Engendering Resource Management:A PRAGEN Puot Project In The Hogon CommunIty, Benguet Provmce PhIlIppmes

Usmg Parhclpatory Rural AppraISal and ECOGEN Tools

Cnsty Guzman - UtutalumMa Rosano R Lopez

Engendering Resource Management:A PRAGEN Pilot Project In The Hogon Communit)T, Benguet Province Philippines

Using Participatory Rural Appraisal and ECOGEN Tools.

Cristy Guzman - UtutalumMa. Rosario R. Lopez

Gender and Resource Management:A PRAGEN Methodology

Cover photo - Pocket mmlng IS the major sourceof livelihood of residents of Ucab mvolvlng notonly the males but also wives and children

Photo credit Mr Nlto Meneses

ThIS publIcation IS publIshed by the Umted States Agencyfor International Development under a Jomt collaborationwIth AID ASIa Bureau WashIngton DC, AID ManIla,PhilIppmes, the Genesys ProJect, the JaIme V OngpmFoundation, Inc and Benguet Corporation under a comatchmg grant fund under the Small ProJect Set-ASIde(SPSA) The VIews and mterpretatIons m the publIcationare those of the authors and should not be attrIbuted tothe Agency for International Development

A pIlot gender partiCipation project on resource manage­ment IS truly mteractIve through a synergIsm of efforts WhIChthe grassroots commuruty catalyzes

Acknowledgement IS foremost to the women and men ofthe Ucab and Tram vIllages, the mam catalysts m the Engen­denng Resource Management (ERM) project usmg thePRAGEN methodology m the PhIlIppmes

In response to the vIllages' gender partICipatIOn, an en­ergIzed collaboratIve stuuulus emerged between fIve sec­tors - the Untted States Agency for InternatIOnal Develop­ment as donor, the JaIme V Ongpm FoundatIOn Inc asNGO, Benguet CorporatIon as pnvate sector, the Depart­ment of EnvIronment and Natural Resources as lead gov­ernment agency, and the Hogon MuntC'lpal Government asthe local government umt

The Untted States Agency for InternatIonal Development(USAID), speCIally through efforts of Ms Gretchen Bloom,WID/Gender AdvIsor of the ASIa Bureau, Washmgton pro­vIded the profeSSIonal motIvatIon as a gender colleague notonly to test the waters m Imkmg partICIpatIon and gender ma grassroots settmg but that a gender resource managementprogram With a cross sectIon of local women's groups par­tiCipatIng m all stages of deSIgn, ImplementatIon and eval­uatIon be realIzed DIane Lavoy, SpeCIal AdVIser on PartIc­IpahOn to the USAID Admffilstrator together WIth Ms PhyllISForbes, DIrector, OffIce of Development Resources, ASIaBureau encouraged the PrulIppme grassroots settmg as a ClaSSICfIeld area where PrulIppme NGO expenence can serve as rolemodel m measurmg, to a certam degree, mdlcators for gen­der partICipatIon Mr Richard WhItaker, Cruef, Democracyand PVO CooperatIon, ASIa Bureau, Washmgton emphasizedthe need to ensure that gender concerns are a senous partof the strategIc plannIng of democratic ImtIatIves wluch focuson democratIc representatIon, respect for human nghts,encourage democratIc values and promote lawful governanceFatIma Verzosa, WID Officer PrulIppmes prOVIded the ERMunpetus by recognlzmg that womens' roles and responsIbIl­ItIes wIll create the needed VISIbIlIty for women to be con­tributory to econOllliC development Mr Donald Spears, headtramer of the GENESYS Project durmg the ASIan WomenWorkshop held m conjunctIon WIth the Annual NGO PVOMeetmg m Cebu, PlulIppmes proVided the analytIcal skIlls mtranslatmg gender tools mto fIeldwork ffiltIatIves

Benguet CorporatIon, through key offICers Mr LOUieAlbarracm, Seruor VIce PreSIdent, Mr Dando V Galang(ASSIstant General Manager, Benguet Antamok C:;old Oper­atIons) and Mr BeIUlY Andam (ReSIdent Manager, BenguetGold OperatIons) and Ms MIdge de Leon who funded andsupported the ERM through theIr attendance durmg vanousactIVIties durmg the twelve day PRAGEN tImetable TheIrpresence bred genume cOllliUlbnent m ensurIng that BenguetCorporation's corporate progress can be achIeved throughsustamable development and the conservation of naturalresources for the uplIfbnent of ItS human resources, ItS com­mumties and the PhIlIppmes as a whole

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The JaIme V Ongpm FoundatIon Inc, the SOCIal arm ofBenguet CorporatIon, through leadershIp of Ms EmIlyPImentel, PreSIdent, Mr Bruno Amblda, ExecutIve DIrector,and Ms Susan Nano, OperatIons Head, cOllliUltted resourcesm mstItutIonalIzmg profeSSIonalIsm m PlulIppme NGO de­velopment work mto a role model standard that should bereplIcated m any Thud World resource managementgrassroots agenda

The Honorable Mayor Cre~encIO Pacalso, and CounCilorLyman Yapyapan of Hogon MumCIpahty, Benguet Provmcewere prmCIpal parbCIpants m the ERM llnplementabOl1, show­mg that under the Local Government Code, plannIng needsdIrect mtervenbon of the commuruty

The Deparbnent of Envlromnent and Natural Resource~

CordIllera AdmllustratIve RegIon staff through Mr HdanonFablonar, Eduardo Austna and JIm Agcon who Jomed theactIvibes even durmg the weekends collaborated WIth ERMffiltIabves and gave theIr tIme and experbse unselfIshly

Full acknowledgement IS earmarked for the ERM teamcomposed of twelve women and men belongmg tomultidISCIplInary profeSSIOns as mllllng engmeers, forest­ers, commumty development speCIalIst, researchers, pro­gram ofhcers who dId theIr work With both enthusIa~m tlllearn PRAGEN and comlllltment to proVide Ucab su~tall1­

able gender empowerment ThIS mcludes Benguet Cor­poratIOn's Mr Laurente Marzo, Mr Pete Cancmo, Engi­neer Dam1Y Llcudme, and Mr Rlzal Fabros, and JVOFIstaff members Manchu Lopez, Rhoda Fe Buenavlsta, Glady~Navarro, Ester Liberato, and Lam Zulueta SpeCIalacknowledgement IS for Mr Nito Meneses, who gavecreative tune and talent m prepanng the footage of theERM VIdeo WhICh has been VIewed by mternatIonal devel­opment practItIoners worldWIde and to Lyn Comconde whoas recordmg secretary braved the typhd'ons of Benguet tohrush the deadlIne

And fmally to the supportmg cast of development cul­leagues and famIly who belIeve and supported thiS per­sonal call

To Barbara Thomas Slayter, Head, Clark Umverslty'sInternabonal Development aI1d prune author of the ECOGENwho set gender dlrecbons through her fIeld studIes conduct­ed m Kenya, Honduras, Kenya, Nepal and the Pluhppmeswluch awakened gender responses from women develop­ment practItIoners belongmg to the South

To Richard Ford, Director, Research of Clark Uruverslty\lntematIOnal Development, aI1d author/advocate of PartICi­patory Rural AppraIsal (PRA) As my mentor he taught 111(:'

how to pursue the ffiltIallmks of PRAGEN WIth profe~~lon­

alIsm, analytIcal skIlls and a deep respect for COllUl1Ul1ItymstItubons

To my husband, Jan and children, Soraya, Sabnna andShafJan, my parents, GUIllermo and Patna Guzman, mySisters, Mlryan and Thelma, nephew Patnck aI1d foster aunt,Ms Zena Seguis, who prOVIded me the needed stImulusto pursue the PRAGEN e.G. UTUTALUM

(y

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IntroductIon Lmkmg Gender, PartlClpatlOn and Development Through PRAGEN 1

What 1S PRAGEN? 1

PRAGEN In ActIOn Ucab VIllage, Hogon MunlClpahty, Benguet Provmce, PhIhppmes 4

Ucab's H1story of 1 nbal H1ghlanders 6

Ucab's EngenderIng Resource Management ACtIVIty (ERM) 9

PRAGEN Schedule of ERM ActlVltIes StudyDefmItIon, Net BenefIts,Dady Mon1tonng Summary, PRAGEN AnalySIS 11

From GRMAP to IAWD 30

Lessons Learned Concludmg EvaluatIons 31

Rephcatmg the PRAGEN 35

Statement of PnncIples on PartICIpatory Development by Bnan T Atwood, USAID AdmIntstrator 38

B1bhography/ Acronyms and AbbrevIatIons 40

INTRODUCTION:Linking Participation, Gender

and Development Through PRAGEN

.Engendenng Resource Management (ERM), IS a casestudy usmg PartiCIpatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and En­Vironment, Commumty OrgamzatIon and Gender Tools(ECOGEN) m a methodology called PRAGEN

PRAGEN's mam objective IS to lInk partiCIpation andgender m sustamed grassroots partiCIpatory developmentPRAGEN IS a TIllrd World concrete response "for" and'from" the commumty, NGO, donor and government'smitIatives to maximize both human and fmanCIal resourc­es to obtam a sustamable empowerment of women andmen who are direct stakeholders of the fragile ecosystemwhich determme their survIval

USAID Admmistrator JBnan Atwood's recent Declara­tion of PartiCIpatory PnnCIples (Refer to Amlex I, Novem­ber 16, 1993) emphasizes that" to overcome the tendencyof projects to benefIt only the local elItes, we WIll use gen­der analysIs and techmques for data collection and consen­sus buIldmg such as partiCIpative rural appraIsal (PRA)PRA IS a development planmng methodology that helpsthe dIfferent groups and mstItutIons m a given commumtyto agree on a common course of action and to take anactive role m orgamzmg the mputs of the vanous outsIdeagenCIes." (Atwood 1993)

Mr Atwood adds that recogmz111g and acting uponwomen's central roles m the development process IS adecIsive element m achIev111g sustamable Improvements 111the economIes and socIal well bemg of developmg coun­tnes USAID's efforts to achIeve dynamIC, long lastmggrowth wIll only succeed If AID resources empower womenas well as men to seIze opportumtIes, and make a differ­ence for themselves, theIr families, and their commum­ties" (WID' 1993)

Gender partiCIpation has become a development thrustamong development practitIOners and researchert> to 111­clude the International Institute of EnvIronment and De­velopment (lIED) 111 England who are pIOneers of theRapId Rural Appraisal lIED's Sustamable AgncultureProgramme claims that though the use of partiCIpatoryapproaches IS ever mcreasmg and whIle III "theory" It annsto 111volve everyone and m1l1U11lze bIas, gender Issuesrema1l1 forgotten The extent to which gender IS mcorpo­rated as an analytical concept 111 partiCIpatory approachesIS generally determmed by the personal commItment onthe part of the reople mvolved 111 thIS Issue (GUlJt 1993)

Clark UmversIty's InternatIOnal Development Depart­ment's fIeld and analytical case studIes Implementmg PRAand ECOGEN conducted 111 Nepal, Kenya, Madagat>car,

Botswana, GambIa, Honduras and many more countnet>deserves commendatIOn from ThIrd World developmentspeCIalIsts smce PRAGEN was conceived usmg pnmanlyPRA and ECOGEN tools adapted to speCIfIc commumtlet>WIth speCIfIC gender conSiderations

BIlateral and mtemat10nal agenCIes have Jomed the genderthrust through the SOC1O EconomIC and Gender AnalY~I~

(SEGA) trammg pIlot program- a collaboration between theEconomIC Development Institute (EOI) of the World Bank,the Umted Nations Development Program (UNDP) and theFood and AgrICulture OrgamzaMn (FAO) TIle WID coor­dmator of EDI states that SEGA's goal IS to mstItutIonallzegender responSIve polIcy makmg and program planmngamong selected mternatIonal and national agenCIes re~pon­

Sible for development It IS observed that competency amongdevelopment profeSSionals m formulatmg polICies and de­Slgnmg national projects takmg gender mto accowlt IS m veryshort supply, and wlule women m development (WID) trall1­mg have been earned out by many orgamzatIons over theyears, there has been very lIttle collaboration among themresultmg m conSIderable duphcatIon and meffICIent use ofresources (Dell 1993)

Today, development speCialIsts employed as ,NGO~ ormembers of mtematIonal orgamzatIons continuously seek co~t

effective and adaptable gender tools to ensure that WIthsustamabllIty, three other development objectives are mher­ent m any resource management development cycle stabIl­Ity, eqUltabllIty and productiVity for both women and men

PRAGEN as a gender partiCIpation methodology IS not abluepnnt to answer vaned gender concerns so entical 111

resource management plamung and development but 10ll1sthe learnmg process as a development tool that attempb tolmk gender and partiCIpation not m a classroom but m Villagesetting where commwuhes, NGOs, donors and govenunentall partiCipate as direct and mdIrect stakeholders

WHAT IS PRAGEN?

The PRAGEN methodology IS a combmatIOn of a Pal­hCIpatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) WIth Envmmment, Com­mumty OrganizatIOn and Gender AnalySIS (PRAGEN) ~lI1ce

equal partICIpatIOn of both women and men IS orgamc 111

any phase of natural resource management project cyclePRAGEN methodology IS orgamzed, systematIc, yet flex­Ible 111 the fIeld

PRAGEN enables a multIdlsclplll1ary team of NGOt>,local government representatIves and teclulical personnel

1

help commUl1ItIes (women and men) collect data, analyzecause of problems, rank problems, rank problems m orderof seventy, select solutions, and adopt an agreed-upon planof action (Ford, Lelo, Ayleko 1992) Integratmg some or allaspects of PRAGEN mcorporates It mto a practIcal, tImeand cost effective development tool smce It IS conductedat a maxImum of fIfteen fIeld days

PRAGEN IS mdlspensable for gender collectIve action,responsIbIlIty and welfare PRAGEN lIkeWIse provIdes andrelllforces women and men wIth an mternal commul1ltylllstItuhonal strengthenmg and capabIlIty bUlldmgPRAGEN supports the assertIon that the fundamental el­ements of effectIve resource management - sustam.abllIty,prodUCtIVIty, eqmtabllIty - can be strengthened with ex­plICIt attentIOn to gender (Thomas- Slayter, Esser, ShIelds1993)

But PRAGEN cnsscrosses beyond gender dlsaggregatedmformatIon smce It pursues other factors as age, ethl1ICltyand lIvelIhood as Important subsets for further genderanalysIs If a commul1lty actIOn plan IS to succeed Under­standably, a development plan IS one thmg but gendermdlgenous realItIes are the real determmants for sustamedresource management partICIpatIon

RealIty one confmns that commul1lty settmgs have m­herent stratIfIcatIon where SOCIO cultural economICs andpolItical authonty determme control and deCISion makmgNo more IS thIS more eVIdent than m commul1ltIes wherethe resource base expenences d1l11l11lshmg supply and ac­cess to resources spells added conflIcts and growmg mIs­conceptIon

RealIty two confmns that the JustIfIcatIOn of soundbIodIversIty conservation placed on an equal footmg wIthIlnmedlate food secunty needs more than an educatIonalenvIronmental campaIgn smce commUl1ltIes contmuouslysearch for llnmedlate, alternative means of lIvelIhood atwhatever extractIve cost to the enVIronment smce thIS spellstheIr survIVal

RealIty three confIrms that beyond women and menhousehold and productIve roles, resource managementmltIatIves can cut deeply through women versus womenand men versus men collective actIon due to mcreasmgdlspanty between the "haves" and the "have nob" rem­forcing theIr fatalIstic vIew that theIr lIves have no chOIcebut to conform to authontanan dependence

In summation, PRAGEN has be both flexIble and adapt­able to respond to mdlgenous realItIes speCIfIc to eachcommul1lty WIthIn the learnmg process, PRAGEN as adevelopment tool can serve several functions a trammgtool, research tool, an assessment tool for eXIsting or futureproJects, a mOl1ltonng and evaluation tool How Pragenresponds to a vanety of tool functIons wIll be detaIled mthe Dally ActIVItIes report sectIon

PRAGEN: A RATIONALE WITH NINE STRENGTHS

TraditIonally, margInal commumtIes' problems andsolutIons were ehClted, artIculated, analyzed and mterpretedby development experts eIther through m depth studies,

