eng maritima an iii sem i - unit four

8/3/2019 ENG Maritima an III Sem I - Unit Four

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t

UN ITFOURTEXTS,TASKSANDPROJECT

NAV IGAT ION-Navigation-Anchoring,Berthing,LeavingberthandUnderway-Buoyage-Loading,Discharging& Trim-Project:P ilotReadingG lossaryandPractice

NAVIGATION 195


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Navigation .Introductio nBynavigationisunderstoodanyactorprocedurethatwillensurethesafetyo fpassenge rsandcrew ,vesseland cargoduringavoyagefromapointofdeparture toadestina tion .Thissafetyisgreatlydeterminedby goodseamanship .Andsincegoodseamansh ipreferstoTheHumanFactor(HF),itisobviousthattheinfluenceonsafetyonboa rdvesselsislarge lydeterminedbyac tsof theseafarersonboard .Thereforethemann ingofavesselmustbeplannedveryaccurately,andbecausemostvesselsaremannedw ithmulti-Hqgualcrews,specialattentionshouldbepa idtotheInternational lystanda rdizedformofmaritimecommunication,both intershipandinlra-ship.

ManningAllvesse lshaveonething|ncommon:theymustbemannedby qualifiedcrews .Onboardvesse lsthetwomaindepartmentsarethedeckdep artment andthe eng ineroomdepartment.The radiodepartmen tisoften integratedinthedeckdepartmen t.Theheadofthedeckdepartment isthefirstmate-orCh iefOfficer.TheCh iefEngineeristheheadoftheengineroomdepartment.Officersareassistedbyordinaryseamenandable(bodied)seamen(OSandABS).An"ableseaman"isanexperiencedseafarer.He orshe w illoftenactasman-at-the-whee l(helmsman),or lookout.Theboatswain,orbosun,istheheadoftheratings (OSandABS).Apprentice officersareofficersintraining .NowadaysmanyvesselsaremannedwithGeneralPu rpose O ffice rs-orMu lti-PurposeO fficers-whohavebeentrainedtoperformthedutiesof themate,engineerandradiooperatortogether.Dut iesOfcoursethema inrespons ibilityofallthedeckofficersonmerchantvesse lsisnavigation. I.e.gettingthevesselsafelytoherdestination .Therearemanyotherdutiestobeperformed Inthedeckde partment .Thefirstmateisresponsib leformakingupthestowageplan,supervisionofloadinganddischargingofthecargoandgeneralshipmaintenance.Thesecondmateisresponsiblefor thenavigationa lequipment.Thethirdmatew il loftenactassafety-officer.Heo rshe isresponsibleforthema intenanceofallthesafetyequipmen tonboard.ThemaindutiesoftheEngineering -officersintheeng ine-roomdepartmen tarethema intenanceandoverhaulingof themainengine andtheauxil iary-engines.Thecaptain,ormaser,isultimatelyresponsibleforaltthatgoesonaboardthevessel.Usuallyhehasnotbeenintegratedinthewatch-keepingsystemonthe bridge .Ifhethinksitnecessarytoappearonthebridgeandinterferewiththeworkof theofficerof the watch(OOW),orif themasteriscalledtothebridgebytheOOW.hemustdearlyindicate thathewillbecometheconningofficerbysaying :"Inow havethewatch" .Toconfirm this,theOOWwillthenanswer :'Younowhavethewatch" .T lietasksoftheradiooperatoraretocontactshorebasedstationsandothervesselsincasesofd istress ,totransm iturgencymessages,safetymessageswhenthereare imm inentdangerstonavigation ,tolistentoNo ticestoMariners,weatherreportsandnav igationa lwarn ingsandtoma intaincontactwitholhershipsforasafeandefficientvoyage.

196 NAVIGATION


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WatchkeepingThe24-hour-period onboardthevesse lisdividedinto6sh ifts,orwatches,asthey arecalled.Eachwatchlasts4hou rs .Thewa tches are:First watch(2000hrs-2400hrs)M iddlewatch(0000hrs-0400 hrs)Mo rningwatch(0400hrs-0800hrs)Forenoon watch(0800hrs-1200hrs)Afternoonwatch(1200hrs-1600hrs)Eveningwatch(1600hrs-2000hrs).Theeven ingwatch isoftendividedIntotwowatchesof2hourseachtoalloweveryonetoenjoytheeveningmeal .Thesetwowatches arecalledthefirst-andseconddogwatch.TheRadio-operatorkeepswatchfourperiodsof twohoursa day.Oneofthewa tchkeep ing-systemsthatisusedinthedeck departmentaboa rdsea-goingvesselsisthe"4-12-8 "system ,wherebythefirstmatestandsallfour-o'clockwatches , thesecondmatestandsthetwelve-o'clockwatchesandthethirdmatestandstheeight-o'c lockwatches .Thecap tainw illoftenjoin

thethirdmate,sincethethirdmateisusuallythe leastexperiencedoffice r.

Heading, course, trackanddriftOes finalloryheading isunderstoodthedirection inwhichthevesselispo inting.Itis the ang le betweenthefore-and-aft fineofthe vesse l

andTrueNorth,expressedindeg rees.Headingconstan tlychangesdueto sea andw indinfluencesandsteering errors.Bycourseisunderstoodtheintendedsailingdirectionofthevesse l.Inothe rwords ;itisthedirection inwhichthe vessel issteeredinorder toreachherdestina tion(B).Itisexpressedindegrees .Atrackconsistsof one,or anumber ofcourselines along whichthenaviga tor intendstoproceedforasafepassage,e.g .whenclearingadanger.A great circlecoursewil lformtheshortes tconnectionbetwe entwoplacesontheearth .ARhumbLine,or loxodrome,wi ll formalinewherebyall theangles madeby thecourselineandthemerid ians areequal.Thisimpliestha t in(Mercalor)seachartstheearthisnotasphere ,butasquare.Com positesailingcombines theadvantageso fthegreatcirc leandthe rhumb line : itwilloffertheshortestroute,whilethe vesse lcankeepconstant truedirections.Duetotheinfluencesofwindand currentthevessel'sdestinationwillnotbereachedwithoutanyaltera tionsof course.Bycou rsemadegood isun derstoodthecoursethattheshipwillfollowafterallowingfortheeffectscausedbywind .Nowtheeffectofcurrenton thevessel'spathmustalsobecorrected,resu lting inacourseovergroundthatw illleadtoherdestination .

Course madegood

Couim overground

Departure

NAVIGAT ION 197


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Pos itio nThevessel'spositioncanbedeterminedinanumberofways, forexam plebymeansofpio tage(coastalnavigation),crossbearings,acockedhat,arunn ingfix,deadreckoning,astronom ica lnavigation or satell ite.Thevessel'spositionmaybeindicatedbyalatitude/long itude -reference,orasabearinganddistance fromafixedpoint . InVHF-communicationandwrittenreportsthelatterposition-indicationmustalwaysbeprecededby theword"bearing".Positionsareexpresse d indegreesandminutes.D istancesareindicatedbynauticalmiles(1852metres)andcables(onetenthofanaut ica lmile-185 .2metres).

Posillon :bearing 225dsgrae afromBuoyD04,dlaa nc6.5miles

\ \

LAT ITUDE

Poafl ion:51degrees10minu tesN015 dsgrses13minutesE.

LONGT ITUD E

PositionsInd icated asabear inganddistancefromafixed poin t,andinLatitude / Long itude.

x

Necklineintersection

bearinglines cockedhat

Crossbeaingswithacockedhat

Pilotage(coastalnavigation)Whensailingalong thecoast ,compassbearingsofconspicuousobjectsaretakenatregularIntervals.Aconspicuousobject(conspic)isanobjectonlandor atsea that ismentioned anddesc ribedInthepilotbook.Crossbearingsformanintersectionoftwobearing lines thathavebeentakenoftwoconspicuousobjects.Ifa thirdconspic isavailable,a thirdbearing("checkline")canbetaken.Becausethevesselisproceeding ,thetwobearingtinesandthechecklinewillformatriangle ,calledacockedhat.Theship'sposition isinoratthecockedhat .RunningfixA"running fix"ismadewhenthere is onlyoneconspicuousobjectavailable.Itisdonebytaking twobearingsofthesameconspicatinterval .(Theanglebetween thetwobearing tinesmustbe>than30degrees).

ExampleThefirstbearingistakenat16,50hrs.Log-reading;d istancetravelled=380nauticalm iles .The second bearing istakenat16.55hrs.Log-reading :distancetravelled=381nauticalm iles .Thedifferencebetweenthefirstog-readingandsecondtog-readingis1mile.Now ,wi ththeaidofchartdivider ,"1" ismeasuredfromthechartscaleatthesideofthenautica lchartandtransferredtothecourseline .Thepositionof theshipisatthe intersectionofthesecondbearing linewiththeline thatrunsparalleltothefirstbearingline .

_ 16 380/ 16position

Runningfix

19 8 NAVIGATION


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DeadReckoning"DeadReckoning"isdetermining(reckoning)one 'spositionbydeduction .Inotherwords:find ingone'spos itionbytakingintoconsideration anumberofstandarddata:-las tknownpositionandtime-courseand speed-seaandweatherconditions .Theexpression'deadreckoning"is not spe ltcorrectly."Dead"shouldactually bespelt "ded"asanabb reviationofdeduced.

AstronomicalNavigationW ith astronomica lnavigation,orcelestialnavigation ,observations aretakenofcelestialbodies(the sun ,themoonorthestars).Withasextant theang lebetweenacelestialbodyandthehorizonismeasured.Noww iththea idof thech ronometerandthetab lesinthenauticalalmanacthesh ip 'spo sitioncanbedetermined .(Thiswayoffixingaposition isquiteobsolete .However, itcomesw ithgoodseamanshipandshouldneverbede/efed frommaritimestudies).

SatelliteNavigation&RadioNavigation .in the{Differentia l)G loba lPosition ingSystemasignalistransm ittedfromthesatell ite.W ithintheshortestpo ss ib letimetheship'spositionisdeterminedbydatareceivedfromthesatell ites,andshownon theGPS-displayonthebridge.

DepthSa te llite

The depthofthewatermustalwaysbedeterminedaccurately.Inareaswhereshoa linghasbeenreported,inrestricted-andinshorewaterways ,inharboursandports ,and inareasofwhichthenavigato rdoesnothaveany localknowledge,theriskofgoingagroundisalwaysimm inentfordeepdraf tvesselsandveryotenshallowdraf t vesse ls,too.Furthermorethenavigatorshoulda lwaysbeawareofthefact thatcharteddepthsmaysometimesbeunreliableandmustbeincreasedordecreased duetoseastates,swellsandwinds .The reforeNoticestoMarinersshouldbestudiedcarefullyandregularlytoavoidgroundingduetoinsufficient depthsofwateroranunexpectedtidebelowprediction.Placeswheredepthsaremaintainedbyregu lardredg /ng-operationsareindicatedasareasw ithcontrolling depths .Thesedep thsarealwaysveryreliable .Theold-fashionedwayof sounding(determ iningdepthofwater) isbymeansofthehandlead.Nowadaysthemostcommonway tode terminedepthiswiththea idof theechosounde r,wherebyasignalis transmitted to theseabed.Thissigna l"bounces'" backandisrece ivedagainbytheechosounder.Fromthe timeelapsedbetwee ntransm issionandreceptionof thesignal,thedepthofthewatercanbedetermined .Protrud ingobstacles ontheseabed,suchaswrecksandrocks,arenoteasilydetectedbythesigna ls .Thereforethedepthoveraprotrudingobstacleisobta inedbywiresweeping,wherebyacab leissweptover theseabedbetween twosurveyvessels.Thisroutineiscontinueduntilthew irewillexperience nores is tancefromanyobs tac le .Nowthedep thofthesp ecificpos itioncanbedeterminedandrecorded.

