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Energy Strategy Report
The Wherry School
May 2016
367414 BSE EAD 01 P2
P:\Cambridge\Murdoch\EST\PROJECTS\367414 The Wherry School, Norfolk\12.0 Documents\Outgoing\IES Reports\Wherry Energy Strategy
Report P2.docx May 2016
Energy Strategy Report
The Wherry School
Energy Strategy Report
The Wherry School
May 2016
Kier
Mott MacDonald, Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2RS, United Kingdom
T +44 (0)1223 463500 F +44 (0)1223 461007 W www.mottmac.com
Energy Strategy Report The Wherry School
367414/BSE/EAD/01/P2 May 2016 P:\Cambridge\Murdoch\EST\PROJECTS\367414 The Wherry School, Norfolk\12.0 Documents\Outgoing\IES Reports\Wherry Energy Strategy Report P2.docx
Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description Standard
P1 5th April 2016 R Fletton A Long T Bradford Part L Report
P2 20th May 2016 R Fletton A Long T Bradford Part L Report
Issue and revision record
This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose.
We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties.
This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it.
Energy Strategy Report The Wherry School
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Chapter Title Page
Executive Summary i
1 Introduction 1
2 Planning Policy 3
2.1 Adopted Joint Core Strategy __________________________________________________________ 3 2.2 National Building Regulations __________________________________________________________ 3
3 Model 4
3.1 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data ______________________________________________ 4 3.2 Building Fabric _____________________________________________________________________ 5 3.3 Systems __________________________________________________________________________ 5 3.4 Results ___________________________________________________________________________ 7
4 Renewables 8
4.1 Renewable Options _________________________________________________________________ 8 4.1.1 Wind Turbines _____________________________________________________________________ 8 4.1.2 Biomass Boilers ____________________________________________________________________ 9 4.1.3 Heat Pumps _______________________________________________________________________ 9 4.1.4 Solar Hot Water ___________________________________________________________________ 10 4.1.5 Photovoltaic Panels ________________________________________________________________ 10 4.2 Methodology ______________________________________________________________________ 11 4.3 Results __________________________________________________________________________ 12
Appendices 13
Appendix A. BRUKL Document _________________________________________________________________ 14
Contents
Energy Strategy Report The Wherry School
i
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This report looks at options for meeting the 10% renewable energy target for the
proposed Wherry School development in Norwich. The options have been
examined in context of the Adopted Joint Core Strategy (January 2014), which
requires developments over 1000m² to include on-site renewables to provide for
at least 10% of predicted energy usage.
Information on building fabric, usage requirements, environmental conditions,
planned systems, and other data were applied to a model built in IES’ Virtual
Environment software based on information provided by the architect.
Once the initial model had been developed, various renewable technologies for
use in the developments was assessed, and it was concluded that a photovoltaic
installation would be the most suitable in achieving the required energy target
while best complimenting the buildings’ design.
The dynamic simulation was run including a PV installation on the roof of the
school and it was calculated that the development has the potential to comply with
Part L of the Building Regulations, with the PV installation providing the 10% of
minimum required of the total energy consumption.
Executive Summary
Energy Strategy Report The Wherry School
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The purpose of this report is to evaluate the potential of the proposed
Wherry school development to comply with local and national planning
policies relating to energy usage and carbon dioxide emissions.
The proposed development is a single storey building that consists of
multiple classrooms and teaching spaces designed for children with
special education needs. The total floor area is approximately 2800m2
and it is assumed to be of lightweight construction. A floor plan is
shown in figure 1.1:
Figure 1.1: The Proposed Wherry school development.
Source: LSI Architects
1 Introduction
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Thermal models of the building were developed containing details of
constructions, environmental conditions, weather data, lighting,
equipment and occupancy levels. Dynamic Simulation Modelling (DSM)
was used to calculate the Target Emission Rate (TER) and Building
Emission Rate (BER).
Various measures were then considered in order to help the
developments comply with the relevant national and local planning
policies, as described in Section 2.
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2.1 Adopted Joint Core Strategy
Norwich adopted the “Joint Core Strategy (JCS)” document in January
2014 which sets out limits to energy consumption and on site
renewables. Policy 3 Titled “Energy and water” states:
“10% of energy will be met on-site and renewably and/or from
a decentralised renewable (… non-residential development
involving 1,000 square metres gross floor area)”
This report considers various common renewable energy technologies
to meet this requirement, and the feasibility of each is considered in
Section 4.1.
2.2 National Building Regulations
The developments must also comply with Approved document L2A,
which describes the methodology for calculating a building’s Target
CO2 Emission Rate (TER), and quotes Building Regulation 17C, which
states:
“Where a building is erected, it shall not exceed the target CO2
emission rate for the building”
It is preferable to achieve this by the following means of energy
hierarchy:
Using efficient, sustainable design to reduce the development’s
energy demand.
Using local decentralised energy sources to minimise
transmission losses and thus increase efficiency.
Using renewable energy sources to minimise the emissions
associated with the remaining on-site energy usage.
The use of decentralised energy sources is considered to be
inappropriate in this case, as no suitable local system currently exists.
2 Planning Policy
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Baseline (No Renewables)
The model geometry, including room locations, window and door
locations and sizes, and other geometry including external shading,
was based on drawings provided by the architect. The buildings as
modelled are shown in Figure 3.1:
Figure 3.1: 3D Renders showing model geometry.
Source: Modelled by Mott MacDonald
3.1 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data
The CIBSE Test Reference Year data set for Norwich was applied to
the model to simulate weather conditions. These are the closest
locations to the actual site with available data.