2

group mtervlews, rapId rural appraIsals, random samplesurveys of commUl1ltIes Despite the most optimIstIC as­sessments of commUl1ltIes' readmess to articulate resourcemanagement problems and solutIOns, It was rare that suchexpressIOns came spontaneously Without external or mter­nal proddmg of some kmd Rare too, was the mcluslOn ofthese women and men respondents In conceptualIzmg anyphase of the project cycle Respondents VIewed the mfor­matIon gathenng actIvItIes as extractIve m nature, oftenexpressmg dlsmterest and suspICIOn as to the underlymgmotive of these questlOnmg actiVIties

Some data from these extractive resource managenlt:'n~

actIvItIes dId reveal though that deten11lned patterns ofbehaVIOr due to pressmg economIc needs and dlll1ll1l::,hm/!;natural re::,ources mcreased labor expectatIons from wom­en to augment family mcome but lessened women's deCi­sIOn makmg responsIbilItIes Withm their household andcommul1lty More::,o, there WdS rarely a clear-cut dlstll1c­tIon between domestIc labor for household consumptionand for mcome earnlllg actIv I tIe::" between econc)J11lcallyactIve and mactIve famtly members, and between agncultural and non-agricultural tasks

Thu::" the relationshIp of gender partICIpatIon m su::,tall1­able resource management plan recommends Itself throughPRAGEN First, It fits well mto mcreasmgly empha::'lzedgra::,::, root level democratizatIon of re::,ource managementsy::,tems and partICIpatory development (Cernea 19H9)Second, It recogIllze::, that mdlgenous knowledge anddeCISIOn maklllg ::,ystems of women and men whIch havebeen Ignored, neglected and malIgned IS a sustalllablestrategy for resource conservatIOn based on generatIOn::, ofexperience and valuable knowledge that the formal sectorhas yet to learn (Warren 1990)

Third, It establIshes women and men mto their tradI­tIonal mode of eXIstence, whICh IS mamtammg food ::,ecu­nty through the safeguardmg of local, natural resources

PRAGEN offers a modIfied approach to the IdentIfica­tIon of baSIC needs thlOUgh Ib l1lne ::,trength::, (Ford, Noah,Lelo 1992) whIch fit mto the the ThIrd World's commu­l1ltIes' SOCIO economIC and cultural perspectIve::,

Strength 1 Focuses on Rural CommumtiesPartICIpatIon of women and men m the mstItutlOns and

sy::,tems that govern their lIves IS a basIC human nght andessential fdr economIC development Government, NGO::,and donors should recogmze thiS nght

Rural development strategIes can only realIze their fullpotential through the active partICIpatIOn of dIsadvantagedgroups, women and men belongll1g to and who are capa­ble of deslgl1lng, Implementll1g, momtonng and evaluatll1gprograms SUItable to their needs and deSIres

Strength 2 Offers AlternatIves for Marginal AreasA partICIpatory project cycle IS not welfare or chanty for

commUl1ltIes PRAGEN IS productIVIty Oriented, auned atmcreasmg the productIve mcome::, of commUl1ltIes andstrengthenmg theIr eXistIng capaCItIes as resource users andproducers

ResIdents engage In

weaving durtng therainY season whenthey are unable towork m the tunnels

3

Strength 3 Uses Approaches Sensitive to Gender NeedsPRAGEN realIzes that women In commumtIes are the

resource managers and labor force partICIpants in theforestry and agrIculture sectors ScarCItIes of fuel, food,water and land and further forest degradatIon most sen­ously affect women because of theIr heavy dependence onthe resource base to meet famIly needs

Strength 4 Systematizes Rural ParticipationMost envIronmental NGOs and donors belongIng to the

developIng world are dIrectmg Its efforts to commumtIesas a means to mvolve women and men m resource man­agement PRACEN starts with the premIse that (1) If ef­fectIve, partICIpatory tools are used m eXIstmg, tradItIOnalcommumtIes' InstItutIons, then (2) these same mstItutIonsWill be strengthened to achieve popular partICipatIon mresource management

Strength 5 Uses Visual Matenals ana Group DiscussionsPRAGEN's use of IndIgenous VIsual matenals common

to commumtIes becomes a partICIpatory commumcatIonsystem that allows famlhanty WIth their cultural dIverSity.PRAGEN's focus on group diSCUSSiOns Will show how manymembers of any community recognize the particular set ofproblems of a specI1i.c group and works out a solutIon tothe group's speCific need

Strength 6 Enables Rural Kesidents to InteractPRAGEN acknowledges that commumtIes know best

what IS good for them. They represent a maSSive humanresource In terms of labor potentIal, practIcal IndIgenousknowledge, expenence and Ideas Better mteractIon betweenmembers Improves project deSIgn's long term human re­latIons

Strength 7 Integrates SectorsThe best results m resource management development

can be obtained when the work of separate governmentagenCies and NGOs are coordInated at the commumty levelso that each agency represented can make itS maXimumcontnbutIon to scale up efforts m an Integrated regiOnaland natIonal scale PRAGEN defInes coordInation In thecontext of "equalIty" among the government agenCies andNCOs Involved.

Strength 8 Integrates OrganizationsThe question of costs elICit a large amount of voluntary

partiCipatIon among the dIverSIfIed, stratIfIed groupingsbelongmg to commumtIes Integrated problem solvmg andmtegrated lOltIatIves by different cultural commumtIes or­gamzatIons may effect an mtegrated responSibility It isthrough the PRAGEN process that structural changes (ata cost per umt lower than other methods) may spread toencompass a larger number of partICIpants

Strength 9 Concludes with a Community (Village)Action Plan

MobilIzmg partICipation of commumtIes mto a Commu-

4

mty (VIllage) Plan removes the dIstrust and explOItationgenerally felt by commumtIes In externally deSIgned pro­grams PRAGEN estabhshes ownershIp to problems andsolutIOns that only men and women of the commuOIty canmutually IdentIfy and solve

PRAGEN IN ACTION: UCAB VILLAGE IN THEITOGON MUNICIPALITY, BENGUET PROVINCE

WHY UCAB . A Project RationaleThere were three concerns In designmg a resource

management project for Ucab's mInmg commumtIesFirst, there was no eXistIng nor shared collaborative

framework between local government agenCies, NCO, andpnvate sector With the Dcab commuOIty to aSSIst plannersIn understandIng the complex Interplay of IdentIfyIng theneeds of a hIghly dependent commumty as a causativeeffect to the Immediate constraInts they face In searchIngfor alternatIve means of lIvehhood to prevent furtherenvIronmental extractIon 1

Second, was the absence of a gender pohcy formationand analySIS for Ucab, that could serve as a l:omplemen­tary lmkage to long term resource management plannIngWith full conSIderatiOn of Ucab's hIghly stratIfIed commu­OIty determmed by their heavy dependence on a non-re­newable, irreplaceable resource base whIch IS gold

Tlmd, was the eXIstence of IndIgenous reahtIes (baSICal­ly gender neutral) pervaSIVe m Ucab as "who" had con­trol over mmmg nghts, "what" tenure systems could beprOVIded for the landless and squatters, "why" other naturalresources as water and forests other than gold was rapidlydimInIshIng, "whose" moral responsibihty should spear­head explorIng alternative means of hvelIhood, or "how"pnvate, commumty NCO and LGU efforts could respondeqUitably to mdigenous realIties that they may have nocontrol of

However, Phihppme Department of EnVironment andNatural Resources (CordIllera Autonomous RegIOn), thepnvate sector (Benguet Corporation) and the PhIhppIneNGO (Jaime V Ongpm Foundation, Inc) and the localgovernment umt (Itogon mumCipahty) recognIzed theImportant, cnbcal, and dual role that gender plays 10

protectIng the dwmdhng resources of Ucab Such recog­OItiOn supported an Engendenng Resource ManagementUSIng PartiCipatory Rural AppraIsal and ECOGEN toolconducted In Ucab under project name ERM

The ERM project rationale was dIrected towards Im­proved opportumtIes and partIclpabon of Dcab womenand men In the deSIgn, execution and maIntenance ofresource management ThiS dIrection was an Improvementfrom previOUS SOCial welfare programs that targeted Ucabwomen as mere aId reCipients or benenCianes of traditIon­al tramIng as sewmg, cookIng which enhanced their do­mestIc roles or prOVIdIng men WIth mInIng Jobs that cul­tIvated the employer-employee distInctIve demarcatIon The

1 Constraints in the ERM context is defined as dwin­dlmg gold supply as main resource base that communityand private sector are heavily dependent on.

, -,

'.( .

" ,-./1-;;; _ ... t

:;+r:~

.'

"

If"$'~

-. <~~.f ~,.,.~~ :<

""-~~

Gold-panning 'nstreams near the mmesItes /s a source oflweI/hood

5

Ucab commumty's capaCity, theIr freedom to make chOIcesand to partIcIpate eqUItably In sustaIned resource manage­ment development was admIttedly overlooked

A second ratIonale of the ERM In Ucab needed to In­tegrate pnvate sector and commumty sectoral constraIntsInto a collectIve grassroots development agenda to enhanceUcab's productIve, human resources In the long term

PartICIpants agreed before the ERM conduct that deeplyrooted dISCnmInatory practIces and long held VIews ofgender roles In partIcular had to be understood, respected,Incorporated and documented If Ucab stakeholders wantto progress for the next generation

Thus, IF Ucab women and men are gIVen equal respon­SIbIlIties to protect dWIndling resources, any project In theIrmInIng commumty, should Include gender analySIS to un­derstand that theIr dIVISIOn of labor, theIr IndIgenousknowledge, theIr partiCipatIOn In commumty Institutionscould spell the dIfference In the success or faIlure In re­source management plannIng and ImplementatIon

UCAB's ERM OBJECTIVESThe ERM pIlot project actiVIty had two objectives

1 To conduct a 13 day PIlot Gender SenSItive PlannIngACtIVIty WIth the Ucab grassroots commumty USIng Par­tiCipatory Rural AppraIsal (PRA) and Gender Tools IndeVISIng a Gender Resource Management Action Plan(GRMAP), and

2, To document and publIsh, "Gender and ResourceManagement (GRM): A PRAGEN Methodology PilotProject In Ucab Using Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA) and Gender Sensitive Tools."

Gender SpeCIfIc Objectives Included

1 incorporatIng the lInkage between PartiCIpation and Gen­der AnalYSIS In all stages of the ERM planmng/actiVIty forNOH, BC, concerned government agenCIes and USAID

2 TestIng the effectIveness of PRA and Gender tools In agrassroots settIng to obtaIn gender disaggregated dataspatial, InStItutIonal and temporal data

3 IdentIfyIng the Gender Resource Management Action Plan(GRMAP) accountabIlIty of sectors ( women, youth, mIn­Ing, farmer sectors, NGO and government agenCIes) Inensurmg sustaInabilIty of GRMAP.

UCAB'S HISTORY OF TRIBAL HIGHLANDERS

The puroks2 of Ucab Proper and Antamok'Tram belongto the VIllage of Ucab, mumcipalIty of Hogon located InBenguet ProvInce, the PhIlIppInes The name Ucab wasgIven by early Spamsh explorers who upon reachIng theSIte saw a mother and a daughter working at theIr "kaIngm"or sWIdden farm The explorers, as old folks told the tale,

asked mother and daughter where they were Unable tounderstand each other due to language dIfferences, the

2 Puroks are a cluster of houses, sitlOs are conbguous purokgroupings.

6

Spamards heard the mother say somethIng to her daugh­ter "ueAP mo Itan," meanmg "hft that tlung " The Span­Iards then haVIng only Ciphered the word "UCAP" fromthe conversation, pOSSIbly understood that the SIte wascalled "UCAP" Many generations have passed and per­haps, the SIte "UCAP" had been altered to the name UCAB

The fIrst dwellers of UCAB were the IbalOls of theBenguet cultural commumty who were the predomInanthIghlanders They owned the lands where they cultivatedtheIr "uma" or kaIngIn As colomahsm spread, lowlandsettlers to Include multinational compames bought the landsmce they speculated that Ucab's mountaInS were nch InmIneral resources, particularly gold depOSIts,

LAND, GOLD, SOIL AND WATER: DETERMINANTS OFLIVELIHOOD

Total land area of Ucab IS more or less, 1070 hectaresdlstnbuted among fIve SitIOS namely Northern Ucab SitIOwhIch has ten puroks, Western Ucab WIth eIght puroks,central Ucab SitIO WIth 7 puroks and eastern Ucab WIththree puroks Of the 1,070 Ucab hectarage, more than halfor approxImately 607 hectares IS claSSIfIed as watershed/mIneral area whIle only 3 per cent or 274 hectares IS clas­SIfIed as reSIdentIal

Ucab IS bounded on the north by Barangay 3 Tudmg, theeast by Barangay Loakan and the west by BarangayGumatdang All barangays belong to the Hogon munICI­palIty whIch IS located 19 kIlometers east of BagUIo CIty,roughly 27 kIlometers trom the prOVInCIal capItol of LaTnmdad, Benguet and 269 kIlometers north of ManIla

the topography of Ucab IS generally a mountaInOUS ter­raIn WIth narrow valleys cnsscrossIng ItS entire span Moun­taIn slopes range from 18 degrees In the uplands. to 50degrees along mountaInSIdes It has two pronounced sea­sons - the wet and dry The dry season occurs late No­vember until the end of May whIle the rest of the year ISraIny season The raIny season expenences cold tempera­ture espeCIally In the uplands though the summer monthsare less warm compared to lowland areas of BenguetprovInce MInImUm temperature IS placed at 3 degrees Cel­SIUS whIle maXImum temperature IS at 29 72 degreesCelsIUS Average annual raInfall stands at 3,000 mIllIme­ters or an average of 181 raImng days whIch occur dunngthe months of June to October

The Bakakeng sandy clay loam IS Ucab's predomInantsoIl type Ucab's vegetative cover mcludes vegetables, pmetrees, shrubs and open grasslands ThIS type of soIl ISmargmally SUItable for vegetables but not SUItable for nceThere are no IrngatIon faCIlIties and agnculture produceIS dependent on the raIny season

SInce Ucab's terraIn IS mountaInOUS, graZIng land ISlImIted and the major method of 'farmIng actiVIty IS thekaIngIn or sWIden MInIng actIVIty IS the pnmary sourceof lIvelIhood due to nch mIneral depOSIts such as gold ore,sIlver and copper Small amounts of lIme and coal are

3 Barangay or village is smallest administrative unit inthe Philippines.

avaIlable The entry of m1010g companIes 10 Ucab as earlyas 1900 attest to the Hogon mUnIcIpalIty's status as one ofthe premIer gold m1010g sItes 10 the PhilIpp10es The 1990data from the Bureau of Mmes and GeoscIences reportedthat as of 1990, Hogan's mmeral reserves amounted to18,954,872 metrIC tons of primary gold and about 3m millIonmetrIC tons of pnmary copper In the same year, mInIngcompanIes operat1Og m Hogan reported a 11llneral produc­tion of 22,877 kIlograms of gold and 1,969 kIlograms ofsIlver (Bureau of Mmes 1990)

Water sources come from eXIst10g spr10gs and nversbut are fast disappearmg due to rampant deforestation alongthe watershed areas

The SabkIl Water System IS Ucab's prImary water sourcebut present supply IS not suffICIent to meet the commu­nIty's grow1Og needs

Water, whether safe or potable, IS avaIlable from com­mUnIty faucets on hourly rotation PIped water from deepand shallow wells supply IS low WIth most homes havmgno pIped-in water connection MajOrIty of households relyon sprIng or nver water, If any, or ramwater Re~Idents

reason that search10g for alternative means of lIvelIhoodsuch as commerCIal pIg rals1Og, extenSIve frUIt orchards,extenSIve vegetable production IS not VIable due to thelack of contmuous water supply

A DIVERSE PEOPLE: HIGHLANDERS AND LOW­LAND MIGRANTS

Ucab's total population IS approxImately 6,023 WIth atotal of 1,090 households Average household sIze IS ftvePopulatIOn denSIty IS roughly 497 square meters per mdI­VIdual

In-IlllgratIon to Ucab due to the growmg presence ofmmIng companIes created 10termarrIages among new set­tlers and reSIdents Comparative population statI~tIcs (Ta­ble 1) mdiCate that from 1987 to 1990, Ucab's populationrose by 5 8 per cent