NAVIGATION 199


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DirectionsThetermsthatareusedtoIndicatedirec tionsof procee dingare:starboard,port ,aheadandas tern.These termsareused Inhelmordersandengineroom orderstoindicate inwhichdirectionthevesse lmustbesteered .Helmorders("Starboard51",'Pot101","M idships!" ,"Steady!"etc.)and engineroomorders ("Fullahead!"."Deadslowastern",etc.)aregivenbythemat?tothehelmsmanandmustberepeatedbythe latterbeforetheyareactuallyexecuted .ToIndicate d irectionsowardsthe vessel,e .g .whenapi lot,galeor Tsunam iisapproachingthevessel ,theterms"on","before"and"abaft"areused,followedbytheappropriatesectionof thevessel ,Likeso :on thestem/stem,onthestarboardbow ,ontheportquarter,be torethestarboardbeam ,abaft the portbe am ,e tc .

Directions thatindicatethepos itionof othervesse ls ,objectsor dangersw ithrespect toourownvesselareindicatedbythe wordsstarboard ,port,aheadandastern.(*/ willovertakeyouon yourstarboard /portstdf I"wreckaheadofyou"/ etc.).However,duetotechnica lrestrictionsoftheradar,aVTS-operatorw il lno t a lwaysbeabletodetermineavesse l'sheadinga ridcourseexactly.Theexactpositionsoftwo vesse ls w ithrespecttoeachotherare evenmore difficu ltto .assess.Thereforetheuseof the terms"starboard/port/ahead/as tern"mustbeavo ided.Instead,VTfr pperatorsmustuse"cardina ls"and"half-cardinals" tgindicatepositionsanddirections .Likeso : . ."ShallowwaterstotheNorth ofyou';

"Vesselovertaking totheSoutheast ofyou";"Uncharted shoaftotheWestofyou";"ObstructiontotheNorthwestofyou.

200 NAVIGATION


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1

Navigation : tasks1)idiomsTheitalicizedwords inthetextaregivenbelowina lphab eticaiorder .Findout whattheymeanastheyappearinthetex t andlearnthembyheart.

abafttheportbeam

abbreviat ion

ablebod iedseaman

afternoon watch

aid

alterationofcou rse

appear

apprenticeofficer

appropriate

auxil iaryeng ine

avo id

bearing

beforethestarboardbeam

boatswa in

ce lestia lbod ies

characte ristics

chart

chart d iv iders

ch ronometer

clearingadanger

cockedhat

conningofficer

cons ide ration

conspicuous object

con traryto

con trollingdepth

cou rse

course over ground

crossbearings

current

data

deadreckon ing

dec rease

deduce

deep-draugh tvesse l

degrees

de lete

departuredesc ribe

destina tion

detect

determine

d imens ions

d irection

d isaster

NAVIGAT ION 20 1-


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Idloma(continued)

d istress

dog watch

dragging anchor

draught

dredging

dredging anchor

duelo

ensu re

execute

experience

express

externa l

firstwatch

foreandaft line

forenoonwatch

genera lpurposeof ficer

heading

helmo rde r

he lmsman

imm inen t

imply

increase

influence

Insuf fic ient

integrated

interere

internal

intersection

latitude

latte r

localknowledge

longitude

longitudinal

maintenance

man-at-the-whee !

marineacc ident

maste r

mate

mention

merchantvesse l

m iddlewatch

mishaps

negligence

obsolete

ob ta in

ordina ryseaman

overhaul

pilotage(1)

pilotage(2)

pilotage (3)

positionfix

Proceed

propulsion

protrudingobstac ie

202 NAVIGAT ION


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Idioms(continu ed)

ratings

regular

reliable

res istance

restricted waterway

runningfix

sha llow

shallowdraft

shoal

shoaling

shorebasedstation

steeringerror

stowageplan

suf fic ient

surveyvessel

tide

time elapsed

towards

track

transm ission

transm it

triangle

trueno rth

Tsunam i

urgency

viz .

weathercond ition

wiresweeping

wreckswept

Notes :

NAVIGATION 203


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2)Manning,dutiesandwatchkeepingf"4,12,8"system)Ma tchthedescriptions,dutiesandwatcheswiththeofficersandcrewbyfiliinginoneletter(A ,B,C ,etc).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Il 20 21 22 23 24

_1

-

Descriptions, dutiesandwatches Officersand crew1 -OHIceronduly 13-HeadofER-departmenl A Captain(master)2-Cargo-handling

supervision 14-Stowageplan-

S-Firstma te

3-M idd lewatch 15 -Firstwatch C-Secondmate4 -Trainee 16 -Helmsman

(man-al-therwheel)D-Thirdmate

5 -Safety 17 -Generalshipmaintenance .

E-Chiefengineer

6-Afternoonwatch 18-Morningwatch F-Mutti-Piirpose officer7-Ove rallresponsibility 19- integratedofficer G-Boatswain(bosun)8 -Maintenanceandove rhauling

20 -NAVWNG H-Radiooperator9-Four 2-hourperiods

10-Headofratings11-Navaidsp/b12-Dogwatches

21 -Genera lpurposeoffice r /-OS22 -Forenoonwatch J-ABS23-Conningofficer K -OOW24- inexperiencedrating i. -Apprenticeoficer

204 NAV IGATION


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>

3)Heading,courseandtrack:FillinHeadingByheadingisunderstoodthe .inwhichthevessel ispointing.Theanglebetweenthendisexpressedin

ea d ingconstan tlychangesdueto ofseaandw ind andXdestination

4t

*

*

t

*6Xdeparture

CourseThei sailingdirectionisexpressedin and isthediectioninwhichthe vesse lissteered .

destina tion

departure

Rhu mbL ineAcourselinewherebyalltheangles madebythe

ndthe areisca lledarhumbline ,or

NAVIGATION 205


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Heading ,courseand track(continued)

xdaslinalfon1

Xdapartjra

Tra ckForasafepa ssage ,forInstancewhen adangerouswreck,thecourselinesalongwh ich thenavigatorintendsto form thetrack.

DestnUlonOourufntdegood

* r4i1

Ifnoallowancesaremade forawindandcurrent thevesselw illfollowa tineca lledfallowancesaremadeforw indandcurrentthevesse lw ill followalinecalled

4)Pos itionOralpract ice:-everynumbermustbepron ouncedseparately .-"point"ispronouncedas"decimal"(2.5=two-decima l-five)-befluentinyourpronunciation;everym istake,howeverlittle,mustbecorrectedby thephrase

"m istakecorrection",fo llowedbythecorrectposition.51DEGFl.29MINI.N/047DEGR .53MfN.E.134DEGR .FROMBUOYNHR-SE .DISTANCE0.6M ILES.159DEGR.FROMFALLSLIGHT ,D ISTANCE2 .4MILES.49DEGR .8M IN .N /013DEGR .5MIN . W178DEGR.FROMROYALSOVEREIGNLIGHTHOUSE ,DISTANCE 4.1MILES .250DEGR.FROMBUOYCA 4 ,DISTANCE1.2MILE .68DEGR .27MIN .N/039DEGR .53MIN .E .025DEGR .FROMALICEBUOY,D ISTANCE2.5MILES .46DEGR .29M IN .S/ 018DEGR .53M IN .E .158DEGR .FROMTHEBASSURELLE ,DISTANCE1.5MILE .

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5)PositionCrossbearingsandcockedhat-FillIn :X=

====

Fin ishthesentenceA"conspic'is

heship'spos itionistriangleof2bear ing-linesand 1checklineisformed,because

X

d

b

RunningFix-Fillin :X=

====

.4- chartedscale40 16845 b cd 847

Arunn ingfixismadewhenthereison lyoneiesecondbearing istakenat16.52hrs.; is847miles.

Thedifferencebetweenthe firstand thesecondbearingis2miles .Thisdistanceis tothecourselinewiththe aidof

hepositionoftheshipisat the ; ofthelinethatrunspaa llelto the andthesecondbearingline .NAV IGAT ION 207


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6)Orderofevents("RunningFix")IndicatBtheorderof eventsbyfilling InA ,B,C .etc.

1 r 2 3 4 5_

6 7 6 9

A- .Measurem ileagebymeans oflog-reading.B -Determine thepositionof theConspic .C-Proceedongroundcourse.D*Take firstbearing .E'Takesecondbearing.F-Determ inetheintersection(ship'sposn.)of thepara llellinew iththe2ndbearingline .G-Transferm ileagetocourseline .H-Determinetheanglebetweenthetwobearing lines(>30degr.) .I.Drawalineparal le lw iththe1stbea ringlineth roughtransfer-point.

.i

. i

7)DirectionsMatchthenumbers("expressions")withthe letters("directions")

k

J fto Cde Pfm

o

n

A B C D E F G H t J K L M N O P

1-1 .before thestarboard

beam5 .onthe portbow 9 . onthepo rtbeam 13 .onthestarboard

bow2 .astern 6 .starboard 10 ,port 14 .ahead3 .onthestem 7 .on theportquarter 11.onthestarboard 15 .onthesta rboardquarter4.abaft thesta rboard

beam8 . ontheste rn

--12.abafttheport

beam16 .before theport

beam

208 NAV IGAT ION


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8)DepthandDraft:matchingMatchthereportson groundingswiththecauses byfillingin A,B ,C,etc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reportson groudings1-'it wasthe first time thatwesailed thesewaters,which arerenownedtobedangerous,especiallyifyou do notknowyourwayaround.Andindeed:after 2 m ileswewentaground)".2-"Whenweentered thefairway ,ourvesselwasdraw ing 2 1metres .Ourfirstmatehad

m iscalcu latedourUKCandthoughtItwouldsuffice topassthrough the channel-itdidntl".3-"Wehadbeen wa rnedaboutthesewatersandsoo nfoundoutthatthe depthsindicatedinthechartwerebynomeanstobetrusted:wewentag round".4-"Inafiercegatewewerehitbyan enormouswavethat putusoffcourse inthenarrow

fairway.We cou ldnotavoidtheshoalsandwent aground".5-"Wehadsailedthesewatersmanytimesandknew the settingsofcurrents andtimesof

tides byheart.Unfortunatelythe Low Slackperiodlastedlongerthan usua l,andgroundingcouldnotbeavoided".

6-"Duetoillness oftheABSoneoftheordinarysailorswasappointedhelmsman.UnfortunatelyhisEng lishwastoo poor toexecutetheOO Wshelmordersproperly.Wehitasandbank ".

7- 'Astorm inthe areahad resultedintheformingofashoalpatch ,onwhichwewentaground".

6-"Wewentagroundbecausewe hadnotbeenab/etodeterm inethe depthofthefairwayduetomalfunction ".

9-"Wewentagroundbecause the conn ingofficerhadmis-interpreted dataontheRadar".W-Toreduceexpenses , the documentson the bidgehadnotbeenupdated.

Thereforewedidnothavethecorrectdatatoproceedsafe tythroughthesewaters.This hasresultedintheground ingof ourvessel" .

Causesofg roundingsA-Steeringerror F-Datam isreadB.Tidebelowprediction G-Vessel isofdeepdraftC-Charteddepthunreliable H-Echosounderno tfunctioningD-Obsoletechat and/orpilotbook I-Lackofloca lknowledge.E-Shoaling J-Sea-state ,swelland wind

NAVIGATION 209


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9)CD-ROM Tests :NavigationTeat1:FillInthemissingword(s)

1--

3-

4

5-

6-

7-

8 -

9-.

10

11

12-

13-

--

210 NAVIGATION


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FlUIn (continued)14-15

16

17-

18

19-

20

21-

22

23-

24-

25-

26-

NAVIGAT ION 211


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FillIn(continued)27-Test2:Right or WrongIndicatewhethertheassertionIsrightorwrong;explainwhyyouthinkanassertioniswrong.1- .

-

3 -

4-

5-

6-

7-

8

9

212 NAVIGATION


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Rightor wrong(continued)10-_1-12

13-

14

15

16-

17 -

18

19-

20 -

21-

22

23

NAVIGATION 213


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Rightorwrong(continued)24-25-

26

27

28-

29-.

