energy unit essential question: how do we power our lives? vocabulary 1.ethanol 2.biodiesel...
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ENERGY UnitEssential Question:
How do we power our lives? Vocabulary1.Ethanol2.Biodiesel3.Natural gas4.petroleum5.geothermal energy6.tidal energy7.hybrid vehicle8.methane9. Fission10.Fusion11.Generator 12.Photovoltaic cell13.Biofuels14.Fuel cell15.Electric Motor
Standard SEV4. Students will understand and describe availability, allocation, and conservation of energy resources•Differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable resources including how different resources are produced, rates of use, renewable rates and limitations of sources. •Describe how technology is increasing the efficiency of utilization and accessibility of resources.•Describe how energy and other resource utilization impact the environment and recognize that individuals as well as larger entities have an impact on energy efficiency.e. Describe the commonly used fuels (e.g. fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, etc.) and some alternative fuels (e.g. wind, solar, ethanol, etc.) including the required technology, availability, pollution problems and implementation problems. Recognize the origin of fossil fuels and the problems associated with our dependence on this energy source.f. Describe the need for informed decision making of resource utilization
Energy Use in the U.S.
http://ogoapes.weebly.com/unit-11--energy-fossil-fuels-and-alternative-energy-sources.html
Residential- cooking, heating/cooling, lights
Industrial- manufacturingof chemicals, mining, smelting metals
Commercial (businesses serving customers)- cooking, heating/cooling, lights
Transportation
Vampire Appliance- devices using electricity even when turned off (flat screen T.V., Play Station, computer, etc.) Makes up to 10% of electricity bill
draw the pie chart- write all the notes!
Electricity Generation
Electric generator: converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
Fossil fuels are burned to heat water to produce steam turns a turbine
generator makes electricity(magnet spins inside coils of wire putting electronsin motion
in 2004 U.S. had 4.6% of global population & used 24% of global energy
Burning fossil fuelsaccounts for 80% of U.S. air pollution & 80% of CO2 emissions
draw the pie chart- do not draw renewable extension section, write the info. in the blue boxes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dO9GxdMEGME
Net Energy total available energy- amount used for locating, extracting, processing, transporting it
energy out / energy in = net ratio
Oil has high ratio due to large, accessible, cheap –to- extract sources mainly in Middle East
Nuclear has low ratio due to extracting, processing, plant requirements (including building & dismantling), storage of radioactive wastes for 10,000-240,000 yrs
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- have 78% of world’s proven oil -greatest source of global & economic power
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Iran
U.S. has 2.9% of proven oil supply, but is #1 user
World reserves good for about 90-100 years
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXYOOvGLzfI
Remains of ancient organisms that contain energy-rich
carbon-based molecules Coal- swampland plants
Oil & natural gas -marine organisms
Pros & Cons
Petroleum = oil that is pumped from the ground, Used in fuels, chemicals, & plastics (very versatile)
efficient & cleaner burning, composed of mostly methane
Inexpensive, easily transported, versatile
Nonrenewable, Responsible for air, water, & land pollution, including acid rain, strip mining, mountain top removal, & oil spills
•
Natural Gas Drilling, Texas
Pipeline, Alaska
Off shore drilling platform,Alaska
studies show considerable oil spills occur,
possibledegradation of area not
worth the risk
Report from March 12, 2015 stated 5 oil trains exploded in the previous18 months
Surface Coal Mining, Wyoming
Energy from fossil fuels
WindPros: Produces no air or water pollution, renewable, Coastal areas and high
altitude areas have sufficient wind speeds to generate electricityCons: depends on local weather & geography, may affect birds, noise pollution?280,000 homes in CA use wind power
optional notes: The electric current is sent through cables down the turbine tower to a transformer that changes the voltage of the current before it is sent out on transmission lines.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/farming-the-wind-wind-power.html
Hoover Dam, Colorado River NV & AZ (726.4 ft x 1,244 ft )
Cons: Expensive to build, causes habitat fragmentation, flooding, requires fish ladders, changes to natural river flow, degraded water quality
Hydroelectricity energy produced from moving water
Pros: renewable, no air pollution, cheap & efficient to run, In Accounts for 20% of the world’s electricity
How a Hydroelectric Plant Works: optional notes
To make electricity, a dam opens its gates to allow water from the reservoir above to spin the blades of a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is then transported via huge transmission lines to a local utility company.