Table 1 Ucab PopulatIon and Growth Rate 1987-1990

VIllage 1987 1989 1990 Ave 'YoIncrea<,e

UCAB 4,882 5,719 5,731 58Source Itogon MurucIpal Plannmg Development Office (MPDO), Year 1990

The IbalOls and Kankanaeys, belong1Og to the Benguetethmc group, are the predommant tnbes followed by theBontocs, Sagadas and the Gonogons who are descendantsof the Mountam Provmce Though most reSIdents conversem 110cano, the dIalect of the northern PhIlIppme provmces,they also speak PIhpmo, the national language ChnstIan­Ity IS the predollunant relIgIOn due to the presence of foreIgnmISSIOnanes In Ucab m the early 1900's "Spht level"ChnstIans IS the term that Ucab reSIdents use to de~cnbe

second or thud generatIon tnbal ChnstIans who ~tJll prac-

tIce mdlgenous ntuals and customs Praymg to their an­cestors through anImal offer1Ogs IS often done before andafter harvest through theIr "canaos" or "pakdes" Doth arecommunIty ntuals performed to ask for contmued pros­perIty for the soIl and Its people

Ucab's populatIon IS faIrly young, maJonty belongmg tothe youth and productive age group of 15-49 year~ (TClble 2)

Table 2 DI<,tnbutIon of UCAB PopulatIOn by Age Group

AGE TOTAL PERCENTAGEPOPULATION

Le<;s 1 74 1 231-4 867 14395-9 82h 137110-14 531 88215-49 2,124 352(,50-M 1,478 2454h5-<lbove 123 2 (J4

TOTAL h,( )23 100 (J(J'X,

SourLe Itogon MUnIupal and Planmng OffIce, 1YY3

Table 3 DI<,tnbutlOn of UCAB PopulatIOn by Sex

IAGE GROUP Percent<lge Percent<lgeMALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE

Le<;<; than 1 yr 42 32 (J 70 (J 531-4 474 393 787 h 524-9 443 383 7% (,3(,10-14 298 233 495 38715-49 1,514 610 2514 10135(J-64 184 1,294 3 (J5 2148h5-above 69 54 1 15 (J 89

TOTALS 3,024 2,999 5022% 4978%

Source Itogon Mumupal Development ProfIle, 1993

Smce the 15-49 age group IS conSIdered the productIveage group of UCAB, further data before the conduct of theERM revealed that men (lutI1umbered women m thl~ agecategory except for age group 50-64, where women out­numbered men The Hogon MumCIpal Development OffI­cer sunmses that Ucab women belongmg to age group 15­49 frequently mIgrate out of Ucab due to lack of Job oppor­tumtIes smce the 1l1lnmg camp generally employs men

Furthermore, le~~ men (0 H9'X,) reach the 65 and aboveage group whICh nnphes that men have a hIgher mortalItycompared to women On the other hand, higher depen­dency ratIo among elderly women (ages 50-64) wlthmfamily structure IS establIshed InterVIews revealed thatperhaps, male mIgratIon outSide Ucab after they reachedpeak age of retIrement (ages 50-64) IS a mam factor

7

8

A farmer sorts and

Packs hIs harvests of

ginger before seiling

them In the market

'ECONOMIC DATAHousehold mcome IS dIfficult to determme m Ucab due

to the nature of gold mmmg revenue wluch IS subject tofluctuatmg gold pnces and the feasIbilIty of extractmg anyamount of gold obtamed after ball lrullmg Also, Illegal goldnunmg activIties of poachers IS unreported mcome smce suchactivIties are Wlthm gold conceSSlOn areas owned by mmmgcomparues "One day trullIonalre, 360 days broke," IS howpocket mmers deSCrIbe their £manoal status

Pocket mmmg or "abucay", gold panrung or" sayo" andsWldden fartrung or "kamgm" m that order are mam sourcesof hvelIhood Income from kamgm actIvIties, root crops,bananas and vegetables, IS generally for SubsIstence levels toaugment mcome from uncertam trunlng mcome Hog andpoultry raIsmg 15 prImarIly a backyard activity With an averageof five heads per animal per household

A number of Ucab residents are employed by trurungcomparues operatmg 10 the area, mamly Benguet Corpora­tion and ItS affilIate comparues conSidered plOneer compa­rues m the PlulIppmes

Self employed residents mclude both men and womenwho are engaged m their own small, pnvate scale nunmgOften, they employ at least five workers or fatruly memberswho engage m gold parulmg along nver banks Roughly 150Ball Mill Processmg faCilIties are owned by entrepreneurswho charge P7() 00 (roughly $2 50) per 50 kilo sack of rawmatenal stones

Some retaIlers own some scale lrucro enterpnses WhiChmclude 35 sarI san stores, 2 bakerIes, 1 barber shop, 1 tal­lormg shop, 2 machme shops

Cottage mdustrles mclude broom making, kruttmg, weav­mg and crochetmg usually done by women on a seasonalbaSIS dependmg on market demand No factory or prIvatelyowned processmg Flant eXists m Ucab

There are no formal credit faCilIties Wormal borrowmgamong fnends, relatives and neighbors are options

SOCIAL DATAUcab, lIke the nme villages belongmg to ltogon has a

comparatively average health condition As home out by Table"4, wlule crude birth rate mcreased by 9 5% per 1000 popu­latiOn, crude death rate declIned by 63% Matemal deathswere mamtamed at 0 for years 1990 and 1991 but there wasnotable mcrease 10 mfant mortality rate by as much as 75%MaIn reason for hIgh miant mortality C3l1not be detenrunedas of tIus wrIting

Table 4 Itogon Comparahve Vital Health Indices 1990 and 1991

Births! 1990 1990 1991 1991 % Change % ChangeDeath~ No Rate No Rate No Rate

Births 839 137 950 150 132 95Deaths 99 16 93 1 5 (6 1) (6 3)InfantDeaths 2 24 4 42 1000 750MaternalDeaths 0 0 0 0 00 00

Source Benguet Provincial Health Office

Respiratory related diseases such as acute respiratorymfectlOn, bronchItis, and pneumoma are among the lead­109 causes of morbIdIty 10 Ucab LeadIng causes of mor­talIty mclude respiratory related dIseases such as pneumo­ma, pulmonary tuberculosIs and respIratory dIstress syn­drome, the mCJdence of WhICh could be partly attnbutedto tIle cold weatI1er and the nature of work m tI1e mmes

The nutntIonal status of children conducted through"OperatlOn Tlmbang" or Operation Welghmg by the De­partment of Health observed tI1at chtldren between theages of 1-4 were mtldly underweight

There IS only one health clImc catenng to Ucab's grow­Ing populatIon manned by one doctor, one nurs p , onedentist and one mIdWife

UCAB FacIlitiesThere IS only one high schoot two elementary schools,

three day care centers and one basketball court MostreSidents fimshed elementary education, some Illgh schoolbut maJonty did not contmue college degrees Drop outrate was slgmficantly low at 08% 10 the elementary levelwhile thiS was pegged at 34% 10 the secondary level

There IS no public market and travel to BagulO topurchase baSIC commodities IS regularly done on a weeklybaSIS

Though electnCJ~ IS available, only 550 or 50 5% homesuse electnCity while other homes contend With kero~ene

smce power hnes are not accessible 10 their area Dcabdenves Its power supply from the Benguet Electnc Coop­erative (BENECO) and Benguet CorporatiOn WlllCh sup­phes the power reqUlrements of Its camps and companyowned bunkhouses

Road conditions III Ucab are rough and rocky and lJ1

need of repmr ThiS condition renders travel to and fromUcab difficult espeCially dunng ramy weather Few phvate"Jeepneys" commute from Ucab to BagUlo on fixed sched­ules Foot bndges and foot tratls complement the eXistingroad network 10 Ucab

HousingMost homes are made of wood, mpa shmgles, stone or

bnck With galvamzed Iron generally a~ roofmg matenalMost homelots are pnvately owned, no matter how smallLandholdmgs reveal that the average SIze of farm lots IS3 hectares and below whtle the largest landhold109 doe~

not exceed 24 hectares The loss or lack of Jobs 10 mmmgcamps and surroundmg Villages has mcreased squatterhousmg

DCAB'S ERM ACTIVITY

The chOIce of Ucab Proper and Antamok Tram commu­mtIes 10 Itogon revealed that With partIcular attention togender analySIS both men and women share equal respon­slblhtIes and opportumtIes 10 protectmg their dwmdhngresource base Furthermore, program and project analysl~

which mcorporated gender perspectives Il1creases the lIke­lihood that commumties wIll orgamz-e and act on Issues

9

Tiger grass which IS

abundant dUring thedry months IS madeInto brooms and soldIn the city

10

TIMETABLE/SCHEDULE OF ERM ACTIVITIES STUDY

Days 1 2 3PHASE 11 Day 1Tool 1PRAGEN Flowchart XDMS X2 Day 2Tool 2PUbcr~~O~ XDMS X3 Day 3Tool 3Household IntervIews XDMSFIRST EVALUATIONPHASE 24 Day 4Tool 4VIllage MapDMS5 Day 5Tool 5VIllage TransectDMS6 Day 6Tool 6Gender Seasonal CalendarDMS7 Day 7Tool 7TIme LmeDMS8 Day 8Tool 8Venn DIagramDMS9 Day 9Tool 9Gender Resource MappmgDMSSECOND EVALUATIONPHASE 3 - Data AnalySIS and SyntheSIS10 Day 10Tool 10Rankmg ProblemsDMS11 Day 11Tool 11Rankmg OpbonsDMSTHIRD EVALUATIONPHASE 4 - Commumty ActiOn Plan12 Day 12Tool 12GRMAPFINAL EVALUATION

4

X

XX

5

X

xX

x

xX

7

x

xX

8

x

xX

9

x

XX

10

X

xX

11

x

XX

12

X

XX

of envIronmental degradatIon, resource management andhealth (Noah, Thomas-Slayter 1991)

Twelve PRA and EeOGEN tools were utIhzed as dallyactiVities to complete fIve phases of the 12 day ERM ACtiVItyusmg the PRAGEN methodology

Phase 1 called PRAGEN BnefIng used three tools startlllgwith the Pragen Flowchart (Tool 1), PartiCIpant Obser­vation (Tool 2), and Household IntervIews (Tool 3)

Phase 2 called Data Gathermg used the followmg VIllageMap ( Tool 4), VIllage Transect (Tool 5), Gender Sea-

n

12

-

Two women preparesacks of ore for theball mIll

1:<

';

--'j

{ ""'it

"''''

!

, ... -

FLOWCHART

ENGENDERING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1 Brleflng,2 PRAGEN Intra,3 Team4 Site visit

A Spaflal Village Mapping/Transects

1..-_.-----1 B Temporal TIme Une, SeasonalAcflvltles Calendar

C Inst Diagram Inst GenderMatrix

PRAGEN Data Synthesis/Analysis Ranking

A Technical Data summaryB Problem RankingC Rankin 0 flons

~~I---IL~::....-...r-~-I LGU/NGO/GO I

Seffing Community Acflon PlanA Gender Resource Management

Plan (GRMAP)

sonal Calendar (Tool 6), TIme LIne (Tool 7), GenderResource MappIng (Tool 8), Venn DIagram (Tool 9)

Phase 3 called Data AnalysIs or SynthesIs, was a culmIna­tIon of phases 1 and 2 wluch utIlIzed two partICIpatorytools· RankIng Problems (Tool 10) and RankIng OptIons(Tool 11)

Phase 4 whIch IS the CommunIty ActIon Plan ACtIVItydeVlsed the Gender Resource Management ActIon Plan(Tool 12) that summarIzed actIVItIes after completingall the four phases

Phase 5 - ERM Post MomtorIng and EvaluatIon Phasecommenced after ERM actIVIty

MONITORINGERM ACtIVIty Incorporated a bUIlt-In Dally MOnItOrIng

Summary (DMS) after a tool conduct which kept track ofdally actIVItIes to achIeve dally targets and adherence toERM objectIves The summary of daIly actIVItIes famlhar­Ized the Team and the commUnIty WIth the Importance ofboth flexIbIhty and adaptabIhty 10 the fIeld The dynamICSof the PRAGEN actIVItIes needed contmuous momtor1Ogof daIly actIVItIes as PRAGEN contInued data collectIonReactIons of the partICipants, especIally to gender strate­gies of PRAGEN tools, enabled the Team to modify orinclude other tools as need arose The DaIly MOnItOrIngSummary was simultaneously a traInIng exerCIse for Teammembers and government representatIves

EVALUATIONThe ERM actiVIty Included four evaluatIon schedules

during the PRAGEN exerCIse whIch wIll be dIscussed Inthe section on Lessons Learned

The PRAGEN EvaluatIon IS defmed as a formativeevaluatIon used progressIvely to gUIde the deSIgn andImplementatIOn process of ERM. Since the GRMAP wa~

not yet readIly definable In preCIse and explICIt terms duringeach phase stage, PRAGEN EvaluatIon was conducted pe­rIodically to explore tnal and error experIence, gaIn a betterunderstand10g of the community, sharpen defImtIon ofERM objectIve and adapt PRAG"::N tools to achIeve It

It IS Important to note that PRAGEN EvaluatIons dIdnot Include the partICIpatIon of any communI.y represen­tatIve dunng diSCUSSIOns ERM actIVIty recognIzes tImevaluatIon to serve the follOWIng pOInts (1) allowed con­fidentIalIty In dISCUSSIng problems and perceIved partICI­patIOn constraInts that WIll anse, (2) enabled Team todISCUSS the progre'ss of PRAGEN on an Integrated level,not on a per tool level, (3) prOVIded the opportunIty todeVIse, modIfy and analyze tools that are weak or notacceptable to the communIty and (4) created profeSSIOnalrapport between Team members 10 replllnmng subsequentPRAGEN actIvItIes

PHASE 1 PRAGEN BRIEFINGDay 1 Tool 1 Figure 1

DefinItIon PRAGEN Flowchart began the ERM activ­Ity WIth a disSeminatIOn and dISCUSSIOn of the PRAGENmethodology A four to five-hour dISCUSSIOn was conduct­ed relating adaptabIlIty of objectives to ERM's rationaleEngenderIng Resource Management Flow Chart (figure 1)showed Inputs and outputs In relatIon to Project ERM'~contInUOUS partICIpatory dynamICS reveahng the follOWingobjectIves and relatIonships

13

a Engendenng Resource Management IS a partiCipatoryprocess by which women and men especially the dIs­advantaged who are dll ect stakeholders - can exercIsemfluence over policy formulatIOn and design and U11­plement optIOns 1I1 accordance to ranked problems asthey perceive theIr lU11ltatIons and capabIlities

b Target Communlty (TC) Il1cludes women and men stake­holders who are the focal actresses and actors m theERM

c Donor, NCO, and CO are the supportll1g castd Commumty InstitutIOn Development (CID) IS the heart

of ERM whICh leads to commitment among men andwomen that lead to sustamabIllty m the long term

e Data gathenng m Phases I, 2 and 3 collects more ac­curate spatial, temporal and lI1shtutIonalmformatlOn ofthe needs, pi IOn ties and capabliltIes of women and mento mclude the Impact of NCO or government programs,If any, m their commumty

f The CRMAP culmll1ates the PRACEN exerCise estab­lIshmg commuJ1lty's ownership of problems and solu­tIOns

g CRMAP contmues commumty's partiCipatIOn througha cycle of evaluation With three components (1) mstI­tutlOnal strengthemng, (2) food productIOn secunty and(3) resource conservation 111 complementary relabonshlps

h The contmuous Post Momtonng and EvaluatIOn of ERMwill not Side track defmed actiVIties and goals ofCRMAP Sometu11es COs and NCOs may convert ac­tivIties and goals to SUIt their programs ulllntentlOnallyThe Post Momtonng and EvaluatIOn Phase safeguardsCRMAP from such events

I The well defmed NCO area Of responsibility after thePRACEN exercise will contmue the PRACEN method­ology through a contmuous gender participatory cycleIt IS SlgIllhcant to note that ERM's 1111plementatlOn phasedoes not end With the PRAGEN activity exerCiseDonor support for ERM Will contmue m a collaborativerelationship With NGO, CO and TC m areas of mutualconcern as (a) adaptll1g new PRACEN tools that maybe effective (b) PRAGEN SOCIal Il1dlcators to nwasurebenefits, strengths and weaknesses of ERM (c) andrephcablhty of ERM m other cultural communIties be­longmg to the same regIOn

