Engineering / Surveying

Anas Malkawi

Objective

• This session provides information on how to read engineering/construction plans and the techniques and principles of surveying. Possible career fields will be demonstrated

Engineering

• Application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.

• Using mathematics and science to solve everyday problems

Surveying

• Technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the 3D position of points and the distances and angles between them.

• Notable Surveyors – George Washington

– Thomas Jefferson

– Abraham Lincoln

– Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

– Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon

Public Works

• Infrastructure projects • Financed and constructed by the government • Examples:

– Public services (Utilities/Pipelines): • Water supply • Sewage • Electrical • Gas

– Transportation • Roads • Bridges • Railroads • Ports • Airports

– Public spaces / facilities • Public squares • Parks • Beaches • Schools • hospitals

Engineering Plans

• Scale

• Layout of drawings

– Plan

– Profile

– Cross Section

• Line weight and line formatting

• Elevations

• Details

Scale

• Ratio of a distance on the map/plan to the corresponding distance on the ground.

• Examples

– Scale bar

– Scale ratio

Layout of drawings

Detail Drawings

Line weight and formatting

• Size/type of line

• Size/type of font

• layering

Facility layout

Surveying tools

• Traditional – Compass – Chain – Transit – Theodolite

• Contemporary – Total Station – Level – Computer Aided Design (CAD)

• Advanced – GNSS / GPS – Laser Scanner – 3D CAD – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Traditional Tools

• Compass

• Chain

• Transit

• Theodolite

• Drafting tools (T-Square, protractor, triangle, …etc)

Contemporary Tools

• Total Station

• Level

• Computer Aided Drafting

Advanced Tools

• GNSS / GPS

• Laser Scanner

• 3D CAD

• Geographic Information System (GIS)

• GPS Machine Control

GIS in Public Works

• Location of assets and facilities

• Navigation to assets

• Attributes (pipe diameter, length, depth, material, …etc)

GNSS / GPS

Surveying methods

• Basic – Pacing – Compass – Measuring tape / wheel

• Conventional / Traditional – Traverse – Leveling

• Contemporary / Advanced – GNSS / GPS – Remote Sensing

Public Works Surveys

• Topographic Survey: gather XYZ data about the natural and man-made features of the land. – 3D map is prepared using CAD that depicts all features and contour lines.

• Construction stake out: locating and marking reference points that will guide the construction of new structures (buildings, roads, pipe bends, appurtenances, …etc.) based on the CAD design

• As-built Survey: a survey that verifies that a constructed project has been

built in accordance with design specifications. – Adjusts plans to existing “as-built” conditions – Prepare a site plan for a facility that we never had plans for

• Boundary/Property Survey: – Research property records / Plats – Check the accuracy of a property line

• Setting or restoring monuments/markers at corners of the parcel

Slope

• Vertical change in a line

• Rise / Run

• 100’ of 10” RCP with a 1’ invert elevation = 1% slope

Levelling

Levelling

• Levelling: measurement of geodetic height using an optical instrument and a level staff or rod having a numbered scale.

• Finding the elevation of a given point with respect to the given or assumed Datum.

• Benchmarks: a point with a precisely known relationship to the level datum of the area (typically MSL).

Levelling

• Benchmark examples:

– Bronze disc set in concrete

– Rebar driven to refusal

– Railroad spike on a telephone pole

– Square cut in concrete on a bridge

– Concrete property monument

Levelling

Levelling

Levelling

Levelling

Levelling

HI = BS reading + Last Elevation New Elevation = HI – FS reading

Pace Count

• Used to measure distance by counting the number of paces between two points

• Average pace count (feet/pace)

– Usually between 2.3-3.3

• If my pace count is 3, how many paces will it take to travel 300 feet?

300/3 = 100 paces

Pace Count

• Exercise in the hallway/outside

Measuring / Redundancy

• The more observations the better to get a more precise answer

• Take mean of measurements

• If asked to get a distance from manhole to manhole, take several measurements 50.3’, 49.5’, 49.9’, 50.1’

Mean = sum of observations

number of observations

Mean = 50.3+49.5+49.9+50.1 = 49.95’

4

Engineering Team

• Director of Engineering

• Chief Engineer / Program Manager

• Project Manager

• Utilities Engineer (Civil / Environmental)

• Planner

• Construction Inspector

• Engineering Technician

• GIS/CAD Technician

Surveying Team

• Project Manager: QA/QC and legal responsibility. Public relations.

• Survey Crew Chief: field operations

• Survey Technician: Data computations / drafting

• Instrument Operator: Data collection

• Rodman: carry prism/rod and

Surveyor Duties

• Research property records

• Establish grades for a new pipeline

• Check the accuracy of a property line

• Licensed Surveyors are licensed by the state to be legally responsible for information collected by a survey party.