Test3:Writedown,discussor doyour ownpresentation

214 NAVIGATION


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Anchoring ,Berthing,LeavingberthandUnderway AnchorsandchainAstockedanchor tipsidewayswhenitstrikestheseabed ,sothatoneflukew ill"bitethesoil".Thestockedanchorconsistso fapuddening (1),ashank(2),acrown(3),arms(4),lukes(5),astock(6),anchornuts(7) ,breastplece()andaforelock{9).Thedisadvantagesofastockedanchorare:-itcannotbestoredin thevesse l'shawse

becauseofthestock ;-oneofitsflukeswil lalwayspointupw ards,

wh ichmakesthisanchorveryvulnerabletobeingfouled.

2 7Slocked anchor.

23

5

S tock lass anchor.

Thestock lessanchorconsistsofananchorshackle(f),apuddening(2),ashank(5),flukes(4),arms(5),and shoulders(6).Contrary tothestock fessanchor, thestockedanchorcannotbestoredinthe vessel'shawse.Bothflukesw il lbitetheseabed .Seagoingvesselsareusuallyequipped*n\hstocWessancho rs;twoboweranchors,astemanchorformanoeuvring theshipwhensheis 'dredginganchor".andaspareanchor.Anchorchainsaremadeupoflengthsof15fathomseach .Theselengths arecalled "shackles"andaremadeofstud-linksoropenlinks .

Z7~Stud-Hnkchain Open -linkchain

Thestudsae forstrengthandp reventthecablefromturning(kinking).Chains thatdonothavethe sestrengthen ingsarecalled open-linkchains.Thejointbetweentwolengthsof15 fathomsisalso ca lledashackle.Itisoftenpaintedwhite,sothat thenumber ofshackles thatareoutcanbedeterm ined.

AnchoringWhenthevesselisapproachingtheanchorageorherdesignatedberth , theanchorgearhasbeenthorough lycheckedandprepared:windlassandhinging partshavebeengreased,handbrakestested,hawsepipe-closingplatesremoved,etc.Inorder toavoidanyunexpec tedsituations ,itiscustomary to preparebothstarboardandport anchorsforlettinggo.Badholdingground,suchassandandshells ,w illcausetheanchortodrag .Thereforeinformationaboutho ldinggroundmustbe lookedupinthep ilotbookorcha rtpriortole ttinggoanchors .Whenariverberthhasbeena llocatedbytheVTSStationorportauthority , itwillsome timesbenecessaryto"dredgeanchor"inordertomakeasharpturntowards theembankment.

NAVIGATION-Ancho ring,Berth ing ,LeavingberthandUnderway 215


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Thelengthofchainthatisputoutisindicatedby thenumberofshackles(1shackleequals15 fathoms).Safeanchoringimplies thatalengthof chainequaltothedepthofwaterplustwoshacklesmustbe used .

MoreshacklesmustbeputInthe water :-whenthewaterisverydeep(more than25fathom s}-inadverseweather.whe nbargesarepassingclosetothevesse l-whentheanchorchainhasalowtensilestrength-whentheanchorchainisleadingahead-whenthevesse lisIn ballastedcond ition .Whentheanchorisholding,theanchorlightsmustbeswitchedonandtheanchorballishoisted-Theanchorpos itionmustbecheckedbybea rings atregularintervals .

Berthing(without tug assistanceorthrusters)When thevessel approacheshe rdesignatedberthat m inimumseerageway.the approachtothe quay v. /#\nismadeat thesmallestpossible angle, ~Uboa ,dl,r)W ithaheavingfinethehawserispulledfromthevesselontotheembankmentbyline-handlers.Thespring isfastenedtoabollard,andwhiletheengineisonha lfastern,thewarp ingdrump icksuptheslack(thatis :pullsthelinetight).Topreventtheline frombe ingfouled , the hawserorspringisledthroughafairiead.Theshipisthenmanoeuvredalongthe embankmentandfastened tobo llardsbyheadlines,sternlines,breasttinesandsprings.

LeavingBerthWhenleavingberth,castingofforders,engineroomorders andhelmordersare givenbythepilotor themaster ,Afterhavingstartedtheengine,thefirs torde ris :"Standbyforlettinggol".Wh ena line iscastoff,thefirstordermustalwaysbe."S lackawa/,sotha titwillbecomeposs ibletohandlethehawser.Thenextcastingoff orderw illthenbe :'Heaveawa/ .whichmeansthat thelinecanbepu lledaboard .Thesequenceofcastingoff ordersthatcanthenbegivendependsonhow thevesse lhasbeenberthed ,andon theprevailingweatherconditionand currents .

bV fead

216 NAVIGATION-Anchoring,Berthing,LeavingberthandUnderway


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Exampleof acastingoff-sequence

T "Smg/eupforeandaff 'U

2-"Letgo everythingo re!S lackaway headline/forespring!Heaveawayheadline/forespringl"

3 "Letgoaft spingandbreastllnelSlackaway aftspring/breastlinelHeaveaway aftsping/breastllneV

4-"Letgo stemllnelS lackawaystem llnelHeaveawaystemline!"

Vesselsingledupto reand aft

88Everythinglet goo re

?8 -8 *, : :r8 -,S:-.:;8/A fl spring andiireasrtne M po

StemSneleigo/ everythingleigo

"Propellerclearf ,foitowedbythehelmorde r"Starboardfifteen! ''andtheengineroomorder"Dead slow ahead!"

Completionofthevessel'sberth ingorunberthingproceduresisindicatedbythephrase:'Finishedwithmanoeuvrings ta tlorf .

NAVIGATION-An cho ring,Berthing ,Leavingbe rthandUnderway 217


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UnderwayAllthehetmordersthat willfollowafterthevesselhasdepartedandisunderwayaregiventotheman-at-the-wheei(helmsman).Hemustrepeat thesehelmordersbeforehew illactuallyexecutethem .Thehelmorder 'Easehefisgiventoreducetheamount ofrudderandhold.Thehelmo rder"Stead/ isusedtoreducetheswingofthevesse lby giving "counter-rudder"whensheismakinganalterationofcourse.Thehe lmorder"Meethefisusedtostopthesw ingofthevessel'sheadinaturn.Theorder"Steadyasshegoeg "Isgivenwhenatthiatmo rhehttheintendedcoursetosteerisstraightahead(torexample786 degrees) .ThehelmsmanmustreporttoIheconningoicerwhenthevesselIs actua llyonthiscoursebysaying:"steadyoncourse186degrees'.Theconn ingofficer(OOW )mustthenrepeat thehelmsman'sreply{"seadyohcourse186degreed').Engineroomo rders ,too,mustberepeatedbythepersonoperatingthebridgetelegraphbefore theyareexecuted .TheOOW shouldensurethattheordersarecarriedoutcorrectlyand promptly.Theengineroomorders are:Deadalow-,alow-,half -,full-,atop (-ahead or-aatem).When thevesselisfittedwithtwinpropellers,theword"both" mustbeadded .("deads lowaheadbof/f ,"s low ahead botlf ,"half ahead bottf,"fullaheadbottf).Forbow-orsternthrusters theordersare :"bow Ihrusterfull/halftoport/starboard";"sternthrusterfull/halftoport/starboard''.Whenoperationoftheengines isno longerrequired,thephrase"finishedw ithengines.nomoremanoeuvring ''isused.

218 NAV IGAT ION-Anchoring,Berth ing ,Leaving berthandUnderway


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Anchoring,berthing,leavingberthandunderway : tasks1)IdiomstheItalicizedwordsInthe textaregivenbelow inalphabeticalorder.FindoutwhattheymeanastheyappearInthe textandlearnthembyheart .

adverseweather

allocate

anchorgear

anchorage

approach

avo id

bandbrake

barge

berth

bo llard

boweranchor

b reastline

castoff

crown

cu rrent

de adslow

des ignatedberth

dragging

dredginganchor

embankmen t

engineroom orders

equal

equippedw ithexecute

fairlead

fasten

f luke

fore-to -aftspring

fore lock

fouled

grease

hawsepipe

hawse r

headline

heaveaway

heavingline

he lm o rders

hingingparthoist

holding ground

imply

indicate

nu t

p repare

prevail

NAVIGATION-Anchoring ,Berthing ,Leaving be rthand Underway 219


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Idioms(continued)

pior to

pudden ing

quay

seabed

shackle

shank

singleup

slackaway

s lack

steady

steadyasshe goes

steerageway

stem line

s tockedancho r

stock lessanchor

strengthening

stud-link

tensilestrength

tight

vulnerable

warpingdrum

wharf

w indlass

No tes :

220 NAVIGATION-Anchoring,Barth lng,LeavingberthandUndenvay

:


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2)Anchorsandchains:indicateorexplain9 frir-1

a e7

27I 12

3

4O5

6

1)Indicatethe differences inconstructionbetweenthestockedanchorandthestocklessanchor.

2)Thedisadvantagesof thestockedanchor are:

3)Theadvantagesof thestocklessanchorare:

4)Explainthefunction ofthe"stud"inastud-linkchain.

Stud-linkchain

5)Theme aningsoftheword"shack le"are;

NAVIGATION-Anchoring.BertNng,LeavingberthandUnderway 22 1


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3)Anchoring:matchingStudythetext("Anchoring")and then indicatewhetherthefollowingexamp lesof"goodseamanship"areappropriate(appr.)ornotappropriate(norappr.) forthesituation.

fillIn :appr./no tappr.

1)Lookup holding-groundInformationwhenthevessel isunderway toheranchorageordesignatedberth .

2)Checkw indlassbecausevesse lisinballas tedcondition .

3)Put morelengthofchainInthewaterbecausetideisrising.

4)Checkwindlasswhen thevesselisunderwaytoher anchorageordes ignatedberth.

5)Put morelengthofchainInthewaterwhencha inIsleadingahead.

6)Testhandbrake becausechainislead ingahead.

7)Removehawse-pipeclosingplatewhenweathercond itionsaredeteriorating.

8)Remove hawse-pipeclosingplatewhenthevesselisunderwaytoheranchorageordesigna tedberth.

9 )Put morelengthofchain Inthewaterbecauseweathercondi tionsarede teriorating.

10)Lo okupholding-grou ndinformationwhenstrengthofchainisnotaccordingtorecommendations.

11)Lookupholding-groundInformationbecausetrafficisverybusy.

12)Grease anchor-gearhingingpartsbecausecha inislead ingahead.

13)Putmorelength ofchainInthewate rbecausetrafficisverybusy.

14)Prepare bothanchorswhenthevessel isinballas tedcond ition.

222 NAVIGATION-Anchoring .Berthing ,LeavingberthandUnderway


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4)LeavingberthStudythe texton"LeavingBerth",thenwritedowninfu lltheorders thatmatchwiththesequenceofcastingoff.(Thevesse lhasalreadybeensing ledupforeandaft; theengineroom -order"Start engines'hasbeengiven;thecasting-offorder "Standby forletting go"hasbeeng iven).

J.1 aa 'JrrziMr$.r:y-,:.' M -

Practice1

Sequenceofcas tingoff: E-D-C-B-AE

D

C

B

A

Pract ice2Sequence of castingoff: B-D-A-C-E

B

D

A

C

E

NAVIGATON-Anchoring.Berthing,LeavingberthandUnderway 223I


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5)Leaving berthan dunderwayIndicatebymeansof thenumbers1-30thesequenceofstandardorderswhenthevesselIsleavingberthand underway.

Standardcasting-offorders,engineroom-ordersan dheimorders

1 -"Slackawayheadline!"2-"Heaveawaysternlinesi"3 -"S lackawayaftspringi"4-"Let gobreastlinel"5 -"Fullahead !"6-"M idships;slowahead!"7-"Standbyeng ines -start eng ines!"8-"Heaveawayheadlinesr9-"Le tgoforesp ring!"