Net BenefIts1 Creation of an ERM team composed of twelve members

who are commumty leaders,staff of JVO, BC, and rep­resentatives of the Itogon mumclpalIty

2 TU11etable agreement of 12 days, ublizmg 12 tools Venuewould be the kitchen corndor bunkhouse, located Il1Ucab proper sll1ce It was withm walkmg distance formaJonty of partiCipants Also, the daIly activity wouldcommence at 1 30 pm after women had accomphshedtheir household chores

3 A selectlOn ~ntena was established by the ERM teambilsed on gender and livelihood Thirty hve partICipantswould be Il1vIted to attend belongll1g to a vaned crosssectIOn women who well' engaged m pllvate busmess,

14

women who were dependents of Benguet employees,men who were Benguet employees and men who werenon Benguet employees - all reSidents of puroks Antcll110kTram and Ucab Proper Purok Ucab was the selectedsite for the ERM sll1ce It represented a stratified com­mumty where gender and livelihood concerns vaned

.} Dialogue conducted through Tool 1 revealed speCIfIcperceptions of Ucab Commuillty leaders stated that theopen Pit nUlling operations of Benguet CorporatIOn wasdetnmental to small pocket mll1mg operatIOns not onlydue to dU11llllshll1g gold supply but a cause for watershortage They also stated that scarce resources othelthan gold, lac.k Of capltal,lrngatIon and typhoons dam­aged crops resultll1g In low pnces A male commuI11tyleader saId that the closure of Benguet's undelgroundmll1l1lg operatIons resulted Il1 unemploymentOn the other hand, Benguet statf commented that With

open Pit mmll1g startll1g Il1 1992, the company has "al­lowed" pocket mll1mg actiVIties thlOugh leasehold agree­ments on the condlhon that when and If the company woulddeCide to contll1ue operatIOns, the mll1ll1g nghts would bereturned The Benguet staff member differentiated the"allowed" and "tolerated" pocket mmll1g actIVities Withthe latter refernng to small scale llumng areas far fromeXlstmg company mll1mg sItes which were tolerated dueto the company's hope that legahzatIon of mll1ll1g actiVItIesbe practlCed by small pocket mll1elS

The JVOFI stclff added that alternative means Of lIvelI­hood have been theIr dIrect program lI1terventlOns Il1 UcabWIth the objectIve of bndgl11g commumcatH)]l gaps between1l11111l1g and non-mll1l11g commul11tIes The Itogon offlClclland DENR staff stated that small scale pocket mInIng cannotbe ta\.ed by the government and that m some ways, openPit mll1mg could be detnmental to the commul11ty

OMS1 The goals of ERM dunng Day 1 eliCited support among

sectors thereby c.reatIng Interest m Jlllnll1g the ERM team2 The bnefll1g on eXistIng NCO Il1ltlated and gllvernment

projects at Ucab served as secondary data to valIdatePRACEN data to be gathered after the completIon otERM altivi ties

3 Introducmg PRA and Gender Tools and the ratIOnale orthe PRAGEN methodology encouraged agreement onthe DaIly ActIOn Plan of ERM Activity/Study The teammembers agreed to act as translators smce the dialectOf Ilocano may be more effectIve than Plhpmo, the na­tHlI1al language

PRACEN AnalySIS1 A valuable Il1slght given by the community leader was

hiS perceptIOn that Ucab's famIly structure IS matnar­chal smce famIly actiVities revolve around a woman'"actIVitIes Of engagmg m other sources of livelihood askl1lttmg, sewmg, plggery other than small scale mll1l11gFurther analYSIS of hiS mSlghts reveal that Ucab menrealize the necessity for women to engage 111 alternativeactIVitIes SUlCe gold supply IS dU11II1Ishll1g Though thiS

Duong the dry season, pre­

school chIldren walk far

dIstances to fetch Water from

sprmgs and streams

15

may be a posItive SIgn of encouragement for women,Tool 1 as a development tool mitIated partiCipatorydIscussIOns of seekmg what these alternatives were, andthe condItions prevalent as control, responsIbIlIty anddecIsIon makmg that accompany these alternatives

2 The particIpatory dynamIcs of Tool 1 as a traming toolresulted m a free wheelIng dIscussIOn among womenand men (whether BC, JVOFI, GO or commumty) presentshowmg that Dcab's sItuation affected all reSIdents re­gardless of gender and that any future Dcab project~hould reflect an admIssIOn that actiVIties may affectwomen and men dIfferently

3 A consensus was reached that particIpatIOn of vanedsectors - dIsadvantaged and advantaged (refernng towho has control over mmmg claims) can be conductedthrough an orgamzed methodology whIch IS essentialwhen a non renewable base such as gold IS the majorsource of lIvelIhood for Ucab's stakeholders

OAY2-TooI2

OefmItIOfl' PartiCipant Observation mvolves a prelInu­nary VIllage VISIt meetmg WIth local reSidents as they carryout theIr dally chores The lowland, flat, and upland el­evations where the commumty reSIdes WIll prOVIde valuable mputs to observe eXIsting resource relatIonslups (aslocatIOn of water source) on theIr lIvelIhood patternsThough Tool 2 IS an ongomg tool dunng the remammg 11day ERM actiVIty, an mitIal VISIt concretized the "phYSIcalresource pIcture" of the VIllage mto valId gender referenc­es that partiCipants and team leaders WIll need to compre­henSIvely understand smce these resources may affectwomen and men dIfferently.

Net Benefits1 Tool 2 was conducted dunng a Sunday morrllng where

pansluoners started tlle day WIth church attendance TherelIgIOSIty of the conunumty revealed that Sunday, bemga day of rest was observed After church serVIces, thefamIly Sunday meal became the mam concern for faImlymembers WIth daughters and sons performmg house­hold chores m tlle afternoon

2 Tool 2 mitIated more dISCUSSIOns among BC Teammembers who were not acquamted WIth other non­Benguet employees Smce Sunday was a non-workmgday, time spent discussmg daIly actIVIties was done man mformal, leIsurely atmosphere

3 A VISIt to the company owned bunkhouses showed thatwomen captams or "kapitanas" admimstereo tlle over­all cleanlIness program of communal tOilets shared by5-7 famIlIes.

4 Water shortage was clearly Identified as a householdpnmary complamt WIth houseWIves saymg tllat It tookhours to fill up a gallon

OMS1 The team ah'l'eed that conductmg Tool 2 durmg a Sun­

day was effective smce the mtra household dynamICSamong famIly members were easIly Identifiable Some

16

husbands engaged m helpmg theIr WIves WIth cookmgand cleanmg chores but some husbands found tnne mthe vIllage COCkpIt or spent the afternoons m dnnkmgbouts WIth male frIends Some women engaged m gam­blIng actiVIties as "mahjong" - a Chmese block gamewhIle some women attended cooperative meetings orParent Teachers ASSOCIatIOn (PTA) meetmgs Sons en­gaged m basketball seSSIOns whIle some daughters stayedat home

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 Other than Gender, Tool 2 as research tool observed

that daIly household actiVIties are determmed by theeconomIC strata that the households belonged to ThehIgher the mcome strata, less household work was doneby men smce theIr pnmary responSIbIlIty as breadwm­ner " enabled" them to enJoy the fruItS of theIr week­ends Sll1ce theIr WIves and chIldren were prOVIded forA lower mcome household saw both men and womento mclude theIr chIldren complementll1g Sunday house­hold work WIth other lIvelIhood chores as piggery orcattle feedll1g, weedll1g or plantmg

2 The type of lIvelIhood was also a major determll1ant for

Figure 2 GENDER LIVELIHOOD MAPPINGNo of Responses of MALES by Aclivlty(Multiple Responses)

No of ResponsesPersons Performing ActiVity

Father Mother Daughter SonA PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES

1 Mininga Pocket Mining 11 - - 1b Ball Milling 1 - - 1c Tails BUYing - - - -d Gold Panmnq - - -

2 Agriculture .a Vegetable Farming 7 3 1 1b Crops - - -

3 Employmenta Benguet Corp 9 2 - 1b GovernmentlPnvate - 2 2 1c Volunteer Workerd Coop Employee/Pensioner 1 -e Carpenter 3 - -f Driver 2 -

4 Income Generallona SellingNendlng 3 2 1b KnrlllnglWeavlngc Handicraft 2d Sewinge Barber Shop 2 -f Plggery

B REPRODUCTIVE WORK1 Collecting water 23 13 7 72 Collecting wood 8 4 2 23 Food preparation 23 19 8 64 Child care 17 19 35 Health care 16 18 36 Housekeeping 19 18 3

C COMMUNITY WORK1 Church/religious 21 17 14 152 CIVIC 4 1 2 53 PTA 4 2 -4 Coop 4 2 -

Note Total male respondents =29

gender concerns.Female headed households who were work109 wIves 10

BagUlo CIty spent theIr Sunday afternoons engaged 10

more domestic chores as completmg theIr laundry andIronmg activIties for the week, more Importantly, theIrchIldren's school umforms

3 Age was observed to be a factor for gender famllybehavIor Elderly women were seen servmg theIr eld­erly husbands oftentimes, WIth the help of theIr grand­chIldren Strong kmshlp relationshIps to mclude cous­lOS, aunts and uncles who lived 10 outlying vIllages wereeVIdent 10 theIr VISIt to elderly relatives 10 Ucab

Day 3 - Tool 3

DefmltIon Gender LIvelIhood Mappmg through the con­duct of household mtervlews WIll uncover whether lIve­lIhood segregated by gender IS a vanable 10 householddynamIcs It IS important to hear and document father andmother perspectives to mclude vlewpomts of a daughter

Figure 3 GENDER LIVELIHOOD MAPPINGNo of Responses of FEMALES by ActiVity(Multiple Responses)

No of ResponsesPersons Performing ActiVity

Father Mother Daughter SonA PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES

1 Mininga Pocket MIning 13 2 3b Ball Milling 3 1c Tails Buymg 2 - -d Gold Panning 1 - -

2 Agriculturea Vegetable Farming 8 12 7 4b £rops 5 7 2 2

3 Employmenta Benguet Corp 3 1 -b GovernmentlPnvate - 1c Volunteer Worker - 3 -d Coop Employee/Pensioner 1 1 -e Carpenter 2 -I DrIVer - -

4 Income Generationa SellmgNendmg 1 7 2 1b KniUinglWeavmg 2 10 1 -c HandIcraft - -d Sewing 1 1 -e Barber Shop 2 -I Piggery 2 4 1 1

B REPRODUCTIVE WORK1 Collecting water 21 28 17 152 Collecting wood 6 10 3 33 Food preparation 18 28 13 34 Child care 23 29 8 15 Heatth care 23 28 7 16 Housekeeping 16 28 13 4

C COMMUNITY WORI<1 Church/religiOUS 20 25 17 172 Civic 3 6 1 13 PTA 10 16 -4 Coop 4 10 -

Note Total lemale I1lspondents =29

and/or son Households may be selected through key 10­

formants, or the Team's CrIterIa based on mltial pomtsdurmg Day 1

Notes The ERM team agreed that 5R households wouldbe mtervlewed dunng the mornmgs of the ERM daIlyactivItIes The breakdown would mclude 29 women and29 men, who were not partIcIpants of the ERM actIvItyThe cntena would 10clude respondents who were mvolved

Figure 4 STATUS OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN UCAB

No of ResponsesStatus of Land Ownership Male Female Total

Own the land 12 12 24Do not own the land 17 13 30Under lease contract - 4 4

Total 29 29 58

10 both milling and non m10mg actIvItIes Data collectedwere categonzed under productIve, reproductIve and com­mumty actIvItIes A second suggestIOn by the Team m­eluded a short questIOnnaIre on land ownershIp and ten­ure whICh was conSIdered relevant data after the DMSconduct of Tool 1

NET BENEFITS1 Male respondents Summary (FIgure 2)

SalIent po1Ots under ProductIve Category showed thatout of 29 male (father) respondents, 11 were mvolved10 pocket mllung actIvItIes wlule the women (theIr wlve~)

were not Vegetable gardenmg was a famIly actIvIty wIththe father taking an actIve role Nll1e male respondent~

were employed by Benguet Corporabon wlule nqne wei eemployed Il1 any pnvate company InterestIngly, somemale respondents revealed that theIr wIves and daugh­ters were lured by prIvate compames Sons took an actIverole 10 helpll1g theIr fathers Il1 mmmg, ball millIng andvegetable actIvItIesDaughters had a· less actIve role 10 pnmary hvehhoodactIvItIes except for sellIng and vendll1g whIch wa~

conSIdered helpmg a mother's activIty to augment fam­Ily Il1come On the other hand, reproductIve work wa~

the ovendll1g task of a daughter compared to a sonsmce she engaged 111 collectmg water and fuelwood, foodpreparatIOn, housekeep109, health and child care Bothfather and mother shared 10 reproductIve tasksConunumty work was highest under Church and reli­gIOus actIvItIes among all members of the famIly fol­lowed by CIVIC work

2 Female respondents Summary (FIgure 3)SalIent POll1ts under ProductIve Category revealed thatfather~ With theIr sons engaged prnnanly 10 mmmgactIvItIes to mclude ball nullIng whereas, the mother~

engaged 111 taIls bUyll1gAgnculture whether ralSlng crops or vegetables were

17

the pnmary activIties of mothers wIth extended supportof daughters SImIlarly, fathers were employed byBenguet Corporation wIth only one mother employed mgovernment Income generation whether vendIng, kmt­tmg, sewIng, cosmetology, or pIggery was a mother'smajor aCtivIty WIth chIldren extendIng supportCollectIng water or fuelwood was a mother's daIlyaCtiVIty sInce It was presumed that fathers were em­ployed Women respondents revealed that theIr daugh­ters shared In reproductive tasks as food preparation,health and chIld care and housekeepmg Women respon­dents topped all commumty activIties whether they be

A profIle of respondents InterVIewed IS ~hown In Table5 MaJonty of respondents belonged to the productIve agegroup of 21-50 and more than half of respondents weremarned

Data from Table 5 presented a general profIle of respon­dents A further analySIS of Gender LIvelIhood Map·pIng revealed that gender dlsaggregated InformatIOnthrough the conduct of Tool 3 as research tool present­ed a more comprehensIve pIcture of how lIvelIhood

- - - - - .ltI'ilamok: RIVet - - - - - - - ... --- ------- -- - ---

FIgure 5 VIllage Map - Female Group

ANTAMOl<ROAD

1;1;IIi:liIRHU

":'l7rt~v.