Geothermal -energy from Earth’s inner heat
1. Hot water near the Earth's surface can be piped directly intobuildings and industries for heat, Power plants can use steam to turnturbine2. In 2009, U.S. geothermal power plants produced 0.4% of totalelectricity, five States had geothermal power plants: California,Nevada , Hawaii, Idaho, and Utah3. Requirements may include pump, turbine, & generator
Pro: Renewable, releases less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel plant, scrubber systems cleans out the hydrogen sulfide, emits 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than fossil fuel plants.Con: Vents are limited, can produce hazardous gases (H2S)
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BiomassOrganic matter that can be burned to produce heat/ electricity
ex. wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes
Methane (made when bacteria decompose organic wastes,
like in landfills or manure), ethanol (C2H5OH)
made by fermenting the sugars found in grains, such as corn
optional notes: Uses- In 2002 Great Britain opened the 1st dung powered station, ethanol fuels ½ the cars in Brazil
Pros: renewable, less air pollution, jobs for rural communitiesCons: still makes air pollution, might require extensive land for cultivation,for vehicles-lower mpg, not good for cold weather
Elephant-poo power electrifies zoohttp://www.cnn.com/2011/10/10/world/europe/elephant-dung-biogas-munich/index.html
Tidal (renewable)
Pros: renewable Caused by gravitational pull, non-polluting, tides change every 6
hours Cons: harsh environment,danger to marine organism, expensive,Limited geographically
http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/tidal_power.htm
Used in France, Russia, & CanadaRequires dam, turbine, & generator
Solar
Passive solar heating -face windows to the south in the n. hemisphere & receive the most solar energy
Pros: Renewable, no air pollutants, minimal environmental impactCons: expensive, only suitable for certain locations
Active Solar heating requires Photovoltaic or solar cells which change sunlight directly into electricity
Nuclear Fission (nonrenewable)– splitting of unstable atoms like uranium & thorium, atomic bomb
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nuclear.html
Requires uranium, neutrons, reactorPros: No air pollution, Extremely efficient source of power; energy in 1lb uranium = 1500 tons of coalCons: radioactive waste, high start up & maintenance cost $$$, vulnerable to terrorist attacks
Chernobyl (1986)- worst nuclear power plant accident in world3-Mile Island (1979)- human error caused radiation leak
On 6 August 1945, “Little Boy" was detonated over Hiroshima. On 9 August, “Fat Man“ was exploded over Nagasaki
Pripyat
The hybrid car gas engine electric motortends to be the most energy efficient vehicles available today,
Electric requires: batteries, electricity, electric motor, transmission
Gasoline requires: fuel tank, gas, engine, transmission
Fuel cell vehicles – zero emissionsSubstantial technical hurdlesto producing, storing anddistributing hydrogen.
http://automobiles.honda.com/fcx-clarity/?from=fcx.honda.com
FYI Space shuttle Fueled with liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, oxygen andhydrogen are mixed together and ignited to make a very hot fire. The expanding gasesfrom that fire are what propel thespacecraft.
Biodieselvegetable oil
Pros Cons
•Domestically produced•Less air pollutants & greenhouse gases•Biodegradable•Can be used in most diesel engines
•Lower fuel economy More nitrogen oxide emissions•May not be suitable for use in low temperatures
Energy Conservation Practices
• Drive less: walk, ride bikes, carpool• Adjust thermostat (<68F); up in summer (>78 F)
• Turn it off when not in use (use power strips)
• Shorter showers• Compact fluorescent bulbs• Recycle• Eat locally-grown food• Buy long-lasting products
Incentive: gov. provides rebates, low interest loans, tax deductions when people environmentally friendly products
Regulation: Government restrictions on certain chemicals