energy systems,sustainability and chemistryrb/professional activities/energychemf15.pdf ·...

Energy Systems,Sustainability and Chemistry

Rangan BanerjeeDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering

IIT Bombay

National Conference on 'Chemistry- Environment and Sustainability 20th February 2015

Historical Trend in Energy use

2Source : Smil (2010)

3

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAMPRIMARY ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY

SECONDARY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM

FINAL ENERGY

ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

USEFUL ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITIES

(ENERGY SERVICES)

COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GASPOWER PLANT, REFINERIESREFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY

RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINESWHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGYAUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVEMOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGYDISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..

4

India and World (Selected Indicators for 2012)

Population 1237million 7037 million

GDP (PPP) 5567 Billion 2005 US$(4500 $/person)

82901 Billion 2005 US$(11780 $/person)

Primary Energy 33 EJ 559 EJ

Energy/person 26.6 GJ/person/year 84.4 GJ/person/year

Electricity/person 760 kWh/capita/year 2972 kWh/capita/year

CO2 emissions

Per person

Per GDP

1626 Million tonnes 31734 Million tonnes

1.58 tonnes /capita/year 4.51 tonnes /capita/year

0.35 kg /US$ ppp 0.38 kg /US$ ppp

Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2014

5

Global Primary Energy mix

Source: IIASA- WEC Study

//www.iiasa.ac.at

India-Primary Energy mix 2012

2007 24 EJ

2010 29 EJ

2012 33 EJ

Coal42%

Oil27%

NatGas6%

Biomass22%

Hydro1%

Solar/Wind1%

Nuclear1%

Primary Energy Mix

8

Renewables and Nuclear

Coal Oil and Gas

20%

40

%

60

%

80

%

100%

TIFAC, 2013

Long term global temperature record

9Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009

10Rockstrom et al, Nature 2009

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

11http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif

12

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Carbon Footprint

13

blog.beliefnet.com http://www.iea.org/statistics/

16.94

16.28

15.37

9.28

7.27

7.06

5.92

2.07

1.41

0.28

0.13

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

USA

Saudi Arabia

Canada

Japan

South Africa

UK

China

Brazil

India

Kenya

Nepal

GHG Emissions Tonnes CO2/capita - 2011

World Average

Carbon footprint calculator

14Source: http://www.icicibank.com/html/en/go-green/Index.html

What is sustainable Development?

15

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Brundtlant Report WCED 1987Development without cheatingour children

Historical Household Electrification Rates

GEA, Chapter 19 16

17

Energy Issues Energy system – predominantly based on fossil fuel

(~80% +) 2 billion people – No access to modern energy services Link between energy service and quality of life Significant disparity in per capita energy use Depletion of fossil fuels (peak oil?) Adverse environmental impact- local, regional, global –

GHG – Climate change Renewables, Energy Efficiency, Carbon Capture and

Storage

Green Technologies?

18

http://www.dilbert.com/

Renewable Energy Options

Wind Solar Small

Hydro Biomass

Tidal Energy

Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Energy

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Geothermal*

19

20

Power Density and Area

Source : Smil (2010)

Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)

21

3 R

s./k

Wh

6 R

s./k

Wh

9 R

s./k

Wh

Bloomberg, 2014

1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay

22http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm

National Solar Thermal Power Facility – Consortium supported by MNRE and led by IIT Bombay

23

Thermal Storage

Solar Field

Expansion Vessel

Heat Exchanger

Generator

Condenser

Turbine

Pump

Pump

Cooling Water Circuit

Water/ Steam Loop

Thermic Oil Loop

CLFR Direct Steam

Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant

Simulator snapshot

Parabolic Trough Solar Field Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at Gwalpahari site

Consortium Members

KIE Solatherm

TEAM SHUNYASOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014

26

House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014

Team Shunya

70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty

28

Goals for New Materials

Dematerialisation Energy Efficiency Reduced emissions ‘Sustainable’, renewable materials Cost Effectiveness Net Energy Analysis

29

Nanotechnology

Processing Structure Properties Performance

•Macroscopic behaviour –often different from

nanoscale/ quantum behaviour

•Synthesis of Materials with desired quantum

behaviour

30

Smart MaterialsElectrochromic windows -

Active Material – Tungsten

oxide

Reversibly darken – Voltage

applied by nanostructured

electrodes – Normally Indium

Tin Oxide – Substitution by

nanostructured ZnO

Photochromic windowsMicrostructured glazing

Glass characteristics

Source: EU Nanotech report, 2003

31

Fuel Cells Nanoscale catalysts for

PEM – reduce costs of metal

Nanocrystalline zirconia films- electrolyte for SOFC

Ceramic nanopowders for SOFC (ItN Nanovation, Nextechmaterials)