Iii MmerSlde.. Water

Soufce

PATOMA DVILLAGE

~

from sagulo

'trs2~'AnglicanChurch

Flgllle 6 VIll,lge Map - Male GroupactIvltte~ of husband and WIfe hvmg m the same hou~e­

hold determmed famIly mcome Women, maJonty ofwhom are engaged m vaned mcome generatll1g ~ea~on­

al acttvltIe~ (kmttll1g, sewmg and vendmg), dId ~o toaugment famIly mcome Tool 3 a'3 a development toolrevealed that the mICro entrepreneurshIp of Ucab wom­en could be further evaluated as a posItIve Il1dICator forproject Il1terventlOn

2 Lack of Job opportumttes for Ucab women may be afactor 111 rell1forcmg that a woman's household choremcluded the collectIon of fuelwood and water Thoughmen helped 111 water collectIOn, the budgetmg of water

Table 5 Results of Household Surwy

I elIglOus, CIVIC, cooperatIve or PTA actIvItIes

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTSTOTALAGE RANGE (years)

Male Female

11 • 20 2 2 421 . 30 7 8 1531 - 40 9 8 1741 - 50 5 10 1551 . 60 5 561 . 70 1 171 . 80 1 1

Total 29 29 58

EDUCATIONAL NUMBER OF RESPONDENTSTOlAL

ATTAINMENT Male Female

Elementary 5 8 13High School 15 6 21College 5 9 14TechnlcallVocatlonal 1 3 4No Answer 3 3 6

Total 29 29 58

CIVIL STATUSNUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

TOTALMale Female

Single 9 2 11Married 19 26 45Widow 1 1 2

Total 29 29 58

NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF RESPONDENTSTOTAL

Male Female

1 - 3 11 15 264 - 6 6 8 147 - 9 3 4 7No Answer 9 2 11

Total 29 29 58

3 Status of Land OwnershIp Data IS shown m fIgure 4More than half of respondents whether women or menrevealed that they were not owners of land If respon­dents owned the land, It was resIdential and mhentedInterestIngly, women owned titled lands acqUIredthrough sale Further data revealed that work on theland whether owned or leased was a famIly aCtiVItyextendIng to sons and daughters

PRAGEN ANALYSIS

18

,#. "

