eng101 causaltechniques readingdiscussion ss15
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Eng 101 SS15Causal Techniques
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Causal Techniques
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What are the elements of a
Causal essay? Purpose
Patterns
Reasoning Errors
Ethics
Thesis and details
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Purpose Cause
◦ Probes the reasons why actions, events,attitudes, and conditions exist
Effect
◦
Examines consequences of causes Explain historical events, natural
happenings, actions and attitudes ofindividuals and groups
Help readers anticipate theconsequences of personal actions,natural phenomena, or governmentpolicies
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Patterns Single cause produces several effects
Might discuss cause then effects or
effects then cause
I. Poor language skills
II. Body
A. Can’t keep up with required
reading
B. Can’t take adequate notes
C. Can’t write competent papers
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Patterns Several causes produce one effect
◦ Might discuss effect then causes or causes
then effect
I. Decrease in U.S. zinc production
II. Body
A. produced more cheaply abroad
B. replaced on cars by plastics, lighter
metals
C. cannot be recycled
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Patterns Causal Chain
◦
Each event is effect of preceding one and thecause of the following one
◦ Help explain how devices function and howsome social changes proceed
◦ Similar to process analyses which is
concerned with HOW events occur...causal isconcerned with WHY events occur
II. Body
A. sleep late
B. miss breakfastC. become hungry and distracted
D. perform poorly on exam
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Patterns Multiple Cause-Multiple Effect
◦ Sequence of causes and effects is too complex to fit
image of chain◦ Present causes then effects or effects then causes
Topic: accident
II. Body
A. causes of the accident1. driver ran stop sign
2. Bushes and unlit headlights impairedvision
3. Wet pavement caused skiddingB. Effects of the accident
1. missed the movie
2. Unnerved so missed classes next day
3. Other driver lost license
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Reasoning Errors
Ignoring multiple causes
An effect rarely stems from a singlecause
Mistaking chronology for causation
Don’t assume that just because oneevent followed another that the firstnecessarily caused the other(chronology)
Confusing causes and effects Pam and Paul married because they fell
in love; in reality it was an economicnecessity, and love came later.
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EthicsForcing a particular outcome by uncovering only
certain causes
Report blaming poor instruction for highstudent failure rate neglects oversized classes,socioeconomics
Carefully weighed importance of chosen causes
If a few, but not most, of the classes in theproblem school system are oversized, thenreport shouldn’t stress their significance
Discuss every important effect (even one thatdamages point)
Report emphasizing the beneficial effects of jogging must discuss potential for energy
Consequences of people acting upon essay
Call to action
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Thesis & DetailsThesis statement
Identifies the event to be explained oreffects to be considered
Explains importance of understandingthe causes or effects
Offers a summary of the major causesor effects
Details
Not just a bare-bones discussion ofcauses and effects or a list
Vivid description used
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For Monday...
Apply your assigned comparison
elements to each of the followingreadings. Be prepared to extensively
discuss your findings with the class.
Caroline Knapp’s “Why We Keep Stuff”
Chris Mooney’s “The Science of Why We
Don’t Believe Science”Luscombe & Stinchfield’s “Why We Flirt.”
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Purpose
Kam, Pamela Patterns
Chad, Anthony, Ce-Ce
Reasoning Errors Blanche, Grace, Unique
Ethics
Ryan, Karen, Misty