SONY- fullerenes –electrodes for DMFC

Alkaline fuel cell

Carbon supported metal catalyst

Source: EU Nanotech report, 2003

32

Electrosynthesis Synthesis of chemical compounds in an

electrochemical cell Ambient pressure electrosynthesis of

Ammonia(Marnellos and Stoukides. 1998), Kordali et al (2000)Conventional Haber process – 480° C, 100 atm, energy intensive

Solid Polymer Electrolytes Electrocatalysts Nanotechnology – to engineer catalyst,

electrolyte combinations – for viable conversion processes

33

Thermoelectrics Thermoelectric generators

and coolers Figure of merit ZT=S2T/k Bi2Te3, (Bi Sb)2Te3 (ZT 1-2) Silicon nanowires 50 nm ZT

0.6 room temp Berkeley,7nm Bi wires- ZT 6 Michigan

Smart clothes – powered by body heatSources: Hochbaum et al (2008),

Lauterbach et al (Infineon) 2002

Algal Biofuel Schematic

34Source: Georgianna and Mayfield, 2012

35

Efficient Lighting

Blue LED

• Quantum Caged Atoms (QCA) –

efficient Solid State Lighting (few nm) –

GE, Phillips, Siemens

• QCA based nanophospors- five times

as efficient as conventional – FTL (UV

to white)

• Kopin – nanopockets – blue LED

• Night vision systems based on

quantum dotsQ- dot based device

36

Energy Materials

Sustainability Analysis

Inventory (process energy and material) to produce one unit of output

Classification of total primary energy into non-renewable and renewable energy

Non-renewable energy useGHG emissions

Total primary energy required to produce required process energy and materials

Cost of different equipment and material required, discount rate, life of the equipment

Life cycle cost

Materials and other resources such as water, land etc required to produce 1 kg of hydrogen

Resource constraint

Amount of material and other resources required to meet the current demand

Process flow charts

Sizing of different equipment required

Total GHG emissions in producing process energy and materials (using emission factors)

Resource constraint

Resource constraint

Material supply constraint

Area

Material constraint

Other constraint

Annual requirement/Reserve

Area required/Available land area

Annual requirement/Reserve

No constraint

Technical constraint, water for biomass based systems etc.

Material Choice

39Allwood et al, 2011

Material Choice

40Allwood et al, 2011

Choice of materials for transport fuels

41Source: Wallington et al 2012

Energy density and specific energy


Comparison of fuels and energy storage


Hydrogen pathways

Photo chemical

Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Bio-Energy

Electricity

Wind

Thermal

ElectrolysisThermo chemical

Fossil-Fuel

Photo biological

Hydrogen

Gasification Fermentation

Cracking + Shift Reaction

Renewable Hydrogen

Current methods of hydrogen production Steam methane reforming (SMR) Coal gasification Electrolysis

Based on fossil fuels, Not sustainable Need for hydrogen production from

renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass etc.

Net energy analysis

Functional unit – 1 kg hydrogen at 25oC temperature and 1 atm pressure.

Base case – steam methane reforming Criteria Net energy ratio (output/non-renewable energy

input) NER> 1 Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (kg CO2

eq / kg H2) Energy Efficiency

LCA software SimaPro 6

Biological methods of hydrogen production

Operates at ambient temperature and pressure – expected to be less energy intensive.

Variety of feedstocks as carbon source like sugars, lignocellulosic material, wastewater etc.

Several reactions – substrate, bacteria

C6H12O6 + 2H2O 4H2 + 2CO2 + 2CH3COOH

Biomass to Hydrogen Conversion

Biomass to hydrogen conversion routes

Thermochemical Biological

Biophotolysis(direct/indirect)

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Dark fermentation

Photofermentation

#1 Dark Fermentation #2 Photo Fermentation #3 Two- stage fermentation process #4 Biocatalysed Electrolysis

Input feedstock – Sugarcane juice

Steam methane reformingParameter Value Unit (/kg H2)Resource consumptionNatural gas (in ground), input 3.64 kgCoal (in ground), input 159.2 gIron (Fe, ore), input 10.3 gIron scrap, input 11.2 gLimestone (CaCO3, in ground) 16.0 gOil (in ground) 16.4 gAverage air emissionsBenzene 1.4 gCarbon dioxide 10.62 kgCarbon monoxide 5.7 gMethane 59.8 gNitrogen oxides (as NO2) 12.3 gNitrous oxide (N2O) 0.04 gNon-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) 16.8 gParticulates 2.0 gSulfur oxides (as SO2) 9.5 g

Results (without by product use)

Process Case 1: Without by-products

GHG (kg CO2)

Non-renewable energy use (MJ)

Energy efficiency (%)