A woman-farmer mspects herpile of gmger ready for themarket

19

eyanla.. \,NolII••sour01lt

St::lboa 1

- - - AniamoK"RlVCf" - - .::.-=:.:.:;: :.------- ----- ---

~~~~____-//t~.~~

eapbsl. ••Church H * I.':. ............ ".'..

KJangaR Village

Cnnlc

------.."oganSua-oftlo:!•

~ klnpdoml:.JJ..:J Han

,--------

Prom

Figure 7 INTEGRATED MAP - UCAB/TRAM

supply for cooking, laundry and bathmg IS a woman'sdecisIOn. If the supply of water IS short, a woman hadto make do with whatever affiQunt of water she hasstored.

3. EnhanclOg women's capacity to Improve theIr produc­tive activitIes dId not seem to have a negatIve effect onmen in the Ucab SOCIety as long as her famIly respon­sibilitIes were accomphshed.

en and men partICIpants though they were dIVIded mtotwo groups accordmg to genderAn Important feature of tills tool was the OppOrtunityfor women (or men) belongmg to Ucab's varied SOCIalstrata to mmgle together The team noted that membersof the commumty (whether Illegal mmers, squatters, thelandlords, Benguet employees or new Imffilgrants)welcomed tills rare opportumty to mteract.

2. The team concluded too that havmg a representatIve

- Houses- Barber Shop/Massage- Church-Cllmc- Trees (JackfrUit

coffee avocado)- Store- Dress Shop-Vehicle- Dogs-Ballmlll- Small Scale Gold

Processing PlantC.toP.ckd Mine r.Swine

4. Sons and daughters were important labor support forprodu<:tIve and reproductIve acflvitIes whether mltIatedby the father or mother of the household. Apparently,majority of chIldren reached hIgh school level, smcepressing economic needs of the household reqUIred theirlabor. In Ucab's tIghtly kmt famIly structure, cillidrenwere a form of securIty for aging parents.

PHASE 2 Data GathermgDAY 4 - Tool 4

DefInition: VIllage Map IS drawn to IdentIfy phySIcaland economic detaIls (crops, rIver, pasture) and VIllageinfrastructure Gender perspectIves through male and fe­male drawn maps may be lOitIally needed to lOcerporatelOto one VIllage map

Net BenefIts: FIgure 5 Female Drawn MapFigure 6 Male Drawn Map

A

""'"-$

HousesTreesBallmlllBunk HOUGeSprangStoresDogsVelulcesWater Tanir:Wife FencePocket MmersCatsTurkeySwmeOarangav 11,,11KawayllllMulberriesKalOgm

- Houses-Ballmlll- Trees- Church- Vehicles

Cows- Dogs- Pocket Mmers- Eroded Land- Cats- Spring- Bakery- Mulberries

KamgmGold Tradmg

-Swme

Cemetery- Houses-Ballmlll- Trees- Church- Vehicles- Dogs

School- P(]ckct Ivhners- Kamgln-SCGPP-C:nls-Spring-Swine- Waiting Shed

Tiger Grass

OMS:1. fool 4 lfiltIated the participatory process between worn-20 FIgure 8 VIllage Transect of Ucab Proper

or consideratIOn Groups may Illustrate terram as theforested area, slopmg or flat, watershed area as crosssectIons of the fmal transect.

Figure 9 Village Transect of Antamok Tram

DAY 5 - Tool 5DefInItIon' VIllage Transect IS prepared by reSIdents to

IdentIfy resources, types of land use, and problems Thetransect enables the team t'1 determme whether there aresub zones wltlun the vIllage that reqUIre speCial attentIOn

Day 6 - Tool 6DefImtIOn Dlsaggregated Seas'anal ActIVItIes Calendar

IdentifIes dally lIvelIhood tasks and categorIzes responsI­bIlities by season, gender, age and mtenslty of activity IthIghlIghts gender constramts and strengths m daily live­lihood If occupatIOns are dIverse, (farmers, fIsherfolk,market retaIlers, or food processors) a focused groupdlsaggregated seasonal calendar With different livelihoodpatterns can be conduded

Notes Participants were dIVIded mto SIX smaller focusedgroups accordll1g to gender, age and lIvelIhood to obtall1a more gender sensItIve particIpatory objective

The groups voted to name theIr group respectivelyGroup 1 - "Young Once" (elderly women belongmg to the50 above age group), Group 2 - "Young at Heart" (menbelongmg to the 50 abGve age group), Group 3 ­"Golddiggers" (men who are employed by Benguet Cor­poratIOn), Group 4 - "Ladles Group" (dependents Wlveband daughters of Benguet employees), Group 5 - " YoungRelIables" (men engaged 111 prIvate busmess), and Group6 - "Benguet LIlies" (women who were engaged m pnvatebusmess).

PRAGEN AnalySIS1 As an assessment tool, Tool 5 answered questIons that

an NGO workmg m Ucab or a DENR forester or agrI­cultunst may ask through a needs assessment or rapidrural appraisal If DENR mvolved reSidents of Ucab In

a tree planting actIVIty, the response would be poor dueto the general perception that the soIl IS aCIdiC Whereas,a sanItation drIve mltIated by JVOFI would mcur poorresults Since the shortage of water was prevalent

2 As a development tool, Tool 5 encouraged BC, JVOHDENR and the local offICials of Hogon to collaboratetheir efforts m mtegratmg their programs WIth full COrl­slderatIOn of the problems that partICipants IdentIfy

OMS1 Durmg the presentatIOn of the vIllage transect, the Team

observed that some men overruled or negated the m­puts gIVen by younger women To correct any maledonunated actIvIty and \n respect for the trIbal elders,the Team deCIded to dIVIde the partICipants into smallerfocused groups according to gender, livelihood and agem the succeedmg conduct of the ERM.

Net BenefIts:1 Figure 8 VIllage Transect of Ucab Proper2 Figure 9 VIllage Transect of Antamok Tram

- poor condIhonvery low no waterdunng sum.m.er wateJ

TDa::h~~,sd~K~ed for~ tunnels ate 1 000 it..

deep

~~tillD1illJIDErrJU .. .-c:z:::,. .c:A ~~_ 6all ,GZ) L:::z:::,. Anglocan UCCPLU LU Spring-MIll SSS ~ Church .c:ACoop D8~Eare (Private t8 LUc:z:::,. f~ T;;"\ ..Mme) rnl 6all Sari·~ Mangoes ~ Cows Weavers Ucab Mill Sari-1LtJ f ~ t7\ Elem Store~ ~ LU r-~l6r- School ~

Chlckensl Tiger Sarl- Prl':le ~ ~t ~sGame Cocks Grass ~::e Cemetery (Private Coffee

..-iIi. ~ ~ Mme)

_ l!..U rn GarbageCatholic Rural Health lourdes Coop Pit

Church Clmic

SOIL - aCIdIC needs - poor condlhon

w~i-~lft~~pnngs -lack of potable Willerpotable less 5uppl,afwater

GOLD - I 000 leet - Company doe' not allowlt(ayaw ng kumpanya)deep due to earth- tunnels are 500 ft deepquake runnels weredestroyed

ELECTRICITY ­brownouts:

Need capltal

i SlUHS ~j

rmJ~::£'..., IIf..r

Mang~es SantorMJ Iif~

, .:J.Guava AvocadoBall Mill WeaversConsumers Store

IATORDA)

from each group present theIr respective vIllage mapswas effective m communIty leadershIp trall1ll1g

3 The team, m the spmt of gender responsIbility, request­ed that women and men take charge of dally snacksdurmg the succeedmg ERM actIvIties

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 There were eight differences m the maps drawn by

women and men, though they had been reSidents ofVIllage Ucab smce bIrth or at least fIve years. UcabIntegrated map (figure 7) as both a development andassessment tool IdentIfIed phySIcal resources and ItSgender specIfiC relatIons The women drawn vIllage mapshowed a mIcro perspective of Ucab revealIng theIr directrelatIOnships WIth vIllage resources, ,whIle the maledrawn map showed rIvers where they conducted theIrgold pannll1g activIties and the roads that led to theserIvers.

21

Benguet Lilies Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Productive ActivitiesCrocheting 0

- Knlltlng 0- Sewing 0- Paper Craft 0- Weavmg 0- Flower planting 9- Stuffed toy making 0--- ----

ReproductIVe Work- Washing

iCleanmgBaby silting/Child careFetching water [8JCooking [8J

- ColiectHlg wood @------------- ------Community Work

- BHW 0- Barangay Nutrition Scholar 0- PL

~- PTA- Coop ~ ~~~~-~~--------~~~~~~~~=======- WA ~------------------------------

Church Organization

~======================~=====~=J-PWC

Figure 10 Benguet LIlte,> DI'>,lggregated Se,l~oIHI ActlVltll" CllenlLu

Ladles Group Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0-----------------------------~-----------------------------­~-----------------------------­O----------------------------~---

0---------------------------------­O-------------------------------~­

~---------~----~-----------~-

Reproductive ActiVitiesCooking Or----------------------------------------Washing clothes Of-----------------------------------------Cleaning 0r-----------------------------------------Cleaning CR & Surroundings [:J----------------------------------------Baby silting 9----------------------------------------Marketing [:J-----------------------------------------Collecting Water [8]----------------------------------------

Productive ActivItiesEmployment With BC

- Sketching/Drafting- Driving- Seiling (eg tupperware)- Sewing/Dresssmakmg- Weaving/Crocheting- Barber/Cosmetology

Communlly Work

Church actiVities 1=.--------------------------------- Bayanlhan/Bunkhouse projects.. ---------- - - _

Christmas Affair ••- All souls day [8]

Stress Period- illness/Sickness- Enrollment

Legend DFalher .Son 0 Molher • Daughter --- continuous activity -SporadiC 3clivI1y ----- More mlpnsp actlvltv

figure 11 Ladle~ Group Dlsaggregated Seawnal ActiVities Calendar

Net BenefIts1 Figures 10 Benguet Llhe~ Dlsaggregated Seasonal

ActIVItIes CalendarFigure 11 Ladles Group Dlsaggregated SeasonalActIVItIes Calendar

OMS1 The Team a~reed that to maX1I11lZe partICIpatory dy­

namics m a focused group diSCUSSIOn, team member~

would act a~ faclhtator m groups different from theirprofeSSIOnal backgrounds A Be team member who wasem engmeer faClhtated for the "Young Rehables," whilea JVOFI commumty worker faClhtated for the "BenguetLlhes" ThiS strategy proved that confhctmg 1l1terests

22

(legal ver~u~ Illegal 1111l11l1g fights) can be re~lllVt'd bvImtlat1l1g participatory activIties that can overlomeperceived ml~cllnceptwns "between" and "abllut" thecommul1lty, NCO and pnvate sectllr

PRACEN ANALYSIS1 Cender roles and responSibilities a~ revealed through

TOllb 1 - 5 revealed relevant f1l1d1l1g~ that needed a tllolfor turther evaluatwn Tool 6 as both a developmentand research tool proved that wlthm gender, ~peClhl

hvehhood pattern~ of women are key determll1anb torfurther evaluatIOn Figure 10 revealed that women Vv h(l~e

hu~bands were gamfully employed by BC engaged 111

major dome~tlc chores as cookmg, laundry and cIeanll1g

A woman packet miner widens the

entrance to her mine tunnel

23

FIgure 12 Young at Heart Venn DIagram

mltIated commumty actIvIties as the Bayamhan Bunk­house Projects If future Dcab projects will addresswomen benefIcIanes as malO partiCipants, these fInd­lOgS wIll prove benefiCial

DAY 7 - Tool 7DefImtIon Venn Diagram through the size of Circle::.

determmes whether mternal and or external mstItutlon::.have more (or less) Impact m the commumty The h::.t ofNGOs, concerned government agenCies (fanllly planmng,SOCial welfare or agnculture) will determine whether Im­pacts were targeting men or women of the commumty

Net Benefits

FIgure 12 Young at Heart Venn DIagramFigure 13 Young Once Venn DIagram

OMS Tool 7 was a fast exercise for both groups smce theyhad estabhshed cntena before proceedmg WIth the Circleddrawmgs As the elderly of the Ucab commumty, theirgender perspectIves were unammous as a groupUsmg caps of bottles and colored pen, they illustrated theIrpomts clearly and confidently

FIgure 14 Young Once TIme Lme

EvelH

Openmg of the Benguet CorporatlonE~tabhshment of the Dcab Elementary SchoolEstabh~hment of the Roman CatholIc ChurchThere were suffiClelH water sources, prices of commodi­ties were <heap AnglIcan Churdl was donated by B(S'unt LOlll~ High School was blllltPrICes of commodltles welH high There was poorharvest

1969 Water source III Sabktl wa~ developed1972 Mamal law was Imposed1980 1986 Water supply decreasedJune 1990 FIrst open pit agreemelH was SIgnedJuly 16, 199C Earthquake occurred1991 Typhoon Trilling o<curred, second open pIt agreement

(MOA) was SIgnedPresldentlal electlon was heldTyphoon GOring occurred, BAGO employees weretran~fered to dIfferent bl\nkhou~es e~peCially to St.~tl(Jn 1

19921993

19621965

Period

1903195019551956

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 Relevant differences eXIsted between the women and

men Circled diagrams whICh proved that Tool 7 was aneffective momtonng and assessment tool. The womenhsted both mternal and external orgamzatIons Internalgroups whIch prOVIded greater Impact mcluded theChurch, School and the Day Care Center whIle the leastImpact mcluded the Kabataang Barangay, the, BarangayCounCil and the Women's Club The ratIonale of wom­en's perceptIons proved that theIr fanllly's mtere::.t I::'central to their spmtual, educatIOn and health need::.more than their need for pohtIcal awarenessThe external orgamzatIons drawn by medIUm Circles (notlarge) showed .that Benguet CorporatIOn, JVOFI and the

FIgure 13 Young Once Venn DIagram

whIle FIgure 11 revealed that women whose husbandswere engaged In pnvate busIness shared the samedomestIc chores wIth theIr husbands. Though seasonalmcome generatmg actIvItIes as kmttmg, weavmg andcrochetmg mdlcated sImIlar fmdmgs for both womengroups, CIVIC and commumty work differed The BenguetLlhes Group showed actIve partiCipation m orgamzedcommumty mstItutIons as the PTA and CooperatIveswhIle the Ladles Group partICipatIon was hmIted to BC

24

Period Event

~ 'l:U ~coo~ co.

.~. ~

c ••••ec;¥cu SIIlISIIIlIl... 1"••1:

fI:TCIl.IlCIlI. ~eu

~C.l~u

~C""..I:••.lle C::lll:•••Il'" coo••CIlIL••r.:. ,........

"1I."1r1l:

~ coo~ ell

~coo~u ~'.'

• •

C - CONTROLR - RESPONSIBILITYL - LABOR

~ ADULT MALE~ ADULT FEMALE

• FEMALE CHILD

• MALE CHILO

Spalllsh PeriodLo~al structures IIlclude roads, trat!, water tank andhorses as means of transpormtlonVerdant forest, abundant water supply, green surround­IIlgs

Phlhppll1e CommonwealthProclamatIon of PllIllppll1e IndependenceJapanese IIlvaSlOnMcArthur - "I shall return"PllIhppll1e government In eXIleGuerrilla tune

American periodLocal structures mclude ml1l1ICIpai bmldll1g, schools,road, mll1l11g II1dUStry, motor transpormtlon, tramhne,ball mIll

1561­1899

1900s

July 4,1941

1902­1903

1944­1945

1946­1966

MarcosTune

196719691989

1990

19911992

Japanese liberatIonPeriod of reconstructIonWar damage, et~

Onl' room per class, commulllty schoolEstabhshment of the St LOUIS High School by BCRule of PreSIdent QuezonPreSIdent RoxasPreSIdent OsmefiaPreSIdent QUIrlno, Presence of HUKBALAHAPPreSIdent Magsaysay, HUKBALAHAP was ehmll1atedGarcIa· 1st Flhplllo NEPAMacapagal . EEA

MartIal LawNew People's Army headed by Kumander DanteBarangay Ucab was createdUcab water tank was startedThe open pIt mll1l11g was started as a practice by themll1es (exploration)PreSIdent CoryEarthquakeFull· blast operation of open pit 111 LoacanMt PlI1atubo eruption, Ormoc cityPreSIdent R.1.mos was elected

Figure 16 GOLDIGGERS GENDER RESOURCE MAPDay 8 - Tool 8

DefIl1ltlOn Time Lll1e proVides a hlstoncal serIes ofevents that are Important to the commul1lty If the VIllagewas OrIgInally a nch forest area mInerai clann, or a wa­tershed area It wIll be hIghlIghted through thiS tool Var­IOUS events and relIgrous rItuals wIll present the culturaltradItIons and SOCIo-economiC profIle of the commul1ltyTwo to three groups, accordll1g to age or gender maypresent tImE' senes of events

Figure 15 Time Lme Young at Heart

DSWD had greater mtervenhon Women Cited that BCprOVided water and road mamtenance whIle JVOFI pro­Vided fInanCial assistance when their houses collapseddurIng the 1990 earthquake2 The men's group drew one set of CIrcles to representboth mternal and external orgal1lzahons They IdentI­fIed the SabkIl Ucab Water ASSOCIatIon (SUWA), theHealth Department, the MUl1lclpal Office, Church andSchool PTA as orgal1lZatlOns haVIng gJ:eater Impact wlulethe PNP (PhIlIppIne NatIonal PolIce), JVOFI, Small ScaleMIners AssoeiatIon and the Kabataang Barangay haVIngthe least Noteworthy are the ll1clUSlOn of the SUWAand the MUl1lCIpal OffIce as havll1g the greater Impacton men perhaps due to the male partICIpant's ll1clUSIOnm deCISIOn makll1g whereas, JVOFIll1tervenhons are ad­nuttedly targetll1g women and not men partICIpants

$ .'~. '

~ ..

a~C>I

FIgure 17 YOUNG RELIABLES GENDER RESOURCE MAP

25

Net Benefits

FIgure 14 Young Once TIme LmeFIgure 15 Young At Heart TIme Lme

DMS1 Tool 8 was exerCIsed by the above 50 age group to show

that age IS a subset that connotes authonty of the eldersm the Ucab commumty It was ObVIOU5 to the Teamdunng thIS stage of the ERM that a TIme Lme wouldmVlte cntIclsm from the whole group If a younger agegroup would present theIr fmdmgs

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 'The male group provIded a free lIstIng of both hlstoncal

and polItIcal events on a natIonal scale from the Span­Ish, Amencan colomal penods, to the Marcos and Aqumoera The women group lIsted forest denudatIon m theearly 1950's as a caUSlve effect to Ucab's present prob­lems A before and after resource pIcture traced the rootsto rampant loggmg Clearly, gender perspectIves dIf­fered m the conduct of Tool 8 reveahng that men sawboth polItIcs and hIstory as macro developments thatdffected Ucab's present status The men CIted polItIcalleadershIp WIth ItS strengths and weaknesses m Imple­mentmg rural grassroots plannmg The women, WIthoutmentIon of polItIcal events, focused on Ucab's naturalstate of resources avaIlable once m Ucab showmg theIrdIrect mvolvement m provldmg the baSIC needs of water,food and shelter As a research tool, Tool 8 presenteda gender perspectIve of empowerment levels - menshowmg mterest for natIonal that events affect theIr hveswhIle women showmg concern for dwmdhng resourcesthat affect theIr ImmedIate dally lIves

Day 9 - Tool 9DefImtIon' Gender Resource Map shows mtra-household

dIvISIon of control, responsIbIlIty and labor of resourcesand related actIVItIes among Immediate famIly members tomclude famIly members, If any

Net BenefitsFIgure 16 Golddlggers Gender Resource MapFIgure 17 Young RelIables Gender Resource Map

Ladles Benguet Young Young Young GoldGroup LIly Once Reliable at Heart Diggers Ave

LIVelihood 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Water 2 2 2 2 2 1 2SamtatIon 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Figure 18. Problem Rankmg

26

1 ActIVIties were dIVIded mto household and outSIde homeactiVItIes Before the conduct of Tool 9, the group de­lIberated on the defImtIons of control, responslblhty andlabor PartICIpants agreed that control was defmed a:,the deCISIOn maker m the household, responsIbIlItydefmed as the famIly member supervlsmg thIS activityand labor meant famIly members mvolved m Implement­mg tasks

2 The Team observed that WIth Tool 9, group member:,were comfortable among themselves and WIth theIr as­SIgned faCIlItator It was encouraged that a new presentorpresent results of theIr focused group work

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 A comparIson of men's actiVItIes dIffered between the

Young Rehables and the Golddiggers Smce men be­longmg to the Be employed group worked full time,theIr domestIc chores depended on theIr wlfe'~ domes­tic responsIbIlIty Her major domestic task was to bud­get time and fmanCIal resources for theIr ImmedIatefamIly WIth men sharIng, to a lumted extent, extendedlabor The Young RelIables depIcted a shared laboroutput between wIves and husbands often relymg onWIves to pursue add on proce:,smg tasks as broommakmg, ball IllIlhng, pocket 111lmng or scrap buymg Nogroup Identified any daughter or son exercIsmg respon­SIbIlIty for any actIVIty except theIr provIdmg laborsupport As an assessment tool, Tool 9 showed that outSIdeactIVItIes of BC employees were IUllIted to a home andwork enVIronment willIe men engaged 111 pnvate bus1l1esshad more phySIcal mobIlIty 111 theIr dally tasks If a youthleadership project IS mtroduced 111 Ucab, gettIng the co­operation of parents IS essenhal Sll1ce cIllldren's tasks Il1sIdeand outSIde the home are well defmed

M1.le Fennle

1 Llvelthood Self-employed Self-emploveda Cottage (Jewelry a Cottage (~ewlng,vending)makll1g, e1eLtrOI1lCSautomotiveb Agnculture (ginger, b AgncultureLa,sava, piggery)

2 Water a Improvement/deve- a ReforestatlOn/lopmem of water plam more trees,ourcesb Reforestation b Forest protection

preventIon of fire'Illegal loggll1g

3 SamtatlOn a Compost pit a Cooperatlon/Dlsclplll1eb EducatIOn

FIgure 19. Rdnkmg OptIOns Integrated chart

Day 10 - Tool 10DefInItion Ranlang Problems IS faCilItated by the ERM