10 -"Heaveawayatspring!"11 -"S lackawa ybreasllinc!"12-"Propellerc leari '13-"Heave awaysternline!"14 -"Halfahead;steadyasshegoes!"15 -"Slackaway sternlinesi"

16-"Heaveawayhead liner17-"Letgoatspringi"18-"Slackaway sternline!"19-"Letgohead|ines20-"Standbyo rlettinggol"21 -"S ingleupaft !"22-"S lackawayforespring!"23-"Letgoheadline!"24-"Heaveawaybreaslliner25 -"Starboard15;deadslowaheadl"26-"Sing leupfore!"27-"Letgo sternnnesl"28-"Heaveawayfo resping!"29-"S lackawayheadlines!"30-"Leigosterntinel"

Sequenceofcastingoff :singleup foreward /single upaft/forespring/aftspr ing/headline/breastllne /sternline/underway-J-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 -

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26 29 30

224 NAVIGATION-Anchoring,Berthing ,Leavingberthand UndeiwayI


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6)CD-ROMTests:Berthing,LeavingberthandUnderwayTest1 :Fillinthemissingworths)i -

-

3-

4-

5-

6

7

8-

9

10

1 1-

12-

13-

NAV lGATiON-Ancho ring ,Berth ing,Leavingberth andUnderway 225


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FinIn(continued)14-15-16-

17-18-

19-

Test2:Writedown,discussordo yourownpresentation

226 NAVIGATION-Anchoring,Berthing .Leav ing berthandUnderway


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BuoyageBuoyagesystemsand typesofbuoysThemainbuoyagesystemsthatareemp toyedworldw idearetheLa tera lbuoyage systemandtheCard inalbuoyagesystem.BuoysintheLateralsystemareusedtoind icatetheport-andstarboardside sof the fairways.TheLa teralsystemissubdivided intotwoseparatesystems:theIALA -AsystemandMLA-S-system(IALAstands forInternationalAssociationofAidstoNavigationandLighthouseAuthorities).Mo stcoun tr iesintheworldem ploythe A-system :thestarbo ardsideof the fairwayisind icatedby thegreen-colouredconicalshape,andtheportsideisindicated bythered-colouredcan-shape.AmericaandsomeOrientalcountriesemp loytheB-system:starboard isindicatedby ared-co louredcone,andport isInd icatedbya green-colouredcan . LateralbuoyageBuoysin theCardinalsystemareusedtoindicatehowtopassa danger(e.g .awreck)Inacertainquadrantorarea.Thepositionofthedangerisind icatedbyNorth- ,South- ,East-andWest-Cardinalbuoys.Theywil lgivethenavigatorin fo rmationregardingthevessel'sposition inreference to thepositionofthedanger.Card ina lbuoysarepillar-orspar-shaped.Specialbuoys indicatespecial featuresinthe fairwaythat canbe lookedupinthePilotbook.Theymay haveanyshapeandarefittedw ithayeUowlight.Landfallmarksmarksafewaterofsufficientdepthand Indicatethaton eapproachesthecoast.Theyarepillar-,spar-orspherical-shap edandarefitedwithawhitelight.Isolateddanger marks arepillar- orspar-shapedandarefittedwithawhitelight.

tI

jWKi

iCardinal buoyagearound awreck

Shapesofbuoys

canbuoy conical buoy(cone) pillarbuoy spar buoy spherica lbuoy(sphere)Inthebuoyagesystemsweknowcanbuoys ,conica lbuoys(con es),pillarbuoys,sparbuoysandsphericalbuoys(spheres).Thered or greenco louredcanandconicalbuoysareusedtoind icate thesidesofthe fa irway .Inthelatera lsystemtheseshapesactua llyhavemeanings :theyindicatestarboardorports ide .Theshapesof p illarbu oysandsparbuoysdonot give anyinforma tion,inordertoassesstheirmeanings,onemus tdistinguishthembytheir topmarks(ordaymarks), lightcharacteristicsor colours .Pillarbuoysandsparbuoyscanbeusedtoindicatethesidesofthefairway .To ind icateportorstarboard-side,however,theymustbefittedwithacan -shapedorconical-shapedtopmark ,NAVIGATION-Buoyage 227


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Sparbuoysareusedwhennav igation ishamperedbyice .Thesebuoysarenoteasilycarriedawaybyicefloesinthefairway .SphericalbuoysareusedtoInd icatespec ia lfea turesinthefairway{specialbuoys)andtoIndicatesafewater(land fallbuoys).

Lights :characteristicsThelights thatareusedin thebuoyagesystemsaretheF ixedlight,theFlashinglight,theOccultinglightan6Vhe Isophasetight.TheselightsareIndicatedbytheabbreviat ionsF ,R,Oc and Iso .G rouplightsareflashing -oroccultinglightsinwhich thelight-interva lsa reexMwfedingroupsthatarerepeated atregularIntervals, forexampleFt(3)orOc{2).TheFixed lightisalightthatshinescontinuously.Itsabbreviation isF .Itmaybeusedonlate ra lbuoys . I . FixedlightThe F lashinglightisalightwithashortlightinterva landa rM ' a v railongdarkInterval.Itsabbrev iationIsFIJu itinnauticalcharts LU J F iashi n9tigh ttheabbrev iationsof thecorresponding rhythms0 (quick)o rVQ(veryquick)areused.Flashinglightsareusedonlateralbuoys,cardina lbuoys,spec ialmarks, land fallbuoysand isolateddangerbuoys .Atnigh ttheCardinalbuoyisidentiiedbythenumberof whiteflashes(QorVQ),TheNCa rdina lcarriesacontinuouslyflashinglight("QorVQ");theWCardina lhas9flashes("Q9orVOQ");theECardinalhas3("Q3orVQS"),andtheSCardinalhas6 flashes,followedby1longflashinordernottomistakeherwiththeWCardinal(06+1LFLor VQ6+1LFL) .Thecha racteristicoftheOccultinglightiscontrarytothat ,- , i "_ .,oftheflashing light: theocculting ligh thas along lightin terval I I I I I j Occulting l ightandashortdark Interval.Inotherwords:it jsaninte rruptedlight.Itsabbreviation IsOc.Itisusedonlateralbuoys,spec ia lbuoys,landfallbuoysandisolateddanger buoys.TheIsophase light hasa lightIntervaland adarkintervalofequaldurations .Itsabbreviation isISO .itisusedon latera lbuoys,specia lbuoys,landfa llbuoysandisolateddangerbuoys. IsophaselightTheAlternating light(Al) isalight thatshow sdifferentcoloursalternately,forexampleA IWGR(AlternatinglightWhite/Green/Red).Theapplications ofthetypesoflightsaredeterminedbythefactwhetheralightisconspicuous ornot.Themost conspicuouslightbyfaris theFlashinglight .ThereforeItisalwaysusedtoindicatedanger.Theleastconspicuousligh tistheFixedlight.There fore itshou ldmerelybeusedtoillum inateanobjector an area.Becauseoftheconsp icuouscoloursred andgreen,however,afixedlightis oftenusedIn theLatera lbuoyagesystems.

Topmarks(Daymarks)Buoysareno t onlydistinguishedby theirshapes andcolours,butalsobytheir topmarks(daymarks).Theshapesofthesetopmarksmaybeacan ,acone,asphereoracross. Topmarks:can.cone,sphereandcross228 NAVIGATION-BuoyageX


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Lateralpillar-orsparbuoysare fittedw ith redorgreencan-shapedorconica ltopmarks .Whenthebuoysarecan-orconicalshapedthemselves,theyarenotfittedwithany topmarks .Cardinalbuoysarefittedwithtwoblackcones.Northisindicatedby twoconespointsup ;Southisind icatedby twoconespointsdown ; AWestisindicatedby twoconespoint topoint; y Jt k

.Easfisindicatedbytwoconesbasetobase . north south wes t eas t

Thespecialbuoy,whosemeaningisind ica tedinthepilo tbook ,carriesaye llowcross .Thesafewater buoy(landfallbuoy)isfittedwithasingle redsphere.Theisolated dangerbuoycarries twoblackspheres.

Co lou rsColoursusedinthebuoyagesystemsarered,green ,yellow ,blackandwh ite .Thecoloursredandgreenare usedintheLateralsystems.Inthe IALA-Asystem ,counting fromseaward,red indicatesportsideandgreenindicatesstarboards ide.IntheIALA-Bsystemredindicatesstarboardsideandgreen Red canbuoyandgreencone:iala-Aindicatesportside .

AThecombinationofthecolouryelloww iththecolourblackisused intheCard inalbuoyagesystem .Thesebuoyscarrycon icaltopmarks.Theco lourblackonthebuoy ispositionedinsuchawaythatitcorrespondswiththedirectioninwhichtheconesarepointing .ThusCardinal buoyscanberecognisednotonlybythe irtopmarks,but a lso bythecolour-combinat ionsblackoveryelow(North),yellowoverblack(South),yellowwithaWackband(West),blackw ithayellowband(East). /VorthcardinalbuoyThecolourredincombinat ionwiththecolourblackisusedonIsolateddanger marks .Thesebuoysarered-and-blackhorizontallystriped.

Black/red isolateddangermark

NAVIGATION-Buoyage 229


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Thecolourred incombinationwiththeco lourwhiteisusedto indicatesafewater -e.g.themiddleof achannel.Thesebuoysarethe"Redand White VerticalStripes'landfallbuoys(RWVS -buoys).-v IIIRWVS-landfallbuoy/safe wae rbuoyTheyellowspecia lbuoy isusedtoindicatespecia lfeaturesofthefa irway .Informationastoitsexactmeaningmustbelookedupin thepilot 'bookofthatarea .

Yellowspecialbuoy

M iscellaneousNumbersonLateralbuoysarenotmerelyusedforregistraion ,butalsoindicatethesidesof thefa irway.Countingfromseawardanevennumberwillindicateportside.Anoddnumberw il lindicatestarboardside ,

In"comp licated"areas,i.e.areaswithmanyinlandwaterwayswhereiversbifurcateIntobranches thatalsohavebifurcations,itmaybequitedifficulttoassess port-orstarboardside.inordertofacilitatenavigation inthesewaters,thechartedsailingdirection isind icatedbymeansofanarrow . Chartedd tracl ion

Apartfrom(airwaysw ithpo rt-andstarboardsides,coasta lwatersmaybebuoyedbylatera lmarksaswe ll.The coastalside will the nbeIndicatedbyastarboardbuoy.Charteddirection is'clockwisearound thecontinents" .

23 0 NAVIGATION-Buoyage


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Buoyage :tasks1)IdiomsTheItalicizedwordsinthetext aregivenbelow Inalphabeticalorde r.Findoutwhattheymean astheyappearinthetext andleamthembyheart

abbreviat ion

ant i-clockw ise

application

approach

bifurca te

bifurcation

buoyage

can

channel

chat

charteddirection

c lockw ise

cone

con ica l

conspicuous

contrary to

correspondingrhythm

determine

distinguish

duration

employ

exhibit

fac ilitate

fairway

fea ture

fixedlight

flashinglight

illuminate

ind icate

inland waterway

interrupt

isophaselight

landfallbuoy

occu ltinglight

oddnumbers

pillarbuoysphere

spherical

subd iv ide

w reck

NAVIGATION-Buoyage 23 1


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2)Descriptionsofbuoys

I

a

CapoMichaella

CapoMichaellatoSanPedro

TankerGreat YarmouthPrincess-GBC H-underwayfromCapoM ichaeietoSanPedro,witha fullcargoofcrudeo il.passesbuoyA(markingasewer-outfalloff thecoastof thelittlefishingvillageofSt.Christoba f).After pass ingwaypo lnf.proceed ingoncourse345degreestrueat12knots ,bu oyB(markingthepositionofsubmarinep ipeline)Iskeptatstarboardside . .Toavoiddangerstonavigation(XIand X2),thetrackleadsclearbetweenthedangerouswreck(buoysCandD)andtheshoa ls(buoysEandF).Th ew reckiskep tatstarboardside .Theshoalsae keptatportside.WiththeNCardinalsouthofus,weareproceedingoncourse270 degrees,speed12knots,untilbuoyG , indicating the approachtothecoast ,isstraigh tahead.NowwemakefortheareaNoftheisolateddanger(buoyH)intotherestrictedwatersofSanPedroBay,wheretheriver pilotembarks .Wenowenter theLatera lBuoyageSystem(IALA-B)oftheRiverQuadaljerez(Sb . and P .bu oys1}and proceedataspeedof5knotstowardsourdesignatedriverberth .

