efficiently
- Effectively
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Engineer’s View of FacilitatorsEngineer’s View of Facilitators
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Facilitiator’s View of Facilitiator’s View of EngineersEngineers
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Info Access
Deliberation- -
GoalCongruence
Commun-ication
- -- -
Cognitive Effort Over Time
Productivity
Distractions
-
+ +
What Makes A Group Productive?What Makes A Group Productive?
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What Does A Facilitator What Does A Facilitator Really Do?Really Do?
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The value of facilitationThe value of facilitation
• Reduce information overloadReduce information overload
• Reduce communication overloadReduce communication overload
• Structure deliberationStructure deliberation
• Minimize distractionMinimize distraction
• Align Vested InterestsAlign Vested Interests
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The Role of the FacilitatorThe Role of the Facilitator
• To plan for, to monitor for, and to To plan for, to monitor for, and to intervene to improve issues of intervene to improve issues of – CommunicationCommunication– DeliberationDeliberation– Information AccessInformation Access– Goal CongruenceGoal Congruence– DistractionDistraction
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Most Valuable Facilitator ContributionMost Valuable Facilitator Contribution
• Help the meeting owner define the Help the meeting owner define the goalgoal– What is the deliverable the group will produce?What is the deliverable the group will produce?– To whom will the deliverable be valuable?To whom will the deliverable be valuable?– What value does it have?What value does it have?– What will be done with it?What will be done with it?
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Facilitator TasksFacilitator Tasks
• Establish the goal and deliverablesEstablish the goal and deliverables• Design a process for achieving the Design a process for achieving the
group goalgroup goal• Conduct the process on behalf of the Conduct the process on behalf of the
groupgroup– Keep the focusKeep the focus– Mediate conflictsMediate conflicts
• Distribute DeliverablesDistribute Deliverables
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What do groups really do?What do groups really do?
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General Patterns of CollaborationGeneral Patterns of Collaboration
• GenerateGenerate– Move from fewer to more ideasMove from fewer to more ideas
• ConvergeConverge– Move from more to fewer ideasMove from more to fewer ideas
• OrganizeOrganize– Move from less to more understanidng of relationships Move from less to more understanidng of relationships
among ideasamong ideas
• EvaluateEvaluate– Move from less to more understanding of value of ideasMove from less to more understanding of value of ideas
• Build ConsensusBuild Consensus– Move from fewer to more people willing to commit to a Move from fewer to more people willing to commit to a
proposalproposal
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ThinkLetsThinkLets
• Named, scripted facilitation activities Named, scripted facilitation activities that create known patterns of that create known patterns of collaborationcollaboration
• Building blocks for group process Building blocks for group process designsdesigns
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Requirements Negotiation:Requirements Negotiation:A Challenging Domain for EngineersA Challenging Domain for Engineers
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Technical Perspective on RequirementsTechnical Perspective on Requirements
• Are requirements complete, Are requirements complete, consistent and correct?consistent and correct?
• Do requirements communicate Do requirements communicate designer’s intent unambiguously?designer’s intent unambiguously?
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The Engineered SwingThe Engineered Swing
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• There is no There is no complete and complete and well-defined set well-defined set of requirements of requirements waiting to be waiting to be discovereddiscovered
Boehm’s Law
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What is a System Requirement?What is a System Requirement?
• That which a stakeholder needs, That which a stakeholder needs, wants, or desires?wants, or desires?
• A formally specified agreement with A formally specified agreement with respect to the projectrespect to the project
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Understand ConstraintsUnderstand Constraints
Requirements Requirements depend on depend on available available resources and resources and capabilities.capabilities.
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Boehm’s Maxim:
In Engineering ProjectsWin-lose Generally Becomes Lose-lose
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Win-Lose Generally Becomes Lose-Lose
Proposed Solution “Winner” Loser
Quick, Cheap, Sloppy Product
Lots of bells and whistles
Driving too hard a bargain
Developer & Customer
Developer & User
Customer & User
User
Customer
Developer
Nobody wins in these situations
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WinWin PerspectiveWinWin Perspective
• Success-critical stakeholders Success-critical stakeholders negotiate and prioritize the negotiate and prioritize the requirementsrequirements
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Who Are The Stakeholders?Who Are The Stakeholders?
• CustomersCustomers• UsersUsers• Programmers Programmers • ArchitectsArchitects• Domain ExpertsDomain Experts
• AnalystsAnalysts• MarketingMarketing• SalesSales• ManagementManagement• ……??
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Requirements Requirements emerge from a emerge from a process of process of co-operative co-operative learning.learning.
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The Boehm PrincipleThe Boehm Principle
• You don’t know the requirements You don’t know the requirements until the project is finisheduntil the project is finished
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The Project Requirements The Project Requirements MessMess
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
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An Engineered Requirements ProcessAn Engineered Requirements Process
• FreeBrainstormFreeBrainstorm– What must happen for you to come out of this project a What must happen for you to come out of this project a
winnerwinner
• FastFocusFastFocus– What are the most important win conditionsWhat are the most important win conditions
• LeafHopperLeafHopper– IssuesIssues– OptionsOptions
• HorseTraderHorseTrader– AgreementsAgreements
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People submit and share ideas about
their win conditions using electronic
discussion sheets
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Team builds a clean list of win conditions and
organizes win conditions into pre-defined buckets
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Red cells indicate lack of Red cells indicate lack of consensus. consensus.
Oral discussion of cell Oral discussion of cell graph reveals unshared graph reveals unshared information, unnoticed information, unnoticed assumptions, hidden assumptions, hidden issues, constraints, etc.issues, constraints, etc.
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“Maybe later” “Low Hanging Fruits”
“Forget them” “Important with
hurdles”After voting,win conditions are displayed in four categories
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Issues are captured as subheadings to win conditions
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Elaborate OptionsElaborate Options
Options are captured as subheadings to issues
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Agreements are captured as subheadings to options and win conditions
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Facilitation ResourcesFacilitation Resources
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Facilitation ResourcesFacilitation Resources
Mining Group GoldMining Group Gold
Thomas KayserThomas Kayser
Amazon price: $2.50 (Used)Amazon price: $2.50 (Used)
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Facilitation ResourcesFacilitation Resources
How to Make Meetings Workby Michael Doyle, David Straus Amazon Price: $0.01 (Used)
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Facilitation ResourcesFacilitation Resources
The Skilled FacilitatorThe Skilled Facilitator
By Roger SchwartzBy Roger Schwartz
Amazon Price: $32 (Used)Amazon Price: $32 (Used)
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Facilitation ResourcesFacilitation Resources
• International Association of International Association of FacilitatorsFacilitators
www.iaf-world.orgwww.iaf-world.org