team wIth the help possIbly of an mdlgenous NGO or acommunIty leader The outcome IS a set of problems thatthe communIty agrees are ranked from less or most severeA show of hands WIth the results wntten m the blackboardwIll be ranked accordmgly

DMS Each group took more than an hour delIberatmg andlIsted a vanety of problems rangmg from peace and order,sanItation, lack of water, absence of a clInIC, deforestation,dlegalloggmg, no barangay hall, no street ltghts, poor roads,adultery, lack of transportation and no garbage dIsposalAfter each group presented, It was Important to organIzethe groups presentatIOns mto three pnnCIpal problems

Net benefIts

FIgure 18 showed an mtegrated problem rankmg m orderof seventy FIVe focused groups ranked livelihood as thefIrst problem, followed by water and sanitationPRAGEN ANALYSIS1 Smce the level of partiCipation IS heIghtened dunng the

conduct of thIS tool, It was Important that the partiCi­pants lIstened to the perceptions of one another A genderfocused group dIvIded mto age and lIvelIhood createdan agenda speCifIc to each group's mterest It wasImportant to convmce partiCIpants that focused groupmterests be set aSIde and pnontIze major problemsshared by all Reachmg a consensus as a focused groupand a group collectively was the major developmentfunction of Tool 10.

2 WIth no mentIOn of a dlminIshmg gold supply and theuextractive gold actIVIties through pocket nllmng, thegroup perceIved that dImlnIshmg water supply IS causedby Illegalloggmg WhICh becomes a causal effect of soderoSIOn, unSUItable for planting However, they admIt­ted relymg solely on pocket mmmg dId not guaranteea steady mcome CapItal and markets were IdentifIedproblems needmg aSSIstance

Day 11 - Tool 11DefmltIon Rankmg Options ranks opportunIties that ad­

dress the mghest pnonty problems DIfferent strategIes arepOSSIble to achIeve consensus about the more realIstIcopportumtIes Cntena for rankmg mclude stabIhty, pro­ductiVIty, sustamablhty and eqUItablhty Other Importantfactors should mclude cost, time to benefIt, techmcal fea­SIbIlIty and SOCIal feaSIbIlIty The ERM team durmg theconduct of thIS tool assemble and contnbute teclmICal,economIC, SOCIal, ecologtcal data to enlIghten one another

Net BenefItsFIgure 19 Rankmg Opoans Integrated Chart

DMS1 Each group presented options to three pnonty prob­

lems mVltIng comments from the whole assembly InI-

tIally, the Young Rehables lIsted Jewelry makmg, elec­trOnICS and automotive mechanIC trammg as neededmterventIons to obtam alternatIve mcomes After ·thelrpresentation, the assembly added that lack of marketwould make these lIvelIhood unfeaSIble consldenng thelow number of reSIdents who owned vehIcles and thedIffIculty of attractmg mvestors for the establIshment ofa semI-conductor factory m Ucab AdmIttedly, the YoungRelIables added question marks m theIr fInal presenta­tion (See ftgure 19)

PRAGEN ANALYSIS1 FIgure 19 broken down to speCIftc women and men

mterventIOn outhnes an mtegratIon of gender actiVItiesdrawn from respective group reports Notably, underlIvehhood options, women groups were more enthUSI­astic m learnIng and llnplementmg dIverse agrICultureactiVIties as gmger, mulberry and tiger grass plantingWhICh the DENR representative admItted were VIablealternatives considenng Ucab's aCIdIC SOlI condItionsOnly the piggery lIvelIhood showed equal mterest amongwomen and men Under reforestatIOn as a lIvelIhoodoption, all women and men groups showed mterest mseedlIng nursery productIon and the Improvement ofeXIsting water source Furthermore, the compost pItImplementatIon together WIth a samtatIon educationcampaIgn showed wIllmg InItiatives between women andmen groups As a development tool, all Team mem­bers, communIty, NGO and DENR representatives wereconvmced that Tool 11 was a concrete response tosustamed gender partICIpal10n

Day 12 Tool 12DefmItIon Gender Resource Management Action Plan

(GRMAP) IS an ActIOn Plan WhICh takes the form of anagreement between the NGO, concern~d government agen­Cies and pOSSIbly the donor It outlInes the responSlbIhtIesof grassroots organIzations (youth, women, farmers,fisherfolk), NCO and government agenCIes' representativesElements of the GRMAP should mclude pnonty solutIOns,estimated fmanCIal and labor reqUIrements, gender mIxedcommIttees to be created that are responSIble for speCifIctasks to be accomplIshed

Net BenefIts FIgure 20

OMS1 The Team together WIth the assembly mtegrated a fo­

cused group GRMAP WIth supportmg concurrence ofDENR, mumCIpal and BC representatives The follow­mg recommendatIOns were duect mputs of the GRMAP(a) that land would be prOVIded by BC for a seedlIngarea near the watershed, (b) JVOFI would mclude SkIllstrammg for the men m future Ucab proJects,(c) DENRwould proVIde techmcal assistance m all phases of re­forestatIon to mclude marketmg of tree vanetIes a~

BagUIo pme and gemelIna, (d) that the Hogon mumc-

27

28

Females perspectIves m the

conduct of the Gender Resource

Map (Tool 9) stimulated Intrahousehold consensus bUlldmg mproductIve, reproductIVe and

livelihood actIvItIes among famIlymembers

.}'{ '.~"~'t.F.-~

f'

Figure 20 a Gender Resource Management ACTIon PlanYoung Rehables

OPPORTUNITY MECHANICS

1 IdentificatIOn of water Determllle dischargesources Wet Season 5 gal nunSabkll Dry Season 1 gal/mm

Wet Season 25 gal/mmDry Season 0 5 gal /mm

REQUIREMENTSMatenaljCost

PI0,000Target benefiCiary3,000 households

RESPONSIBLE ESTIMATEDTIME

Barangay Water Committee October 1- 15, 1993MUlllclpal Health Board,Sallltary Inspector

Pr.-paratlon of plans/bIllof matenals

4 tanks/water reservoirs(1,000 gs each)

2 Intake boxes pipes ­HDPE/GI cable wIrecement, steel bars, grav­el and sand, lumber

eql1lpment and toolschain block (6 tons)

MuniCipal EngIneer,Barangay Water Com­mIttee

October 15 - 30, 1993

SubnusslOn of wa.ter pro­posal for possible fWld­109/fund sourcmg

Approval

Possible fund sources- BC, NOFI, Cnsty- PtoVlnclal/Mun Govt- Senators- PMS/PSF- local counterp'l.rt

B.ulng,ly Water Committee, No,Barangav Councd, SB,SP

Dec 1993

Implementation

Inauguration

Social preparationConstructIOnTrammgMOllltonng and EvaluatIOn

CanaoInstallation of Mgt / Acng

systems

Barang,ly Water Committee January - l\hrch 19\14ReSilient'LGUsFund Source

Benguet male employeesengaged m mmmg actIVItIesexplamed their domestIc andlIVelIhood actIVItIes through theGender Dlsaggregated SeasonalActIVItIes Calendar (Tool 6)emphaSIZing their mterest m amale skills tramlng program toaugment family Income 29

FIgure 20 d Gender Resource Management Arnon PlanLadle\ Group

OPPORTUNITY

1 Plggery

MECHANICS

1 Form the Benguet LilyGender SensitivItyAd- hoc Committee

2 Consulatlon/Assemblyon ~wlOe dIspersal andfattemng

3 Trauung on ~wlIle rals­IIlg and samtatlon

4 Productlon- 3 piglets/member

Varlery H-4Source Ucab pIg ralsers

- A,slstance of the assn III

sourcmg pIglets- pIgpens and labor are

counterparts of thegroup, enough to houe2-3 pIglets

- backyard ral~lI1g

group Will purchase thefeeds/med

members WIll purcha,efro III the group

- members responsible forselhng

- aSSIstance III sclhng willbe provllied by the group

- pig wastes will be usedas fertlhzer

- septic tanks Will be madefor pIg wastes

- 1 dnull for every pIgpento catch water

REQUIREMENTS RESPONSIBLEMatenal/Cost

- Benguet LilyGenderSensitivity Group

Officers [Q be elected andreglst members

cost of snacks for 1 daytrallllllg

P3,900 00 Ucab pIg raisers,Benguet Llly,DA

P5,000 for pigpens Withseptic tank and drum to

catch water

Total project COSt P16,400 Fundmg Agencyper member ~ loan permember

ESTIMATEDTIME

6 to 8 months

Ipality through Its MUniCipal Water Program wouldconduct better watershed protectIon measures togetherWIth ERM partICIpants, (e) men would be wIllIng toproVIde fIve-day free labor for watershed maintenanceand development and that (f) women were wIlling toprOVIde $20 from theIr personal funds to start a seed­ling nursery

PRACEN ANALYSIS1 HeIghtened gender empowerment ended the ERM ac­

tiVIty 1Otegrat1Og NCO, government and pnvate sectorefforts to pursue the CRMAP WIth full parhCIpatIon ofwomen and men As a development tool, research, train­ing and assessment functions of PRAGEN were realIzedIf collectIvely a group can be 10VIted to parhCIpate volun­tarIly 10 a 12 day actiVIty WIth 10creased attendance fromthe nutml 32 partICipants, Tool 12 Increased partICipatIOnto 52. Though attendance numbers may not be a sustam­able mdicator for grassroots sustamablhty, scaling up ofGRMAP mto an the Hogon Integrated Agroforestahon and

30

Water Development Project (IAWD) dId

FROM GRMAP TO IAWD

To maXImIze the gender partICipatIon momentum ofERM, the GRMAP IdentIfied water as the problem andsolution to seek alternative means of livelihood underERM's Phase 5 of Post MOnItonng and Evaluation Afterthe conduct of the ERM, the Team together WIth technicalstaff of BC and BACO and Hogon mUnICipahty preparedthe Hogon Integrated AgroforestatlOn and Water Develop­ment Project (IAWD) defmmg 10 concrete terms "HOW"water could be realized for the Ucab community

The lAWD had four components1 Tappmg new underground water sources Ampucao WIth

an elevation of 1,256m and located at Siho Acupan,Barangay Ampucao, Hogon MUniCipality was found tobe the most Ideal to support the Agroforestry reqUIre­ments of Southern Ucab and the outlY1Og communIhe~

FIgure 20 c Gender Resource Management Actlon PlanGold DIggers

OPPORTUNITY MECHANICS REQUIREMENTS RESPONSIBLE ESTIMATEDMatenal/Cost TIME

1 P'ggery 1 Identify avaIlable space BC-BAGO more or less 1 week2 Canvass constructIon cement, G I

matenals sheet, nat Is, GOLD DIGGERS 1 daygravel/sand,lumber, hollow blocks

3 Purchase of matenals 1'5,000 GOLD DIGGERS 2 days

4 ConqructJon 1'1,000 labor GOLD DIGGERS and 1 week(3 x 4 meters) fnends

5 Canvas of pIglets Pl,OOO/plglet GOLD DIGGERS 1 day

6 Purchase of pIglets and P600/sa~k GOLD DIGGERSfeeds

7 Fattel1lng GOLD DIGGERS 6 monthsand fanuhes

Con'llltauon with DA

8 Sellmg P4,OOO/plg GOLD DIGGERS 2 days

2 Compost P,t 1 IdentIfy common area GOLD DIGGERS/BAGO 1 day/3 days2 <.iJggmg Bayalllhan3 PIlhng of compost, plg/ Bayalllhan

dog manure, etc4 Gather leaves to de<.om- Bayalllhan -do- more or less 1 Illonth

pose5 Use for fertlhzer Bayamhan -do-

of Dahcno, Camp Suerte, Balatoc, Kamangaan and GoldCreek An addItIOnal 960 households belongmg to theextensIOn commUnIties other than Ucab could be servedAmpucao IS 8 kIlometers north of the target UcabagroforestatIOn SIte

2 RehabIhtatIon of the eXIstIng Sabkil Water System SabkIlWater source located 111 Barangay Loakan, HogonMUnICIpahty IS 2 kIlometers from Ucab proper A dryseason water flow measurement conducted by the ItogonMunICIpal OffIce estImated It at 80 gallons per mmuteAlthough no water samplIng nor laboratory tests wereconducted for thIS source, It has long been a source ofpotable water for the nearby commUnItIes To ma111tall1and ll1crease water flow measurement from 80 gallons,a watershed protectIon scheme through watershed plant­Ing programs InItIated by women WIll be realIzed.

3 AgroforestatIon IntenSIve Mango plantll1g mtercroppedWIth gmger would be planted along Ucab's slopes start­mg WIth an mitIal 25 hectares Land would be proVIded

for Ucab fanuhes mterested 111 thIS long term project4 Reforestation ReforestatIOn of natIve tree speCIes a~

BagulO pll1e, al~us and gemehna would be contmuedWith an additIOnal 120 hectares of reforestatIOn per year

LESSONS LEARNED' CONCLUDING EVALUAnONS

Post MOl1ltormg and EvaluatIon was not meant as ClconclUSIOn to Project ERM but a contmuous evaluCltIOnof GRMAP and the lIkely ImplementatIOn of the Inte­grated AgroforestatIon and Water Development Project(IAWD) The mechal1lcs of the Post MOl1ltonng andEvaluatIOn Phase ll1ItIally receIved mputs from the DallyMomtonng Summary and the four EvaluatIons conduct­ed dunng the ERM cycle These ll1puts were analyzed,discussed and revIewed to quantIfy and qualIfy thebenefits of gender partiCIpatIon creatmg the IAWD Todate, contmuous analySIS, evaluatIon and reVIew are stIllunderway

31

Figure 20 b Gender Rresource Management ActlOn PlanBenguet Lily

OPPORTUNITY MECHANICS REQUIREMENTS RESPONSIBLE ESTIMATEDMatenal/Cost TIME

1 Sewmg Cooperative A o rgal1lzatlonal JVOFI, BAGO, DSWD, 1 month1 Trammg on dressmak- PIO,OOO CDA, LADIES GROUP,lng, sacks and gloves TRAINEESproduction- Busmess proposal prep-aratIon- OnentatJon on cooper-ative

2 Orgal11zatlon of the P3,OOO CDA, LADIES GROUP, 1 monthLadles Group Coop TRAINEES

3 RegIstration of theCooperatIve

B Pre-operational PlS,OOO NOFI, LADIES GROUP, 3 months1 Batch system BAGO

a Cutterb Pattern-makerc Sewerd Repacklng/

delIverye Record keeper P20,OOO NOFI, LADIES GROUP, 1 month

2 Purchase 2 nnm of EAGOsewing machmes PS,OOO LADIES GROUP 1 week

3 TraIning (Controland Management)

2 Compost PIt 1 Identify site 1 shovel JosIe de Guzman, Camp 3, days2 DIgging 2 pICk AdmIn, Capltanas, 1 day3 Training In Compostlng 3 bareta Bayamhan, NOFI, DOST, 1 week4 Start and convince others PS,OOO LADIES GROUP 1 week

to separate garbage5 Packmg and seilIng of 1 month

(ompost, bonles, andnewspapers

Three pomts summanzed the fmal evaluatlOn process ofERM1 It proVIded a Viable document hnkmg PartiCIpatory Rural

Appraisal (PRA) and Gender AnalySIS as a concretelearnmg process for VIllage based partlClpatlOn m de­slgnmg and Implementmg effectIve actIon plans (fromGRMAP to IAWD) for sustamable resource managementplanmng

2 It remforced the need to contInuously employ, test,adapt, Improve and/or vahdate gender senSItIve tools11l the deSIgn, ImplementatIOn and evaluatIOn ofgrassroots development programs

3 It w111 encourage development practItIoners,Internatlonaldonor agenCIes and the government agenCIes to mte­grate gender analySIS With new partICIpatory method­olOgIes (adapted to a speCIfIC country/regIon) as newalternatIves to centrally plaIUled and externally man­aged development models

There IS no doubt that the SOCIal, economic and ecolog-

32

lCal Impacts of ERM project and lAWD Implementationplan Will benefit not only the Ucab commumty but otherstakeholders OVOFI, Be, DENR and the Itogon LGU) 111

the long term Strengthenmg and bUlldmg the mStltutwnalcapablhtIes of Ucab women and men as mdlvlduals, house­hold members and commumty reSIdents IS the first Imtla­tlve for gender partiCIpation WIth these Imtlatlves m place,Ucab women and men w111 orgamze themselves mto anactIve, SOCIal commumty to prOVIde measures to mcreasefood productiVity and conserve their dWIndhng waterresource base

To evaluate key success factors of PRAGEN In Ucab,the economIC Impacts w111 be determIned by (1) gendereqUIty (defmed as Ucab women and men gettmg a fan andmeasurable share of IAWD program benefits, (2) thetransformatory potentIal of gender pohcy reforms wlthmUcab sOCIety's traditIons and expectatIons, (3) the equaldistributIon of sk111s and extension trammg for Ucab womenand men, and (4) access to deClslOn makmg processes asmvolvement In the four components of IAWD watershed

FIgure 20 l GlnJcl Rl\OurLl Management ActIon PlanYoung .H Heart

OPPORTUNITY MECHANICS REQUIREMENTS RESPONSIBLE ESTIMATEDMatenal/Cost TIME

1 Agnculture 1 Mulberry 1 Plantll1g matenals Father, Mother, ChIldren 25 daysIndIVIdual (With family) 20,000/ha locally avalhle TechIllclans - PTRI reanng penodPreparation of planting 1 ha can sup 4-5 box silk-area wormsPlantlllgCmngReanng of SilkwormsHarvestingMarketmg

Plantmg matenals, volume2 Glllger IndiVidual (With fanuly) needed depends on dlstan~- Father, Mother, Children 9 mos cycle

Preparation of planting lllgarea P15/1-.i10 seed matenal, 10-Plantlllg ~'llly availableCarlllgHarvestingMarketlllgProcesslllg - Glllger

EqUipment for process1l1gNeed te~hIlluan forproless1l1g

PI.lIltlng matenals, 20,000/2 Tiger Grass IndIVIdual (With family) h.1, same d,stance as mul- Father, Mother, Children 1 year cyde

Preparation of phntlng berryarea Plastic, Wire, rattan, wood,Planting str1l1gCanngHarvestingMarket1l1gProlessmg - Gmger

protectIOn, water program development, agroforestatIonand reforestatIon These SOCIal and economIC Impacts arecomplementary to mclude an lI1stItutIonal dImenSIOn fora progressIve Ucab

The range of constramts that wIll be IdentifIed 111

IAWD will present HOW well the Ucab women andmen were, are, and wIll be able to cope WIth theIrnew found responSIbIlIties takmg m full conSIderatIOngender partiCipatIOn

,,

Women miners explained throughtheir Gender ResourceManagement Action Plan (Tool12) the SIgnifIcance of seekmgalternatIve means of lIvelihoodsince gold supply IS fastdWindling

33

•

34

The conduct of the VII/age Map(Tool 4) by a focused malegroup presented environmentalmSlghts relevant to mdlgenousknowledge on the state ofUcab's natural resources

"

Ma. Rosario R. Lopez

The success of the PRAGEN In Ucab In elIcItIng thepartIcIpatIOn of the communIty In IdentIfyIng theIr needsencouraged other BC mInesltes to request JVOFI to con­duct It In theIr own areas Thus the PRAGEN was held Inthe last quarter of 1993 for the Benguet Gold OperatIonsIn Hogon, Benguet and In the MasInloc Chromlte Opera­tIons In MasInloc, Zambales

A. Dalicno, Hogon, Benguet

The PRAGEN was replIcated In DalIcno, a SItIO In Hogon,Benguet on November 16-19, 1993 UnlIke the pIlotPRAGEN In Ucab held In Odober, thIS one was held foronly four days, but for seven hours dally The partICIpantscommented that the four-day schedule was more conve­nIent for them than the eIght days SInce they WIll be ableto complete the semmar-workshop much earlIer and theycan resume theIr scheduled actIVItIes ImmedIately

The PRAGEN team consIsted of seven JVOFI staff, fourBenguet Gold OperatIons (BGO) CommunIty RelatIons(COMREL) members, one LGU representatIve and two DENRengIneers An average of 27 partICIpants attended the work­shops dally The group was heterogeneous there were BCemployees and dependents as well as now employee reSI­dents of Camp LolIta whIch IS sItuated In Be's mInIng claImand Dahcno, whIch IS outSIde the mInIng claIm, but adjacentto It

Of the three areas, DalIcno IS the most empowered hav­Ing been able to launch communIty projects such as theconcretIng of roads, Improvement of health and school fa­cIlIhes WIth mInImal external aSSIstance All three areas arelocated In upland areas where the maIn lIvelIhood IS goldmInIng

InnovatIons to the PRAGEN were Introduced by theteam as follows

1. a more extensive explanation of the PRAGEN by theCOMREL manager

The team was cautIous not to pre-empt the workshopby dIvulgIng the purpose of the workshop whIch IS todetermIne pnonty problems and opportunItIes and thegender Issues affectIng or contnbutIng to these However,the zealousness of the COMREL manager to Involve thereSIdents for the fIrst tIme In deCISIOn makIng and plan­nIng led hIm to dISCUSS the workshop objectIves In greatlength To counteract thIS SItuatIon, the team ImmedIatelyproceeded to Tool no 1 or the VIllage Sketch Map WIthoutreIteratIng the objectIves

2 an integration of the activities at the end of each dayby a volunteer participant

An Important learnIng In the PRAGEN IS never tounderestImate the capaCItIes of VIllagers As a research tool,

REPLICATING THE PRAGEN

PRAGEN seeks to be objectIve by not manIpulatIng theresults but as a traInIng, VIllagers must be enabled to realIzethe Interrelatedness of the eIght tools and theIr relevanceto problem solVIng and plannIng The groups from DalIcnoand Camp LolIta for Instance were able to ImmedIatelydetermIne the resources or opportunItIes for resolVIng themajor problems they IdentIfIed themselves On the otherhand, those from BGO had dIffICUltly In relatIng the op­portunItIes they had WIth theIr problems and constantlyIdentIfIed the support of BC and Its contInued gold oper­atIons as determInants for ImprOVIng theIr SItuatIon H wasonly after a bnef reVIew of the prevIOUS tools such as thetransect and venn dIagram that they were able to formu­late a gender source management actIon plan whIch theycan manage

A synthesIs/proCessIng of each tool after the presenta­tIons by each are was done together WIth the partICIpantsto faCIlItate IntegratIon