232 NAVIGATION -Buoyage


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G iveadescriptionofall thebuoysmentionedInd ica tethetypes of buoys(Lateral/Cardina l/Spedal/Landfa ll/lsolateddanger),theshapestheymayhave(can/cone/pillar /spar/sphere),abbreviations oflightstheymaycarry(F//ISO / Oc/ Ft-Q/VQ+numberof flashes) ,topmarks+coloursoftopmarlts(can/cone/sphere/cross)andcoloursofthebuoys(recfgreen/yellow/btack/white).

buoys types shapes lights topmarks co lou rs

A

B

C

D

E

NAVIGATION-Buoyage 233


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buoys

F

types shapes lights topmarks co lou rs

G

H

I(Sb.)

I(P.)

234 NAVIGATION-Buoyage


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3)CO-ROMTests:BuoyageTest1 :Fillinthemissingword(s)i-

2 -

3-

4

5-

6

7

8-

9

10

11- .

12-

13-

NAVIQATION-Buoyage 235


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Fid In(continued)14-is -

ie

17 -

18

19-.

20

21

22-

23

24 -

25-

26

27 -

236 NAVIGATION-Buoyage


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Ftlin (coninued)28-29-

30-

31-

32-

33-

34-

35

36-

Notes :

NAVIGATION-Budyage 237


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Test2:R ightorWrongIndicatewhethertheassertionisrigh torwrong;exp lainwhyyou thinkanassertioniswrong.1-

-

3-

4-

5-

6

7-

8

9

10

11-.

12-

13-.

238 NAV IGATION-Buoyage


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Rightorwrong(continued)14 is-

17-

18

19-

20-

2 1

22-

23-

24

25

26

27 -

NAV1GAT ION-Buoyage 239


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Rightorwrong(continued)28- L29-

30-

Test3:Writedown,discussordoyourownpresentation

Notes :

240 NAV IGAT ION-Buoyage


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Loading,Discharging& Trim.ThestowageplanOneofthemostimportantresponsibilitiesofthefirstmaleistomakesuretha tcargowillbeproperlyloadedandstowed .Whetherbulkcargo ,general cargo ,heavy ca rgo,containerizedcargoesorrefrigerated perishablecargoarecarried,caremustalwaysbetakentoensurethatacargow illnotinanywayaffect thevessel'sstabili tyandjeopardizevessel,cargoandcrew.Thereforeastowageplanmustbemadeupbe foretheloadingofthecargocommences.Stevedoring(loadinganddischargingofcargo )mustbedoneaccordingtothisstowageplanbyashore gang .Ashoregan gus uallyconsistsofaforemanandstevedores (longshoremen ,astheyarecalledinAmerica),hatchwaymen ,winchmenandatallyclerk.Themostimportant factorsthatmustbetakenintoconsiderationwhenmak ingupastowage planare:1)ThestowagefactorofthecargoThisfactorind icates thevolumeofthecargoholdoccup iedbyone tonofcargoandisbest explained bythisexample:one tonofleadw il ltakeuplessspacetha nonetonofcotton.Accord ing to thetypeof cargo carried,thisvolume,orspace ,canbe de finedasbalespace,grainspaceor oilspace .Bybalespace ismeantthevolumeofthecargoholds thatcanbeusedfor genera lcargo.Bygra inspaceismeantthevolumeofthecargoholdsthat canbeusedfordrybulkcargo .ByO ilSpaceisunderstood98%of thetotalvolumeofthewe tbulk tanks .Therema ining2percen tiscalledullageandservesasexpansion-spacetoallowforan increaseofvolumewhenacargoofoilisheatedupandwillconsequentlyexpand.2)TrimanddraftBytrim isunderstoodthetransverseand long itudinal 1 deok imapositioning of the floatingvessel .Tomaintainaneventransverseballance,the cargomustbedistributed insuchaway thatthevesse lwillnotmakealist PBm8011toport-orstarboardside.Longitudinally,thevesselmustnotbetrimmedinsuchawaythatshew illbedownbytheheadordownby thesternexcessively.Ba llast waterisused toimprovethevessel'strim.Toensureasafevoyageofthe ladenvess el,leadlinesarepaintedonthesidesofthevessel,The seleadlinesindicatethedepths towh ich theshipmaybeloaded ind ifferent LoadHnesseasonsandcircumstances (tropicalfreshwater,freshwater,tropicalwater,insummer,winterandwinterNorthAtlantic).ThedistancebetweendecklineandPlimsolllineindicatesSummerFreeboard.By"Fulland Dowrfismeanttha tthevesse lisfullyladen andisfloatingonherloadline .Thepartofthevesselthatisunderwaterisindicatedbytheword"draft'(or'draught")-Duetothesa linity ofseawater,dra ftinseawa terislessthandraftinfreshwaterbecauseseawate rhasahigherspecificgravityVhan freshwater.Draftismeasuredatthestern ofthevessel,atthe stemandamidships.

TT

T

SW

NAVIGAT ION-Loading,D ischarging&Trim 241


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WhenIhereisnodifferencebetweendraftforeanddraftaftshe isfloatingonevenkeel(sheiswelltrimmed .

Whendraftaftisgreaterthandraftforeshe is trlmmsd(or "down"-)bythestem.Generalsafetyandtheengine'sfuelconsumptionwil lbe influenced favourablywhenshe isslightlytrimmedbythestern.

Onevenkeel(weHtrimmed)

Downbythestem

Whendraft fore isgreater thandraftaftshe istrimmed(or"down"-)bythehead.

Whenstarboard-draftislessthanport-drat,orport-draftIslessthanstarboard-draft,shewillmakealist toportorstarboard.

Down by thehead

1 -- .ListThelongitud inaldeormationsofthevesselare Indicatedby thewords"sagging"ani"hogging".Whendraftamidships isgreaterthandraftforewardandaft,thevesse lis"sagging".Thiswilloccurwhenthevesse lisinloadedconditionorisinatroughbetweentwohighwaves.Whendraftam idships is less thandraf tforewardandaft,thevesse lis"hogging".Thiswil loccwrwhen thevesse lisontopofawave .Properly ladenvesselsw illsufferlessfromsaggingandhoggingeffectsthan vesselswhosecargoeshavebeenbadlystowed.

Sagging

Hogging

Draftisa lsoinfluencedby thespeedat whichthevesselisproceeding.Atacertainspeedinsha llowwaterthevesselwillcreateatroughatbo thstarboa rd -andportsidesinwhichshewillslightly"sink down".Thisphenomenoniscalled"squat".

3)Segregationof differentcargoesSomecargoesarenotoriousforcausingdamagetotheshipandothercargothatiscarried.Sweatingand intermixingolcargoesmus tthereforebeavoidedbysegregatingthedifferenttypesofcargoes .-Heavy cargoshouldnotbestowed ontolightcargo-wetcargoshouldnotbestowed ontodrycargo-cargoeswhosequa litiesmaybedeterioratedbyeachother'sodoursshouldnotbestowedclosetogether

-optionalcargoes(cargoeswhosedes tinations areunknownatthemoment ofloading)mustbestowedseparately

-perishablecargoesshouldbestowedinre frigeratedstowagespaces .Materialused tosegregatedifferen ttypesof cargoesIscalled dunna ge.Itmayconsistofropes,planks ,plastics,inflatab les,etc.WooddunnageIsusedw ithbale-cargoe storaisethebalesatittlefromthefloorforventilation,sothatsweating-watercanfreelyflowto thebilgesasquicklyasposs ible .

242 NAV IGATION-Loading ,Discharging&Trim


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Whenloadingordischargingany typeofcargo,caremustbe takento followthecargo-hand linginstructionsmostaccuratelytopreventanydamage,Thefollowinginstructionsaremostcommonlyused :"fragUe","usenohooks',"stowawayfromboilers","don't tip","thissideup","keepdry"and"hand lewithcare".Thislattercargo -handlinginstructionisoftenfollowedbythe specificcharacteristicofthecargo Item ,e.g."explosive","flammable","oxidizing","harmful","corrosive","poiaonoua"{or"toxic ') ,"spontaneouslycombustible","dangerouswhenwet","infectuous"or"radio active ".Thesesubstances ,or"agents" ,mu stal lbeconsideredasDangerousGood s".

4)Theorder ofdestinationsItwouldbebadseamanshipif,onavoyagefromHamburgtoRotterdamandthencetoAntwerp,theca rgothathasAntwerpas itsdestinationmustbedischargedfirst inordertobeab le toreachtheRotterdam-cargo,

CargoesGenera lcargoiscargo com ingin boxes , crates,bags andpieces.Thestowag e planwillindicatewherethevariouscargo -itemshavebeenstowedinanordina ryge nera l-cargoship.

Accesstotfie holdsisviahatches

Unionpurchase(or"marriedgear*) Isamethodofgeneral-cargo -handlingwithtwoderricksandonerunne r \nbe tween.

Nowadaysmostofthegeneralcargoiscontainerized.Containe rsa re loadedbygantrycranesorstraddlecarriers{portalcranes)andstackedonboardin

5

\V":V

rows,baysand tiers. Unionpurchase("mariedgear") High'Speedstradd lecarr ier

Therowsrunabeam;thebaysrunfoe toaft;thetiersarelayers.tie rs

bays mrowsBulkcargoisunpackedcargo ofonecomm odity.Wetbulkcargo,suchascrudeo il,ed*/eo/te.etc .isloadedand dischargedbypumps ,Drybulkcargoisloadedanddischargedbycra nesw ithgrabsorbypumps .

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Loading,DischargingandTrim:Tasks1)IdiomsThe ItalicizedwordsIn thetextaregivenbelowinalphabeticalorder.Find out what theymeanasthoyappeartnthetext andlearnthembyheart

abeam

adverseweather

affect

a llowfor

balespace

bilges

combustible

com m e n ce

cons iderat ion

corrosive

deformation

derrick

destination

deteriorate

discharge

downbythehe ad

downbythe stern

draft(draught)

dunnage

edibleoi l

ensu re

flammable

fragile

fuelconsumption

fullanddown

gantrycrane

generalcargo

grainspace

harm fu l

hatchcoam ing

ha tchw ayman

hogging

increase

influence

interm ixing

jeopardise

list

loadanddischarge

load line

longitudinally

marriedgear

m easu re

occur

perishab le

orde rofdestinations

244 NAVIGATtON-Loading ,D ischarg ing&Trim


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Idioms(continued)

refrigerated cargo

responsibilities

runner

sagging

sa linity

segregate

segregation

shallow

specificgravity

squat

stack

stem

s te rn

stevedore

stowage plan

straddlecarrie r

summerfreeboard

sweating

tallyderk

thence

tox ic

trough

ullage

unionpurchase

voyage

w inchman

wooddunnage

No tes :

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2)CD-ROMTests:Loading,dischargingandtrimTest1:FillInthemissingword(s)1-

-

3-

4

5-.

6-

7-

8-

9-

10

11

12-.

13-

246 NAVIGATION-Load ing,D ischarging&Trim


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Fill in(continued)14-IS -

IB -

17-

18

19-

20-

21

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Test2:Right orWrongIndicatewhethe r theassertionIsright o rw rong ; explainwhyyouthink anassertioniswrong .

