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G.N. TEWARI’S

ENGLISH GRAMMAR - MADE EASY

English Expression/Communication –

i) Verbal or spoken ii) Written

First step is to decide what we want to say. Second step is to say it correctly, that is with i) Correct grammar ii) Correct formation of sentence, and finally

iii) Correct pronunciation or spelling.

Writing or speaking any language without the knowledge of grammar is like driving on the road without the knowledge of traffic rules. The result – CRASH.

Sometimes, same word with the same spelling may be used with different pronunciation and may mean differently. (For example – “I read” is used as Present and also Past tense. If pronounced like REED, then it is Present tense. If pronounced like RED, then it is Past tense)

Sometimes, different words with different spelling may be used with same pronunciation and may mean differently. (For example – “Made” and “Maid”)

Meaning depends upon the context in which it is used.

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN – Name of a person, place or thing ( Examples – Ashok, man, Kanpur, city, Class, gold, honesty, men, girls, classes, baby, babies, boy’s, boys’)

2. PRONOUN – Words which can be used to replace nouns ( Examples – I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, my, mine, us, our, your, yours, him, hers, its, them, theirs, myself, those, yourself, yourselves, who, which, whose, whom, what, many, all, others, few, any either, neither, each, none)

3. ADJECTIVE – Word which qualifies a noun i.e. used to describe its speciality. ( Examples – five, clever, that, thin, small, good, white, much, some) Some words may be either noun or adjective depending on the context. Examples – none, some, each, all, many

4. ADVERB – Word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.

Simple Adverb – time, place, number, manner, degree, quantity, affirmative or negative

Time – examples- today, tomorrow, daily, soon, when

Place- here, there, in, out, up, down

Number- once, twice, again, always, after, How OFTEN

Manner- soundly, clearly, bravely, cleverly, well(done)

Degree or quantity- very, quite, pretty (well), almost (ripe), how much

Affirmative – certain, surely

Negative- I do not know. He never said so.

Interrogative – When, where , why, how

Three degrees of Adverbs -

Positive – Early, late, near, fast, badly, far, much

Comparative – Earlier, later, nearer, faster, worse, farther, more

Superlative – Earliest, latest, nearest, fastest, worst, farthest, most

5. VERB -

Sentence Formation – Must have (i) Subject (Noun/ Pronoun) (ii) Verb

TensesINDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

PRESENT TENSE

I goYou goWe go He goesShe goesIt goesThey go

I am going You are going We are goingHe is goingShe is goingIt is goingThey are going

I have gone You have goneWe have goneHe has goneShe has goneIt has goneThey have gone

I have been goingYou have been goingWe have been goingHe has been goingShe has been goingIt has been goingThey have been going

INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST TENSE

I went You wentWe wentHe wentShe wentIt wentThey went

I was goingYou were goingWe were goingHe was goingShe was goingIt was goingThey were going

I had goneYou had goneWe had goneHe had goneShe had goneIt had goneThey had gone

I had been goingYou had been goingWe had been goingHe had been goingShe had been goingIt had been goingThey had been going

INDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

FUTURE TENSE

I shall goYou will goWe shall goHe will goShe will goIt will goThey will go

I shall be goingYou will be goingWe shall be goingHe will be goingShe will be goingIt will be goingThey will be going

I shall have goneYou will have goneWe shall have goneHe will have gone She will have goneIt will have goneThey will have gone

I shall have been goingYou will have been goingWe shall have been goingHe will have been goingShe will have been goingIt will have been goingThey will have been going

Will & shall – These can be replaced with the other to convey certainty or determination.Auxiliary Verbs - used along with the main Verb – Is, am, are, was were, have, has, had, do, does, did, have been, had been.

NEGATIVE SENTENCESTenses


PRESENT TENSE

I do not goYou do not goWe do not goHe does not goShe does not goIt does not goThey do not go

I am not going You are not going We are not goingHe is not goingShe is not goingIt is not goingThey are not going

I have not gone You have not goneWe have not goneHe has not goneShe has not goneIt has not goneThey have not gone

I have not been goingYou have not been goingWe have not been goingHe has not been goingShe has not been goingIt has not been goingThey have not been going


PASTTENSE

I did not go You did not goWe did not goHe did not goShe did not goIt did not goThey did not go

I was not goingYou were not goingWe were not goingHe was not goingShe was not goingIt was not goingThey were not going

I had not goneYou had not goneWe had not goneHe had not goneShe had not goneIt had not goneThey had not gone

I had not been goingYou had not been goingWe had not been goingHe had not been goingShe had not been goingIt had not been goingThey had not been going


FUTURE

I shall not goYou will not goWe shall not go

I shall not be goingYou will not be goingWe shall not be going

I shall not have goneYou will not have goneWe shall not have gone

I shall not have been goingYou will not have been goingWe shall not have been goingHe will not have been going

TENSE He will not goShe will not goIt will not goThey will not go

He will not be goingShe will not be goingIt will not be goingThey will not be going

He will not have gone She will not have goneIt will not have goneThey will not have gone

She will not have been goingIt will not have been goingThey will not have been going

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

TensesINDEFINITE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

PRESENT TENSE

Do I go?Do you go?Do we go? Does he go?Does she go?Does it go?Do they go?

Am I going? Are you going? Are we going?Is he going?Is she going?Is it going?Are they going?

Have I gone? Have you gone?Have we gone?Has he gone?Has she gone?Has it gone?Have they gone?

Have I been going?You have been going?We have been going?He has been going?She has been going?It has been going?They have been going?

To correct


PASTTENSE

Did I go?Did you go?Did we go?Did he go?Did she go?Did it go?Did they go?

Was I going?Are you going?Are we going?Is he going?Is she going?Is it going?Are they going?

Had I gone?Had you gone?Had we gone?Had he gone?Had she gone?Had it gone?Had they gone?

Had I been going?Had you been going?Had we been going?Had he been going?Had she been going?Had it been going?Had They been going?


FUTURE TENSE

Shall I go?Will You go?Shall We go?Will He go?

Shall I be going?Will You be going?Shell We be going?Will He be going?

Shall I have gone?Will You have gone?Shall We have gone?Will He have gone ?

I shall have been goingYou will have been goingWe shall have been goingHe will have been going

Will She go?Will It go?Will They go?

Will She be going?Will It be going?Will They be going?

Will She have gone?Will It have gone?Will They have gone?

She will have been goingIt will have been goingThey will have been going

6. PREPOSITION – Preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun showing relationship with another thing.

Examples – In , out, at, of, by, from, to, into, off, out, till, for, up, about, across among, between, beside, before, after, since, till, until, with, without, through.

Phase Prepositions – According to, in spite of, on account of, with reference to, in addition to, due to.

7. CONJUNCTIONConjunction joins two words or two sentences –

Examples - And, while, but, when, if, as , after, before, because, if, where, although, though, lest, how, that, till, until, unless, than, since, yet.

8. INTERJECTION

Exclamation !

Examples – Hurrah, Alas, Hush, Bravo, Ah, Oh, Hello

Sign of exclamation is put after the word.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

Active – I did this work.Passive – This work was done by me.

DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct – Ramesh says “ I shall buy a scooter”.Indirect – Ramesh says that he will buy a scooter.

Direct – Ram said “I am very busy today”.Indirect – Ram told that he was very busy on that day.

CAN / MAY

COULD / MIGHT

I can do this work / I could do this work - It means I have capability to do this work

I may do this work / I might do this work - It shows that there is a possibility of doing this work.

Gerund - Walking is useful.

Simple Infinitive – To walk is useful.

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