Steam methane reforming 12.8 188 64

Dark-fermentation 5.5 61.7 9.6

Photo-fermentation 3.5 40.1 25.6

Two-stage process 3.4 39.3 27.2

Biocatalyzed electrolysis 5.3 64.8 25.7

51

Life cycle Approach NER = Eout/EinIf NER > 1, Replacement viableNER < 1, Replacement not viable CRF (d, n)=[d *(1+d)^n]/[(1+d)^n-1] ALCC = AC + C0*CRF (d, n) NER (Net Energy Ratio) ALCC (Annualized cost) CRF (Cash recovery factor)

Methodology for analysis

Secondary EnergyPrimary EnergyRenewable Energy

Fossil diesel, electricity

Agricultural Cultivation stage

Fertilizer, herbicide, fossil

IrrigationJatropha/Karanja Seeds

Seed bed preparation,

Sowing, diesel

Cracking

Pressing

Filtration

Trans-esterificationJatropha/karanja Bio-diesel (NER, MJ/km vehicle driven, cost (Rs/kg),

Renewable Energy

Vehicle operation with fuel combustion stageFossil diesel

Transportation and conversion stage

Fossil diesel, MeOH, NaOH

PE PE

PE

PE

52

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 2 4 6

NE

R

Jatropha, Different yield levels (tonnes/ha)

NER (without co-product)

NER (with co-product)

Not viable

0123456789

10

0 5 10 15N

ER

Karanja, Different yield levels (tonnes/ha)

NER (without co-product)

NER (with co-product)

Viable

Jatropha and Karanja Analysis results

Rs. 33-36/kg 2007 values Rs. 21-25/kg

Energy Analysis Of Buildings

0.00

1000.00

2000.00

3000.00

4000.00

5000.00

6000.00

7000.00

8000.00

Ener

gy (k

Wh/

year

)

Lifecycle energy analysis of an air-conditioned residential building

Heating

Appliances

Cooling

Embodied Energy

Daylighting Simulation

54

Batteries

Li-ion, Ni-MetalHydride

Nanoparticle fillersAl2O3, TiO2 to

polyethyleneOxide (electrolyte) Metal intercalcated

electrodes Supercapacitors-High

power, long cycle life – Nanostructured carbon

Source: Tarascon and Armand (2001); Arico et al (2005)

Energy input for Batteries

55Source: Larcher and Tarascon, 2015

Sustainable Materials for Batteries

56

Source: Larcher and Tarascon, 2015

Sodium ion based battery electrode materials

57

Source: Larcher and Tarascon, 2015

Materials for Batteries

Low Temperature Synthesis processes-Ionothermal synthesis, microwave assisted processes etc 200 C

Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic compounds

Recycling Na ion technology

58

59

Summing Up Energy – shortages,disparity, fossil fuel depletion Climate change- GHG – ‘Unsustainable’ Linkage material use and energy Nanotechnology –potential to modify/ obtain desired

material properties Challenges – new materials, new processes Life cycle analysis, Net Energy Analysis – Initial

screening of options Designer materials, new chemistries Bio-inspired materials

Thank you

60

References Smil (2010): V Smil, Science, energy, ethics, and civilization, Visions of Discovery: New Light on Physics, Cosmology,

and Consciousness, ed. R.Y. Chiao, M.L. Cohen, A.J. Leggett, W.D. Phillips, and C.L. Harper, Jr. Published by Cambridge University Press. © Cambridge University Press 2010

IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2014, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf TIFAC, 2013: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 – draft in progress Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009 http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif International Energy Agency-Statistics, http://www.iea.org/statistics blog.beliefnet.com Bloomberg, 2014: GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2014, UNEP and Bloomberg New

Energy Finance . GEA Chapter 19: Pachauri, S., A. et al, 2012: Chapter 19 - Energy Access for Development. In Global Energy

Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1401-1458.

Larcher and Tarascon, 2015: Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage, D. Larcherand J-M. Tarascon, NATURE CHEMISTRY, VOL 7, JANUARY 2015.

Wallington et al 2012: Sustainable Mobility, Future Fuels, and the Periodic Table, Journal of Chemical Education, American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc. December 2012.

Georgianna and Mayfield, 2012: Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels-REVIEW, Nature, 488, 329–335 (16 August 2012).

EU Nanotech report, 2003 Graetzel (2001): M.Graetzel, Nature, Vol 414, p 338—344 Hochbaum et al (2008) Lauterbach et al (Infineon) 2002 Slapbach and Zuttel, 2001, Nature, Vol 414, p 353-358 J.M.Tarascon, M.Armand,2001, Nature, Vol 414, p 359-367 Arico et al, Nature Materials, Vol 4, May 2005, p 366 -377 Allwood, JM and Ashby, MF and Gutowski, TG and Worrell, E (2011) Material efficiency: A white paper. RESOUR

CONSERV RECY, 55. pp. 362-381. ISSN 0921-3449

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