1-2 -

3 -

4

5-

6

7-

8

9-

10

11-

12

13-

248 NAVIGAT ION-Loading,D isclia rging&Trim


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R ightorwron g (continued)14-15-

16-

17-

1B

19

20-

21-

22-

Test3 :Writedown, discussordoyourownpresentation

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Project :PilotReadingGlossary1)GlossaryofstandardPiot-flead ingPhrasesandid ioms:explain/ translatetheStandardPilot-HeadingPhraseslistedbelow ;

StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandidioms(Inalphabetica lorder) ExplanationsItranslations

1.AccesstoIhe trafficsepa rationscheme

2 .Additionalaidstonavigationarsdisplayedfromthelighthouse

3 ,Advancenotice isrequiredforbunkeringduringweekends

4 .ETAmustbeadvanced6hou rs

5 .Inadvers eweathervess elsmus tsee kshelter

6.Thealignmentof the2lightswillleadclearof thedanger

7 .Eddiesturninganti-clockwise

8 .Anapproachinganti-cyclone

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Standanf Pilot-ReadingPhrases andidloma(inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

9 .Approximately

10.Byprior arrangement

11.Ascertaindepth

12.Tidalstreamattainsgreatestrate

13 .A ba rformsanobstructionintheentrance

14 .Ba rgetraffic aiiowed

15 .Thebasincanbereachedthroughanarrowfairway

16.Abeaconindicatesasewerou tfall

17.Beyondthe bightisade tachedreef

IB.TheriverbifurcatesintoNandWbranches

19.Aboat d ril lbeforedeparture

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandIdioms(Inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/ translations

20 .A towerstandsbo ld2milesWoftheentrance .

21 .Vesselsbound forRotterdam

22.Abreakwaterextends2cablesN

23 .Galesnowceased

24.thecurrentturnsclockwiseandsetsNE.

25.Pilotagewil lcommence1hourafterHW

26.Portfacilities comprise

27.P ilotageiscompulsory

26.Conspicuousobject

29.Thecounter currentisrectilinear

30.Onlycraftof shallowdraftareallowedtoen te r

L

-

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Standard Pilot-ReadingPhrasesandidioms(inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

31 .The2currentsceasesimu ltaneous ly

32.Degaussingfacilities

33.Derattingfacilities

34 .A detachedreef formsashelteredarea

35.Adiaphoneissoundedinthickweather

36 .Thed irect ionofcountercurrentliabletochange

37.D irectionsfortheapproach toCalaisind icate

38.Flagsandpennantare displayedfromco lumns

39.Dragginganchorisreportedinthisarea

40 .Draftrestrictionsare inforceinth isarea

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandIdioms(Inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

41.Vesselsdrawingmorethan20 metres

42 .Donotdredge anchor !

43,Duetotackofnavigationalaids

44 .Edd iesae formedaroundtheoilrig

45.Elevationofthered brickdome :30ft .

46.Theembankment providesmooingfacilities

47.TrinityHouse Pilotwillembarkundertheleeofthebreakwater,depending onprevailingconditions

46.The emergencyanchorageisfringed byrockyledges

49.Theconvoysystemisno temployed

50.F ishingvesselsmaybeencounteredofftheapproachtotheharbour

'--

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StandaniPilot-Reading PhraaesandIdloma(Inalphabeticalorder) Explanations /translations

51.Es tab lishedd irectionof traff icflow

52.Theestuaryknowsmanybifurcations

53.Vesselsexceeding200metresinlength

54.Exemptioncertificateisissued

55.Lightsareexhibitedfrommeta lcolumns

56.Galesareof tenexperiencedinth isarea

57.Twoblackconesexposedfrom metalcolumns

5B.The is landex tends3m ilesE

59.Anextensivemudfiat fo rmsadanger

60.The extremityoftheis landoffersshelter

61.Coastalfeaturesincludeseveralwindm ills

62 .A fire drillbeforedeparture

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StandardPilot-Reading Phrasesandidioms(Inalphabetica lorder) Explanations/ translations

63.Afishermanexh ibits2vertica lfixedlights

64.Flashingwhiteabovefixedredlights

65.Flatsformobstructionsintheapproach

66.Theformerhasnotbeenchated

67 .Foul groundisreportedintheanchorage

68.Severa lfuellingberth

69 .Agalewarningha sbeenissued

70.G roynesprotect theen trancefromonshoreswe lls

71.GunneryInprogress;

72 .Ahazardou sshoalissituatedWoftheentrance ;

73 .Ho isttheancho rball

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesand Idh ms(Inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

74.Hold ingground :sandandshells

75.Itisinadvisabletohug theland

76.AnIlluminatedtidegauge

77.Imminent risktonavigation

78.Thepassageisimpassableduringoff-shorew inds

79.NavigationImpeded byfog

80.Thesewaters areinaccess ible

81.Inlandwaterways

82.Theissuanceof exemptioncertificates

83.A Jettyprovidesshe lter duringstorms

84.Alandfallbuoyindicatessafewater

85 .Landmarksarementionedinthepilot boo k

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandidioms(inalphabeticalorder) Exp lanations/translations

86.The latte rhas beencharted

87.Leas t depth

88.Rockyledgesformdangerousobs lructions

89.Directionof thecurren t is liab letochange

90.Lightened vesse lareallowed toproceed

91 .Loca lknowledgeisnecessaryforsa iling thesewaters

92.Alockgivesaccesstoinlandwa terways

93.Vesse ls areinstructed toma intainheadway

94 .AMattello-towerstandsconspicuous

95.Men-of-warhavepriority

96 .Amoderateswellisformed

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StandardPilot-Reading Phrases andIdioms{inalphabeticalorder) Exp lanations/translations

97 .Amo le extends2cablesN

98.Municipalportauthorities

99.Anarowfairwayformstheapproachtotheentrance

100.H ighwaterNeapsis4hoursafterlowslackwa ter

101.Anextens iveobstructionliesofftheentrance

102.Pilotageis obtainedbymeansofahoist

103.Onshoresetsmayoccu rduringhighstack water

104.Thefloodstreamoff theislandsetsN

105 .Warning: off-tyingdangers;navigationimpeded

106.Pilotw illembarkinthe offing

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Standard Pllot-RaadlngPhrasas and idioms(Inalphabetical order) Bxpianat lons/ translations

107.TheonwardpassageIsshallow

108.Vesselsboundin oppositedirection

109.Overfallsand tide-ripsare formedaroundthedrillingplatform

110.Owingtotheadverse weather

111.Ashallow patch

112.ApatentslipissituatedEof theentrance

113.Pilotmustberequestedbymeansofflagsandpendants

114.Perm issionrequired

115.Pilotlaunchwillmaintainheadway

116.Pilotagewillcommencew ithin2hours

117.Takeprecautionsagainstpiracy

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Standard Pilot-ReadingPhrases andIdioms(Inalphabetical order) Explanations/translations

122.DredginganchorIs prohibited

123 .A prominentsquarebuilding

124.Takeprecautionsagainstprotrudingparts

125.Atowerstandsproud 1cableWofthequay

126.Recommended d irectionoftraffic flow

127 .Therecommendedtrack

128.Pilotagemu st berequested2hou rsinadvance

129.Entranceonlyforvesselsofrestrictedlength

130.Pilotagewillberesumed

131.ETAretarded

132.AconspicuousRoRoramp

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesand Idioms(inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

133 .Vessela tanchorintheroads

134.Theroadsteadhasbeenpollutedbyanoil-spill

135.Asem i-subm ergedrockyridgeextends2cablesSE

136.Theroundaboutisinaccass ibleforbargetraffic

137.Scatteredwhitehorsesareformedduringon-shorewinds

138.Asemi-submergedwreck

139.Aseweroutfallismarkedbyapillarbuoy

140.Vesse lisof shallow draft

141.Sha llowwaters

142.Shoalinghasbeenreportedinthisarea

262 NAVIGATION-Project:PilotReadingGlossary


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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandidioms(inalphabetical order) Explanations/translations

143.Seekshelteragainstgale

144.Shift ingberthonlypermittedwithoutmainenginepower

145.Thedepthover thesil lhasbeenobta inedbywire-sweeping

146.When2vesselsentersimultaneously

147.2hrsafterh ighslackwater

148.Theriverisspannedbyabasculebridge

149.Aspireformsaconspicuousob ject

150.Aspitextends 2m ilesnorth

151.Thesidesofthe barkrisesteep-to

152.Asterntugmustbeused

153.Astormsurgebarr ier

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Standard Pilot-Read ingPhrasosandId ioms(inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/translations

154.Straddlecarr iers areavailabletorhandlingcontainers

155 .Asubmarine cable

156 .Thesurface streamsetsW

157 .Pilotagesuspended

158.Swells arerepo rtedintheoffingoffthesandbank

159 .ThencethetrackleadsN

160.The throughpassageleadsbetweentwosmall Islands

161.Atidegaugeissitua tedat theentrance

162.Tidaladvantagetorvesselsoutward:2hou rs

163. T ideboundvesselsareadvisedtoheaveancho r

164.Vesselistop-hampered

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StandardPilot-ReadingPhrasesandIdioms(inalphabeticalorder) Explanations/ translations

165.Thereisadifficulttowinprogress

166.This trackw ill leadclearofthedanger

167 .Trafficlane temporarilydiscontinues

168.Trafficseparationscheme

169.Atrainingwailprovidesteeforvesse ls inward

170.Pilotagecom pulsory,un lessotherw ise sta ted

171.Thevert icalc learanceofmiddlespanis30ft .

172.DisembarkationofpilotinthevicinityofbuoyCA4

173.Weatherpermitting

174.Widthofthroughpassage:10 metres;

175.Depthalongtheembankment hasbeenobtainedbyw ire-sweeping

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Project :PilotReadingPilots :SanFransisco

Portsmo uthHarbourMalaccaStraft andSingaporeStraitPanamaCanalEuropoortStraitofGibraltarDutchAnt illes-Bon aire.

Compare theassertionsw iththedatainthe"pilot-book'7andindicatewhe ther theyareTRUE orFALSE.

266 NAVIGATION-Project :PilotReading


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APPROACHESTOSANFRANCISCOBAYGenera lremarks11.1TheapproachestoSanFranciscoBayare included inGulf oftheFaraltones,whichtiesbetweenPointSanPedroW 'ZS'N ,122*3 "W )andPo intReyessituatedabout34milesNW .TheentranceofSanFranciscoBay ,knownasTheGoldenGate{para.11.29), lies12milesNofPointSanPed ro .

5Caution.Theprominent andeasilydistinguishedlandfalls,andthenumerousnaturalandartificia laidstonavigation,makethenavigationof theapproachescomparativelysimp le inclearweather.Inth ickweather,thecurrentsrendertheapproachesdifficultanddangerous,andstrangersshoulde itherlieoffandwait forclearweather,or takea pilot.

10Prom inent land marksMontaraMountain,PointSanPedro,TheFara llons,MountTamalpaisandPointReyes,areallprominentinclearweather,andcanfrequentlybeusedto fixavessel'spositionwhenthelowerland isshutinbyfogorhaze .15MountDiab lo ,1.185m


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5

Sou thChannglNo .2buoy{redconical,bell,re dreflector)IsmooredontheEside of thechannel,0.5mileoffshore,2.5milesSofPointLobos.SouthChannelNo.4buoy(red ,conical ,bell,redrelec tor)ismoored ontheEsideof thechannel,0.75mileoffshore,1mileSSWofPointLobos.11.26Direc tionsfo rGo ldenGate .HavingmadetheSF lighthouse-buoy,passth roughMa inShipChannelw ithFortPoint(para.11.30)bearing 070degreesuntilPointBonitaIsabeamwhencoursemaybealteredtopass underGo ldenGateBridge.

10 Inthickweather,whenthebar isbreaking,strange rsshouldstandoffandwa itformore favourablecond itions.For astranger toattempt topass throughGoldenGateinsuchconditionishaza rdous .11.27Supertankersandothervesse lsofverydeepdraughtshouldarriveatthepildtstationonehou rbeforehighwaterinordertocrossthe barunderthemost favourablecond itions .