3. a bnefmg on the tools before the workshops and arivalat a consensus on terminologies

Because of the heterogeneous groups Involved, a bnef­Ing on the tools and an agreement on termInOlogIes werenecessary to be able to have a common frame of referenceTechnIcal terms such as sustaInabIlIty, eqUItabIlIty, pro­dUctIVIty and stabIlIty were clanfled by askIng them togIve synonyms and to translate them In the vernacular

SustaInabIlIty - mapablyag In Ilocano, contInUOUSEqUItabIlIty - pareho In Ilocano and Tagalog, WIll benefIt

both sexesProductIVIty - add Income or profItStabIlIty - establIshed, contInUOUS or permanent

These helped the partICIpants In carefully screenIng theopportunItIes they had

The PRAGEN gave the team other SIgnIfIcant learnIngs

1 GOs, NGOs and the pnvate sector should be represent­ed In the PRAGENFaCIlItators should be fully aware that the PRAGEN can

raIse expectatIons espeCIally WIth regard to fInanCIal aSSIS­tance and thIS IS often dIrected at the organIzatIon spear­headIng the PRAGEN Unless the organIZatIOn has sufi.­CIent resources to address needs, faCIlItators of the PRAGENshould be knowledgeable of Gas, NGOs and fundIng3genCIes whIch can aSSIst the VIllagers and as much aspOSSIble, InVIte them as resource speakers/faCIlItators

The PRAGEN In DalIcno, for example, showed that thereSIstance of the VIllagers to a recently passed law on smallscale mInIng whIch IS the maIn lIvelIhood In the area wasa result of mISInterpretatIons, lack of ImplementIng gUIde­lInes and lack of InformatIon dISSemInatIon by the govern­ment agency Involved The PRAGEN gave the VIllagersthe opportunIty to come face to face WIth the governmentand once and for all, thresh out the Issues

35

2 The PRAGEN should not be conducted by a develop­ment organIzatIon unless It IS ready to support IdentI­fied proJecstsAs preVIOusly dIscussed, the PRAGEN IS a potent

methodology for helghtenmg awareness In a communIty,thu~, development organIzatIons must be able to bUIld uponIt or u~e It as an opportunIty tor mtroduClng projects Unlessthe ~ources and modes ot assistance are made clear, de­layed re~ponse to projecb mav ewde the credlbJ!lty ot the~pon~onng organIzatIon and eventually create problem~

on partiCIpatIon dunng the actual ImplementatIOn otprojecb The PRAGEN should not be ~een by vlllager~ a~

merely an "academiC exetClse" fwm vvhllh no benefIt canbe denved

3 PRAGEN prOVides an opportunIty for nelghbonng com­mUnItIes to mteract and understand each other's phght

Before the PRAGEN, the employees and dependents ofBC dId not encounter any occaSlOn where they were ableto meet other VIllagers mdigenous to the area Because ofthe relatIavely assured lIvehhood of BC employees, theywere looked upon as the more affluent neIghbor Unknow­mgly, those from Dahcno who owned the land they hvedand worked on were better off smce they had more re­sources to utIlIze

B. Masinloc, Zambales

The PRAGEN for Masmloc was scheduled to be heldfor tour days excludmg the onentatlOn for BC, the LGUand GOs but the receptIvity of the partlClpants enabled thetools to be completed m three days only

It was attended dally by an average of 27 partIcipantsfrom three areas Masmloc Chromlte OperatIons (MCO) ofBC, Mandaloy, a SitIO nelghbonng MCO, and Ubat, theslho nearest the mam town The pnmary hvehhood actIv­Ity In Madaloy IS pIlmg of chromlte which IS sold to MCOFarmmg IS margmal because of the lImited agnculturalland and IrngatIon facIlItIes Deforested mountams nearthe communIty which are owned by the fIrst settlers areused as pasturelands Rattan gathenng m the forests ISpractIced by a few who obtamed permnts from the gov­ernment Ubat, on the other hand, IS mamly agnculturalWith ramfed nce as the major crop

The PRAGEN for Masmloc was successfully concludedbecause of the presence of deCIsIOn makers from the pn­vate sector (Be) and the LGU who Immediately respondedand directed then personnel to attend to then IdentIfIedneeds

Environmental degradatIon was not seen as a major prob­lem m Masmloc because problems such as lack of waterand erOSlOn which were predommant m Ucab were not asgrave here The DENR representatIve however pomted outthat' the partICIpants were more concerned With the utIh­zatIon of eXlstmg resources rather than Its development orregeneratIon

PotentIal hvelIhood actIvItIes focused on traditIonal

36

projects such as plggery and poultry raIsmg and thiS maybe due to the rare presence of GOs m Mandaloy and Ubat,the lack of mformatIon, skIlls and technIcal knowledge mother projects such as reforestatIon which can also besources of Income ThIS was eVident In the statement ofone ot the partICIpants from Mandaloy who expressed hISgratItude for knOWIng trom the PRAGEN the agenCIes toapproach tor assistance

The PRAGEN abo made reSidents realIze the needfur them to be actJveJy Involved In communIty affaIrSe~peC1all'v where loans are concerned In the case ofUbat, a small group ot cattle raisers formed them­~elve~ Into a cooperatJve for the purpose of obtaInmga loan Another group ot nce tarmers also from thearea organIzed another cooperatIve m order to obtaIna mdllOn peso loan trom the Land Bank Both loanshave remamed unpaid In both cases, PRAGEN par­tICIpants were not member~ of the coops but theylearned that because of the bad expenence of the NGOand the bank With borrowers from Ubat, the reSIdentshave been branded as credIt nsks

C Concludmg Notes

The expenences of JVOFI m Ucab Dahcno and Masmlocprove that the PRAGEN, unhke other research methodol­ogists IS able to

1 create among both male and female VIllagers aware­ness of gender roles and responSIbIlItIes,

2 generate valId mformatIon on commumty resourcesat the vIllage level smce these are IdentIfIed by thevdlagers themselves,

3 assist vdlagers m Idenhfymg theIr problems and toformulate plans m a short penod of tIme, m a slmp'leand cost-effiCIent manner,

4 teach VIllagers to adopt pr~blem solvmg and plan­nIng tools,

5 faCIlItate the establIstlment of rapport between thedevelopment organIzatIon and communIty by mvolv­mg them m problem solvmg and declslOn makmg,

6 allow vIllagers WIth dIverse pomts of VIew to learnfrom each other and arnve at a consensus on pnontyproblems to be addressed, and,

7 give VIllagers the opportunIty to vahdate or obtamfIrst-hand mformatlOn from GO and NGO expertsand solICIt their commitment to support IdentIfiedprojects

PRAGEN IS not only a research methodology but alsoan Important trammg methodology that can be used toharness and strengthen communIty orgamzatlOns It pro­Vides potent tools for creahng awc!reness, responSIvenessand effectIveness among VIllagers whIch was eVident mthe eagerness of PRAGEN partICIpants to ImmedIately startthe projects they IdentIfied It IS not only gender senSItIvebut also sensItIve to cultures as It helps reveal mdigenousbehefs and practIces whIch development orgamzatIOnsshould conSIder m planmng and Implementmg programs

Agamst a background ofcompany (Benguet Corporation)owned bunkhouses, residentsoutside mmmg camps belongmgto the Ibalols and Kankanaeystribes store water to be broughtback to thelf homes severalkilometers aways 37

Annex 1Statement of Pnnclples on Participatory Development

BRIAN T. ATWOOD, USAID ADMINISTRATORNovember 16, 1993

There IS nothmg more basIc to the development process thanparhcipahon That IS a lesson we have learned over the years,but It IS one that we have not fully appreciated m all of ItsImphcabons

First, broad access by people to their country's economyand participation in their society's decisionmaking process­es are results we seek to support; they are fundamental tosustamed development; and

Second, our support IS more hkely to lead to these resultsIf the development programs are relevant to people's needs,and for thiS there needs to be broad participahon by peopleIn defimng development priorities and approaches.

Participation, therefore, describes both the end and themeans; both the kInd of results we seek, and the way thatwe, as providers of development and humarutanan assIs­tance, must nurture those results

The ends and the means are closely related. For our scarcefunds to contnbute meanmgfully to the goal of sustamabledevelopment-to development that broadens econonuc, 50­

Cla!, and pohtIcal access and enables a sOClety to keep lIn­provmg the quahty of hfe for ItS people--the developmentapproaches themselves must be sustainable. They must beconsistent With the pnontIes and values of those who Willhave to sustam the effort after the donor has left TIus IS truefor a VIllage-level project, and It IS true for a natIonal-levelprogram It apphes to pohcy reforms as well The pohcychanges that may be needed to open up economIes to mno­vatIon and local mvestment must be supported by sufftclentSOCIal consensus and a sense of shared sacnftce, or they WIllnot be sustamed

Development assistance works best when It contributes toefforts that people m the reClpient sOClety are already at­temptIng to carry out, and when It fully takes mto accowltthe pnontIes and values of affected groups.

The effiClency of thts approach has been shown repeatedly,whether we look at the local level of a water-user asooClatIon,or consu:ler the degree of SOCial consensus that a natIonalgovernment must count on to carry out and sustam changesm pohcy or SOCial and econonuc programs

StudIes have shown thIS Our expenence at USAID hasdemonstrated It, through both the successes and fmlures ofour efforts Pnvate foundatIons, the lnter-Amencan andAfrIcan Development FoundatIons, and pnvate developmenta~slstance orgaJ}lzatIons around the world have learned ItOther bilateral and multIlateral donors are learrung It

38

How are we to know whether such consensus eXIsts, or canperhaps be brought about, or whether a given program trulymatches local pnontIes and values? TIle answer IS, we mustbuIld SOCIety.

That does not mean our aid cannot support new ideas, orIdeas that are new to a gIVen sOClety It does not mean thatwe must first strive to ensure that the new Idea IS full}"owned" by legitImate mdlgenous mstItutIons and that peo­ple who WIll be affected have a vOice m how It IS applied

Nor does It mean that USAID should not have ItS ownpriorities We must and we do our pnontIes are set forthm the strategy documents for our four areas of concentratIon,and our severely luruted reseources Will prevent us fromsupporhng many worthy endeavors It does mean, however,that we Will seek to wlderstand local pnonhes mdependentlyof our own pnontIe~, capabIlitIes, and resources

Three We WIll cast WIdely for expertise The technIcalexpertise avatlable to USAID m many areas IS world-class,and our techl1lcal assistance IS often of greater value to re­CIpient countnes than the matenal resources we can offerHowever, we WIll not be satIsfted with our techl1lcal analySISuntIl we have opened It to debate by a range of experts mthe Ul1lVerSItIes and research ll1stItutlOns of the reClpientcountry and by other quahfIed experts m donor agencies

Moreover, we Will routinely and systematIcally test our expertanalySIS agamst the realIty experienced by affect~d popu­lations. To tIus end, we Will develop appropnate ways 111

each country context to consult WIth orgaruzahons represent­mg tile mterests of small-scale farmers and busmesspeople,slum dwellers, flsll1ng commumtIes, tnbal gourps, poorwomen, profeSSIOnal assoClatIons, envlrorunenta!, dlantable,and development pyas, and other people whose expenenceprovKies a needed reality check on the assumptIon~ andprescnptlOns of outSide experts

1111S does not mean tIlat we WIll expect to find harmonyamong tile VIews of local experts We WIll sometImes fmdmore conflict than consensus among the perspectives ofmdigenous commul1lbes and mterest groups We WIll, how­ever, recogl1lze that competItion among a plethora of ll1ter­ests lies at the heart of the democrabc process To the extentappropnate to our role as an outSIder, we will strIve to makethat compehhon more open and fair, and thereby create asbroad a VIew of the nabonal ll1terest as pOSSIble

Four. We WIll assure that USAID projects and programs areaccountable to the end user. That wIll mean, for example,tIlat a health sector project w1der wluch mwuClpal govern-

ments receIve trammg matenals, famIly plannmg servIces,and other support from US pnvate agenCIes w111 have somemechanism to permIt the "clIents"-m tIus case, tile mUnIc­Ipal governments-to tell USAID whetIler tile servICes re­ceIVed from these PVOs meet theIr needs It wIll also meanthat the woman recelvmg tile famIly planmng serVICe hassome say over the way those servIces are delIvered m hercommuruty

Five. We will ensure that projects we support strengthenthe capacity of the poor to take the next steps in their ownand their community's development. That IS, In all ourefforts-not Just those aImed exphcltly to promote our "de­mocracy" objective-we wIll seek to empower the poor tosustaIn the development process Somehmes thIS wIll be asSImple as, for example, In a project aImed at traInmg VIllagehealth workers, prOVIdIng opportunIties for these healthworkers to meet; get to know each other, and thereby begmto Identify common concerns cu;.d perhaps, to lfiIoate furtherefforts to Improve local sarutabon and health condibollS

Six. To overcome the tendency of projects to benefit onlylocal elites, we will use gender analysis and techrnques fordata collection and consensus building such as participa­tive rural appraisal (PRA). PRA IS a development plannmgmethodology that helps tile dIfferent groups and lllsbtubonsm a given commuruty to agree on a common course of actionand to take an active role m orgaruzmg tile mputs of thevanous outSIde agenCIes

Seven. We will find ways to streamline our procedures forapproving and amending projects so as to allow the localreality to drive our programs, rather than to have our pro­cedures drive our definition of local reality Too often m thepast, we m the development busmess have acqmred a stakem a project we have deSIgned and our procedures make ItdIfficult to modIfy SustaInable development means that tIlelocal reCIpIents have tIle only stake that counts

Eight. We will keep our focus on results-on the resultsexperienced by real people in the recipient societies-rath­er than merely on tracking the material mputs to projectsand our adherence to our own procedures. We wJ..i1 not lessenour comrmbnent to accoWltabIhty for the taxpayers' dollarsnor our adherence to legal reqUirements However, we mustsatIsfy our need for accountabIhty In ways that do not pre­vent us from achreVIng the results that WIll affect people

Nine. We will practIce a respectful partnership with indig­enous and American or international private organizations,ranging from non-profit development instItutIons to pro­fessional associations and businesses, that collaborate withus in providing development and humanitarian aSSIstance.We WIll work WIth those that are comlll1ted to strengthenmglllSbtutIOllS and empowenng people m the reCIpIent SOCIetyOur partnershIp means that we w111 lIsten to our partners'VIews and Will work together m ways that reflect our com-

plementary strengths We recogruze the uruquely Amencanvalues and expenence that US PVOs offer, as well as tIleirconSIderable range of skl1ls and experbse At the same bme,we w111 not lose Sight of the objectIve of strengthenmg mdlg­enous IllSbtubons and capabilIbes, and WIll seek ways toexpand our support to mdlgenous orgaruzabons and to fa­CIlItate the shanng of expenence and expertIse among tIlem

Ten. We will take the measures necessary to equip our­selves to make good on these principles. ThIS WIll not beeasy We Will need, for example, to find ways for MISSIonstaff to spend more time out of the capital CIties, and moretime m mearungful dIalogue WIth a WIde range of local groupsTlus WIll mean streamllfiIng our procedures so as to rehevealready overburdened staff of some of tile work they current­ly do

We Will seek ways to empower USAID's own personnel, mtile MISSIons as well as at AID/W, unleashmg theIr llUlova­bon and creabvlty III findlllg better way~ to serve our "ch­ents" m the reCipient SOCIetIes

We WIll strengtIlen relevant skills and aptitudes m our :,taffand contractors-stronger language and cultural skl1ls, skIllsm dlscerrung SOCIal processes, gender analySIS and othertecluuques to enchance partIClpabon, skIlls m dealmg WIthconfllctmg mterests and, where pOSSIble, In enllancmg aware­ness by local groups of a broader national mterest We WIllfind ways to addres:, tillS need In our personnel pohCle:, andprachces

We WIll cClIlsider realIstIcally the costs of applymg a partIc­Ipatory approach to our work Many measures WIll mvolvelIttle or no cost, and some may save money and mobIlIzelarger amowlts of local resources NevertIleless, It takes tImeand resources to consult broadly, and the consultatIve pro­cess can somebmes be slow We WIll ensure tIlat tIlese costsare outweIghed by tI1e beneftts of focusmg our developmentresources more securely on the pnonbes of tI1e reCIpIentSOCIety

I have asked tI1e Bureau of PolIcy and Program Coordmahonto make these prlllCiples central to theIr work m deflllmg theAgency's pnonhes and procedures We WIll enlIst the helpof many mterested staff from all Bureaus, as well as from theMISSIons, m helpmb to develop guldeimes for the Implemen­tatIon of these pnnCIples Your aSSIstance WIll be needed 111

fIndmg ways to overcome the obstacles to partICIpatIon, bothm the fteld and m USAID's own procedures

The pnnciples I have outhned will place USAID squarelyon the cutting edge of change. ThIS IS where I and, I belIeve,the Amencan people want us to be We wIll have learnedtile lessons that developn ent profeSSIOnals around tile worldare leanung development IS a people process, and our effortsmust aun to support the efforts of local people That way weWIll show real, lashng results

'3'9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atwood, Bnan T "DeclaratIon of PartICIpatory PnncIples "Memorandum Issued November 16, 1993 WashIngton DC

Cernea, MIchael "User Groups as Producers" World BankDISCUSSIOn Paper No 70, 1989, P 62

Dell, JerrI Bnef on Social EconomIC and Gender AnalysIsEconomIc Development InstItute, The World Bank, No­vember, 1993

Development Partners Inc A Needs Assessment Study ofFIve BGO Camps In Hogon, Benguet PhilIppmes, 1992

Ford, RIchard, FranCIS Lelo and E Odour-Noah Imple­mentIng PRA Worcester Clark UniVersIty InternatIonalDevelopment, 1992

Ford, RIchard, FranCIS Lelo and Joseph AYIeko Commu­nity ActIon Water Trees, and PRA m PwanI Clark Uni­verSIty, Worcester, MA, 1992

GUIJt, Irene Bnef on PRA and Gender Workshop Inter­natIonal InstItute for EnVIronment and Development, En­gland, December 1993

Lorente, FelIno RapId Rural AppraIsal of IdentIfIed SItIOSof Dcab, Vuac and Ampucao, Hogon, Benguet PhIlIppmes,1991

Thomas-Slayter, B, Andrea Esser and Dale ShIelds Toolsof Gender AnalysIs A GUIde to FIeld Methods for Bnng­mg Gender mto Sustamable Resources Management andDevelopment Clark UniVersIty, Worcester, MA, 1993

Thomas-~layter, B, Noah E Pockets of Poverty LmkIngWater,Health and Gender Based ResponsIbIlItIes m SouthKamwango ECOGEN Case Study Senes, Clark UniVerSI­ty, 1990

Warren, D "The Impact of 19th Century SOCIal SCIenCeIn EstablIshmg NegatIve Values and AttItudes TowardsIndIgenous Knowledge Systems" AMES, February 1990,pp 52-56

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BCBC-BAGOBGODENR

EDIERMECOGEN

GRMAPIAWD

IIED

JVOFILGUNGOPRAPRAGEN

USAID

Benguet CorporatIonBenguet Antamok Gold OperatIonBenguet Gold OperatIonDepartment of EnVIronment and NaturalResourcesEconomIc Development InstItuteEngendenng Resource ManagementEnVIronment, Community OrganizatIon andGenderGender Resource Management ActIon PlanHogon AgroforestatIOn and WaterDevelopmentInternatIonal InstItute for EnVIronment andDevelopmentJaIme V Ongpm FoundatIon IncLocal Govei nment UnitNon Government OrganiZatIOnPartICIpatory Rural AppraIsalParttcIpatory Rural AppraIsal and GenderSenSItIve AnalySISUnited States Agency for InternatIonalDevelopment