15 Charts591,229If enteringbySouthChannel;froma position2m ilesWofPoint Montara, steerforthe entranceofSouthChannel,passing2cablesWofNo.2buoy,andabout0.5cableWofNo .4buoy,withPointBon itaLighthouse bearing357degrees;afterpassingSea lRockscourseshouldbea ltered toenterthefairwayofTheGoldenGate ,roundingMileRocks atadistanceof0.25mile.20

11 .29Golde iiGateistheconnectingpassagebetweentheoceanandSanFranc iscoBay.TheentranceIsabout2m ilesw idebetweenPointLobosandPointBonita ,butthe fairwayisreducedtoabout1.5m ilesbyM ileRocks.Theinnerendofthepassage isalittle lessthan1milewide,andiscrossedbyGok JenGateBridge.

25 GoldenGatehasbeensweptw iththew iredrag. .Inland rulesof theroad(Appendix1)are inforcew ithinalinedrawnthroughthelighthousesonM ileRocksandPointBon ita .

.Vessels areno tperm itted topassbeyondalinebetweenMileRocksL ighthouseandPo intBonitauntil30 theyhave beenidentifiedby theU.S .Coastguard .

Submarinecables,seeTheMarinersHand book,are laidwithinanarea.Indicatedby peckedlinesonthechar t ,across the seawa rdha lf of TheGo lde nGate,11.32The anchorageinBonitaCoveiscloseunderPointBonita,indepthsof11m (36ft),andis used

35 bythepilotbo atsand,occas ionally ,byothersmallvessels .TherearetwoGovernment wharvesandacoastguardstationintheWpatofthecove.11.34TidalstreamsInGoldenGate.Thefloodstreamssetvery neariystraightthrough,w ithaslighttende ncy towardstheNshoreand ,when

40 strong,wilhheavyover falls,bothat LimePointandFortPoint.Itcausesan eddyinSouthBay.In thevicin ityofMileRocks, thestreamattainsaconsiderableratewithinafewminituesafte r slack wateronboth floodand ebb tides.Theebbstreamhasbeenobserved tohavearateofmore than6.5knots betweenLimePoint andFort

45 Point,anditissetfromInsidethebayontheNside towardsthe latterpoint.

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Pilot-ReadingPractice:ApproachestoSan Francisco Bay;Indicatewhetherthe assert ionIstrueor false . TRUE FALSE

1)GoldenGateliesNof PointSanPedroandistheentranc etoSanFranciscoBay.2)Duetolackofaids tonavigationtheapproachtoSahFranciscoBayissomet imeshazardous . -3)Inadverseweatherpilotageiscompu lsoryfornav iga torswhodonot

havelocalknow ledgeo fthearea .4)Po intReyesmayserveasaconsp icuousobject,evenwhenvisib ilityisreducedbyfog.5)Are dobstructionlightisexh ibitedfromGoldenGate.

6)NavigationinthePoint-areasmaybedangerousdue tofalseechoes .

7)SanFranc iscoL ighthouse-buoyiss itua tedinaprecautionaryarea.

8)TheroutetoSanFranciscoleadsWof theFarallonesIslands .

9 )Southerlyga lesmaybeexperiencedduringwintermonths,

10)Farallon Islandsaresi tuated24milesWNWofPointSanPedroandextend7m ilesNW .

11)Anob structionissituatedoppositethe entrancetoGo ldenGate.

12)Navigationisprohib itedbeyondthelineMileRockLighthouse/PointBon ita

13)SouthChanne lrunspara llel tothecoastandisonlyaccessibleforshallow-draught vessels.

14)ThetrackfromSanFranciscoLighthouse-buoy toGo ldenGateviaPointBonitaleadsstraightahead .15)Thebesttime for very -deep-draughtvesselstoreachpilot stationisone

hourbeforeHW .16)EverywherethepassagebetweentheoceanandSanFranc iscoBay

hasthesamew idth .17)DepthsinGo ldenGatehavebeenobtainedbyw ire-sweeping.

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Approachesto SanFrancisco Bay(continued) TRUE FALSE18)Rulesforinlandnav igationmustbaapp liedinsidethelinebetween

MileRocksLighthouseandPointBonitaLighthouse .19)Anchorageforallvesselsiss ituated southofPointBonlta.

20 )ThefloodstreaminGoldenGateismain lyrectilinear,w ithaslightdef lectionInnorthernd irect ion .

No tes :

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PORTSMOUTHHARBO UR

Signa lDay N ight MeaningInternationa lCodependan toverpendant9InternationaiCodependantoverflags"N E"

Flag"E"

Interna tiona lCod ependantoverflag"A"

3greenlightsvert ical

1greenlightover1redlight

onefed/amberlight

2red lights,disposedhorizon tally ,notlessthan6ft .apart

Generalwarn ing that amajorwarvesselisunderway .You shouldproceedwithgreatcaut iona teasyspeed.Warningsignalthaish ipsareleavingthe towncamber(not forIsle ofWight carferries).Submarine enteringorleavingHaslarLake .Allvesse lsare tonavigatewithcautionandkeepclearof submarines.Haved ive rs down .

Directionsfo rPortsmouthHarbourCharts2625,2629 ,26316 .49Theusua ltimesfortakingvesselsintooroutofPortsm outhHa rbourareduringthefirstthreeorfourhoursoftheflood tide ,andduringthe1st,2nd,and5thhou rsoftheebbtide ,inc ludingthelowwa terslack ,'atNeaptides thetidalstreamsarea ttimessufficientlyweak toadm itsafenav igationin tooroutoftheharbouratallstatesofthetide. Theflood streamisstrongbetweenthe4thand5thhourofthe

5 flood tide ,butstrongest between the5thand 7thhours;theebbstreamisstrongestbetwe en the3rdand4thhoursoftheebbtide ;vesselsshou ldavo identering at these timesonaccountoftheeddies.Thebest timeforlarge vesselstoenterisassoonafterlow wateras togivesufficientdepthtopassOuter SpitLight-buoybetweenhalfanhourand onehour afterhighwater,dependenton theberthtobetakenup;if goingtoSouthRailwayjetty(6.53)orPitchHousejetty,thetimeshouldbeonehourafter

40 h ighwater.Vesselsof verydeepdraughtshouldonlyentertheharbouratthislatter flood.HMshipsproceedtothemooringsintheha rbourasdirectedbytheQueen'sHarbourMaster.Merchantvesselswish ingtoberth inPortsmouthHarbourshouldconsulttheFirstScheduleofthe45 Order-in-Councilw ithreferencetotheDockyardPortofPortsmouth(seeAppend ix1).ToproceedintoPortsmouthHarbourfromSpithead,steerbetweenOuterSpitLight-buoyandHorseSandLight-buoy,withSaintJude 'sChu rchspire inlinewithSouthseaCastle ,bearing003degrees ,wh ichleadsin the outerpartofthedredgedchanne l.Atnightth ispartofthechannelisindicatedbythewh ite sectorofSouthseaCastleD irectionLightthecentre ofwh ichbears001.5degrees.50WhenNofSp itRefugeLight-buoy,andapproximate ly4 .5cab lesSofSouthseaCastle ,altercourseg rad uallyNWandsteerforFortB lockhouseF lagstaffin linew ithata llblockofflats,3cablesNW.Atnightthispartofthechanne lis indicate dbythewhiterectorofFortB lockhouseD irectionLight,thecentre of whichbears320degrees .Whenbe tweenNos 3and4Bar Light-buoyssteerforthemouthoftheharbo ur.Atnightthisparto f the55 channe lind ica tedby the whitesectorofHarbourEntranceDirec tionLight,situa ted5cab lesMNWofFortBloc khouse,the centreofwhichbears333,75degrees .Theharbourentrance ismarkedonitsWside

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5

bytwolightsdisposedvertical ly20mEofthedirection lightandonitsEsidebytwo lightsdisposedvertica llyonRoundTower.SoulhseaCastleDirectionLightandFortB lockhouseDirectionLightareexhib itedbydayaswe llasatn ight .Directionsforco ssingSp itSandare givenat6.43.Caution.There isusuallymuchcongestionoftrafficneartheharbourentrance,especiallyduringthesummermonths.Specia lcareshou ldbe takenwheninthevicinityofFortBlockhouse.

10 Harbourarea6 .51TheentrancetoPortsmouthHarbourisabout11cableswide,andthereisdeep waterinthefairwaybetweenFortBlockhouse(50*47.4 "N.1*06 .7'W)andRoundTowe r.W ilhihtheentrancethiswidth,betweenthe5mcontoursonejtherside ,ismaintained forabout 3cables,thereafterIhegeneralw idth

is isabout2cables fo rafurther 0 ,75 mile ,withirregulardepthsInthefairwayof9mto12m .Farther Ntheharbourw idensoutandmergesintoFarehamLakeandPortchesterLake,offwhichbranchsevera lsma llerlakes ;athighwaterthemudbanksborderingthese lakesarecoveredtoformonelargeexpanseofwater.Theselakes andmanyotherchannelsandcreeksintheupperpartoftheharbouraremarkedbymany20 beacons ,dolphins,posts andpiles.Thepiles aremarkedasfollows:Portside of navigablechannels:Red;Starboardsideofnavigablechannels:Green;Surveypiles:Red.Wack andwhite inbands.Portregulations

25 SeeAppendix1 .Specia lregu lationsareenforcedwithreferencetothecarriageofexplosives,carbideofcalcium ,andpetroleumin theDockyardPortofPortsmouth.Harbourfogroutine.Speed lim itsw ithintheDockyardPortofPortsmouthare:

30 W ith in 0 .5m ileoftheshore :10knots ;W ithin0.5m ileof anyHMships:12knots.iW ithinPortsmouthHa rbour :10knots .Anchorageisprohibitedinmanyareasindicatedinthechartonaccountofnum eroussubmarine

35 cableswhichcrosstheharbour;someof thelatteraremarkedbybeacon sanddolphinsandnotice-boards .

T idalstreams40 6 .52

Inthenarrowes tpartofIheentrancetoPortsmouthHarbourthefloodstreamrunsintwoperiods,inIhesecondofwh ichthegreatestrateisattained ;theebbstream ,unlikethestreamcloseoutsidetheentrance,runsinoneperiodonly,therateinthefirsthour increasingrathe rslowly,afterwh ich itincreasesrapidlyandisstrongerthanthe floodstream .Thestreamrunsasfollows:Intervalfrom HWPortsmouth(Dover) Direction Maxrateknots

+0515(+0530)-0500(-0445)-04O0(-0345)-0130(-0115)+0025 (+0040)+0300 (+0315)

FloodstreambeginsFloodF loodF loodEbbstreambeginsEbb

10 ,53 ,25

5(ormore).

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Between the entranceandThePo int ,1.5cablesN,the streamsdonot changeapprec iably,though thereissomesmalldecrease in therates ,especiallytha t ofthe ebbstream.AboveThePoint the timesat wh ichthestreamsbeg inbecomegradu ally ,butverys lightly, late r,andtheratesdecreaseconsiderab ly ;fartherNtherateoftheebbstreamdecreasesmorerapidlythantherate5 ofthefloodstream ,andNofPortsmouthHarbourRailwayStation therateof thefloodstreamisalittle

greaterthantherateof theebbstream.ThefloodstreamrunsNW,andtheebbstreamSE ,across theentrancetoHaslarLake .There islittlestreaminHas larLake ,except near HaslarBridge,orinColdHarboo r,andin WeevilLake.Eddiesaretoheexpected onbo thsidesoftheharbourentrance,andoffthepiersandjetties onbothto sidesoftheha rbour,whenthestreamsarerunningstrong ly.Thereisastronganti-clockw iseSE-gdingeddy acrosstheentranceofHaslarLakeatallstagesof thefloodexcep tat-0400Portsmouth,(-0345Do ver),

Thereare dangerousclockw iseedd iesoffSouthRailwayjetty ,w itha seton tothe jetty,be tween-0245to+0100Portsmouth(-0230 to+0115Dover).

15Chart263 1AboveNorthCornerjetty thefloodstreamdiv idesandrunsintoFountainLake ,PortchesterLakeandFarehamLake;thefloodstreams inPortchesterLakeand FarehamLakealsodivideandrunup thevarioussubs idiarychannels;theebbstreamsfromallthechannelsmeetinthemainchannelabove

20 NorthCorner jetty,tha t fromPortchesterLakebeingparticularlymarked .Thestreamsareveryweak inFoun tainLakeanddonotexceedabout0 .5knotatSprings inamid-channelpositionNof NorthCornerjetty ,or025knotatSpringsbetweenNorthWallandWhaleIsland.Therateso fthe streams decre iaserapid lyasPotchesterLakeandFaehamLakeae ascended .TheebbstreambeginsoffPortch esterCastleabout+0035Portsmouth(+0050Dover),andoff thetownat25Fa rehamabout+0025Portsmouth(+0040 Dove r);theebbstreamceasesatbothplaces about+0500Portsmouth(+0515Dover),afte r wh ichthestreamisprobablys lackfor some3hoursormo rebeforethe floodsteambegins.Fordetailsofthetidalstreamw ithintheharbourseetida lstreamtablesonthechart .

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Pilot-ReadingPractice:PortsmouthHarbour;Indicatewhethertheassert ionIstrue orfalse

TR UE FALSE

1)Aman-of-warproceed ing throughPortsmouthHarbourisInd icatedbyth reeverticalgreenlights.2)The"E-flag"indicatesthatnavigationisproh ibitedduetoasub-marine

vesselunderway.)Redlights,orapendantandflag,indtcatesthatdiversareatwork.

4)Vesse ls are perm itted toen terPortsmouthHarbouratlowslack.

5)Eddiesareformedduringtheentirelow-tideperiod.

6)Entering-timeforvesselsofverydeepdraftis1hourafterHW .

7)TheleadinglineformedbySt.Jude 'sChurchspireandSouthseaCastleleads toadredgedfairway.

8)Sp itRefuge-LightbuoyliesNofSouthseaCastle .

9)HarbourEntranceDirectionLight lieshalf-a-m ilefromForthB lockhouse.

10)Ughtsdisplayed fromRoundTower.SouthseaCastleandFortBlockhousecanonlybeusedasnightmarks.

11) Ins idethe harbou r entrance irregulardepthshavebeenreported.

12)IntheNorthpartoftheharbourtheport-andstarboardsidesof thefa irwayareIndicatedbyred,greenandwhitelights.

13)Specialregulat ionsforvesselscarryingdangerous goodsareappliedinthe DockyardPort.

14)InsidePortsmouthHarbourthemaximumspeedatwhichavesse l Isallowedloproceedis10kno ts.15)Inmanyplaces inPortsmouthHarbouranchoringisnotallowed ,becausetherearemanyunchartedandunm arkedshoals.16)-0115hrs .Dover:floodstreamceases

17)NofPortsmouthHarbou rRailwayStationfloodstreamsandebbstream sareofequa linstrength.

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PortsmouthHarbour {continued) tRUE FALS E18)-0400Potsmouth : aneddy(turn inganti-dockwise )setsSEacross

theen trancetoHas iarLake .

19)-0230o +0115Dover:dangerous eddiesareformedoff SouthRailwayJetty.20) Informationaboutthetidalstreamintheharbourhasbeentabulated

inthecha rt.

No tes :

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MALACCASTRAITANDSINGAPORESTRAITGenera lInformationArealim itsanddefin itionCharts830 ,13552 .2MalaccaStrait isdefinedasthearealyingbetweentheWcoasts ofThailandandMa laysiaontheNE ,andthecoas t ofSumateraontheSWbe tweenthefo llow inglimits:5 'On theNWAline fromUjungBaka(Pedropunt)(5*40'N,95*26'E),theNWextrem ityof Sumatera.to:LaemPhraChao(7*45,N ,QS' e'E).the8extrem ityofKoPhukit.Thailand .OntheSE :AlinefromTanjungPia i(1*16 'N .103*31"E),the Sextremityof Malaysia,to:10 Pu laulyuKecil(1*11 'N .103*21 ),thenceto :PulauKarimumKecii,thenceto :Tanjung Kedabu(1 *06 'N,102*59'E).TrafficSeparationSchemeshavebeenestab lishedOffOn eFathomBankandIntheNWap proachto

15 SingaporeStrait .There is norouteingsystem 'betweenthesetwoschemes.ThelatterleadsIntoa furtherschemeinS ingaporestraitandthencetoSouthChinaSeainv ic inityofHorsburghLight.Foroutline oftrafficseparationschemes,see2 .25 .ForapproachesNWofSumatera,see 2.41.ForpassageoffNEcoastofSumatera,see2.45 ;

20 ForcentralpassagethroughNWpart ofMalaccaStrait ,see2 .57 .

Depths2 .6

25 Depthswithin thestraitsareirregular andtherearemany areas ofsandwaves.See 2.8for criticalareas.Depthsinthemainshippingchannelvary fromover73m{4.0fm )toless than25m{14fm).ThroughRoutesareconstrictedbyloca ltopography .Channe lsarefur thercon strictedbysandbanksand contro llingdepthsareliabletochange .Draughtsofmanyvesse lsusingMalaccaStraitandSingaporeStraitcloselyapproachthecontrolling30 depths,andthefactorsaf fectingchangesof draughtarecritical.

Banks2 .7

35 Dangerousbankscomposedofsand,restrictnavigationespeciallyinthe followingareas:BothlanesofOneFathomBankTrafficSeparat ion;Fair ChannelBankNWof theTrafficSeparationSchemeattheNWapproach toSingaporeStra it(2,92).

Controllingdepth Position23m

_

Inbothlanes oftheseparationschemeatOne FathomBank(caution :see2.64forunmarkedshoa ldepthsin theTSSatOneFathombank).

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Haza rds2.10Tida lstreamsarestrongandareinfluencedbymonsooncurrents .See2 .28 .Risk ofcollisionapprec iab le du eto :

5 Heavytraff icus ingthethroughroutes.Frequentcrossingtraffic.See2.12 .Localfishingcraftwithnets ;thesemaybeencounteredanywhereinS ingaporeStrait.Navigationalaidsareoftenunreliable ,especia llyinIndonesianwaters .

10 2 .12Warning:Marinersarewarnedthatlocaltraffic,whichcouldbe unawareoftheInternationallyag reedregulationsandpracticesofseafarers,maybeencounte redinornearthetrafficseparationschemes ,andshouldtakeanyprecautionswhich may berequired bytheo rdina rypractice ofseamenorby specialcircumstancesofthecase.15

2.13Piracy:See1.56regardingattacksbypiratesin thevicinityofPhilipChanne l.Pilotage

20 2.14Pilotso rthroughpassageofMalaccaStra itandS ingaporeStraitare notyetavailab le(1987).RulesIn MalaccaStraitandSingaporeStrait

25 2.23Rule 8.VLCCsand deepdraughtvesselsnav igatingintheStra itsofMalaccaandSingaporeareadvisedtopa rticipa teintheex istingvoluntaryships'reportingsystem .Underthissystemsuchvesselsboadcas t,eighthou rsbeforeenteringtheStraits/trafficseparationschemes,navigationalwarn ings,givingnames,deadwe ighttonnage, draught,speedandtimes of passing One FathomBankL igh thouse ,30RafflesL ighthouseandHoirsburghLightho use .D ifficu ltandunwleld lytowsa lsobroadcasts imilarwarningsgiving:thetype, length,speedof towsand timesofpass ing thethree above-mentionedareas.Ru le9 .A llvesselsnavigatingintheStraitsofMalaccaandSingaporearerequestedloreportbyradiotothenearestshoreauthorityanydamageormalfunctionof theaidstonavigationin theStraits,orany

35 aidsoutof position intheStra its.Tidalheights2.26aThetida lrangevaries w iththelocalityinMalaccaStraitandSingaporeStra it(7 ,25)asfollows(seealso

40 Chart5084):Vicinity of OneFathomBank 3.7mOffMelaka(2*12' N,102*14'E) 1.8m.OffPulaulyuKecil(1*11 'N ,103*21 'E)2.6m.V ic in ity ofHorsburghLight 1.6m45 BetweenMelakaandPulaulyuKeciltherangeisgreateronthecoastofSumate rathanontheMalays ianside.50 Seaandswe ll2 .30Sea:InMalaccaStraittheseaisa lmos tinvariablysmooth orslight ,thoughsquallsmayraisemoderateorroughseasforshortperiods.Ro ughseasmaybeencounteredfromMaytoSeptem beronabout5percentofoccas ions intheN55 approachtoMa laccaStrait.NAVIGATION-Project:PilotReading 277


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Climateandweathe r2 .32MalaccaStra it liesw ith intheequatoria lreg ionof lowatmosphericpressureandhasatypica ltropica lc lima te .

5 Typhoonsareno texperienced.Galesare infrequent.Theclimateof thereg ionismonotonousandthedailychangesaremorepronounced thantheseasonalvariations.Temperatureisalmostuniform .WaterspoutsarerathercommoninMalaccaStrait.Fo rweatherreportsinEng lish:seeSingaporeRad ioinAdm iraltyListofRadioSignalsVol.4 .

10W inds2 .33Monsoons:The predom inan twinds overtheMalaccaStraitareaarethemonsoonwinds .TheNEMonsoonbeg insinNovemberandreachesmax imumstrengthandsteadinessinJanua ryand

15 ceasesbytheendofMarch .Thenorma lstrengthIs5 to10knots ,but mayreach 20to25knotsfor shortperiodsintheNpartofMalaccaStrait.TheSWMonsoonpreva ilsfromMaytoSeptemberandreachesmaximumsteadinessinJulyandAugust.Theaveragestrength inMalaccaStraitisabout10knots,whilespeedsof15to20knotsarequ itecommonintheNapproaches .20Prlclpalmarks2 .43MajorlightsPulauRondoisaconspicuousobjectandis formedbysevera lmounta inpeaks .

25 PulauRondoLight(asabove).B reueh(MenaraSuarGuapeu)L ight(50*45 ,95*03 "E)(3.15 )at theNextrem ityofPulauBreueh .leMeule(UjungTapagajah)Light(5'54'N ,95*20'E)(3.15)neartheNEextremityofPulauWe.KlahLight(5'53'N.95*18'E )(3.18)inTelukSabang.

30Direct ions2.54

:Fromthevicin ityof5*25 'N ,97*35"E ,thetrackleadsES EthenSEc learofdangersouts idethe40mdepthcontour,pass ing:NEofdangerouswreck(5*05 ,97M 7'E),thence:35 NE ofGosongPeureulak(4*56'N,97*53'E )(4.17), thence:NEofUjungPeureulak(4*53 ,97*54'E)(4.18).thence:NEofUjungTamiang(4*25 'N ,97*17"E)(4.52),thence :NEofdangerouswreck(4" 00 'N,98*57'E)lying 4milesNW ofGosongDeli(3

40 An18mpatchlies5milesNof GosongBerhala.Thewaterisd isco louredovertheseshoalsduringthestrengthofthe tidalstream sandthereareoccasiona ltide-rips ,Foradditionalinformationsee4.175.Thence ;SWofPu lauJa rak ,thence :NEofdangerouswreck(3*35 .99*56'E )(reported1968);thence:

45 SWofanobstruction(3*06 ,100*36E)1thence:NEofPulau-pulauAruha .

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Anchorageoff PulauBerhalaThereisanchorageontheridgeextendingSEfromPulauBerhalainadepthof16m ,w iththesummitofis landbeaing302degreesdistant3.75cablesoffshore .Aprohibitedareaexistswith in3milesradius ofPulauBerhala..5 Landingcanbemadeon2smal

eng maritima an iii sem i - unit four

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