3 Model
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3.2 Building Fabric
Thermal properties of constructions were based on information
provided by the architect and were modelled as shown in Table 3.1:
Table 3.1: Thermal properties of constructions.
Element U-Value (W/m²K) G-Value
Wall 0.22 -
Roof 0.15 -
Floor 0.13 -
Window 1.34 0.30
Source: Agreed by Kier (10/03/16)
The air permeability of the model has been set to 5m³/m²hour at 50 Pa
3.3 Systems
The building will be ventilated via individual mechanical supply and
extract systems with heat recovery where external noise break in is a
concern. Natural ventilation will be utilised where ever permissible, with
a number of supply and extract fans for internal spaces such as WC’s
and offices. The building will be heated using a gas fed condensing
boiler with underfloor heating. Domestic hot water will be centrally
generated using direct gas fired calorifiers. The mechanical and
electrical systems, and their efficiencies, are outlined overleaf:
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Figure 3.2: Systems Description within the Model
Source: Calculated by Mott MacDonald
Classroom Mech Vent, Ancillary Mech Vent
UFH heating using gas boiler (96% eff)
Balanced Mech vent supply extract with a plate heat exchange
heat recovery (75%) SFP 1.16W/l/s
Classroom Nat Vent, Corridor, Hall, Office Nat Vent
UFH heating using gas boiler (96% eff)
Kitchen
Supply and extract system (SFP 1W/l/s) with run around coil
heat recovery (65% eff)
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Sensory Rooms Mech Vent & Comfort Cooled
Split System
Heating COP: 2.84
Cooling SEER: 4.74
Balanced mech vent supply extract with a plate heat exchange
heat recovery (75% eff) SFP 1.16 W/l/s
WC/Wetroom
UFH heating using gas boiler (96% eff)
Local extract with SFP 0.3 W/l/s
Lighting
The lighting throughout the building has been set to 5.9W/m2 with local
on/off control and no daylight dimming capabilities.
3.4 Results
The simulation was carried out as described above, and the BER was
calculated to be 14.7 kgCO2/m². This is higher than the calculated TER
of 14.5 kgCO2/m² by 1.4%. Therefore the baseline building doe not
comply with the national building regulations Part L2A as described in
section 2.2 of this report. Therefore this building will require a
renewable technology to offset against the carbon produced.
The total building energy usage was calculated to be 47.93 kWh/m² of
which renewable energy was not considered therefore the baseline
simulation does not meet the planning requirements set by the
Joint Core Strategy in section 2.1.
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The most successful projects adopt renewable technologies
as direct alternatives, rather than add-ons, to conventional
solutions. It is important therefore to identify these
technologies as early as possible in the project.
4.1 Renewable Options
This scenario considers potential low or zero carbon (LZC) technologies
that could be incorporated into the development in order to meet the
renewable energy generation target of Policy 14. The study also
considers the most appropriate technology to satisfy the visual
aspirations of the building within the context of the local area.
4.1.1 Wind Turbines
Wind power relies on the sustainable and renewable energy of the wind
to generate electricity. Turbines do not necessarily need high wind
speeds to operate, but to be efficient, wind turbines need to be located
where there will be a relatively constant wind of between 3.5 and
6.0m/s. Wind turbines are best utilised in a rural or a suburban area,
since potentially damaging air turbulence is more likely to occur in built
up urban areas.
A three-blade turbine with a 15m mast and rotor diameter of 9m can
generate approximately 25 MWh/yr while a similarly sized helical-blade
turbine can generate approximately 10 MWh/yr. However, these require
a large capital investment and are considered to cause significant
aesthetic and noise concerns.
These concerns mean than wind power is not considered appropriate
for this development.
4 Renewables
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4.1.2 Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers are fuelled by biological products such as wood and
plants. It is considered to be carbon-neutral since the CO2 emitted
when burning the fuel is offset by that absorbed during the life of the
vegetation. Consideration must be given to the harvesting, storage and
delivery of Biomass fuels to ensure effective operation of the
technology. A local source of fuel is best practice to reduce carbon
emissions in fuel transport.
Any biomass system would necessarily be local to the building due to
the prohibitive cost of district heating pipes on this scale. Therefore the
fuel storage space would also have to be provided locally resulting in a
significant visual impact on the surroundings. In addition, the boiler flue
would need to extend at least 2m above the roof height due to
restrictions regarding particulate emissions.
These concerns, combined with those over the logistics of delivering
such quantities of fuel mean that biomass is not considered appropriate
for this development.
4.1.3 Heat Pumps
Heat pumps extract heat from local thermal reservoirs (e.g. ground or
outside air) to increase the thermal efficiency of heating and cooling
systems. Ground-source systems (GSHP) take advantage of the
relatively stable temperatures maintained below the ground all year
round. They entail a significant capital cost, and require land to install
thermal piles or coils. Air source heat pumps, though cheaper, tend to
be less efficient, since outside air is warmer than the ground in summer
and cooler in winter.
The capital costs required for ground-source heat pumps, and the
relatively low efficiency of air-source heat pumps at low external
temperatures compared to the potential benefits mean that heat pumps
are not considered feasible for this development.
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4.1.4 Solar Hot Water
Solar hot water panels capture the sun’s radiation and transfer the heat
to provide hot water for use in the building. The UK climate is suitable
for low-temperature heating applications like this, and solar water
heating can be used to offset a large part of the hot water requirements
for a building, especially in summer. Solar hot water systems usually
entail a relatively low capital cost. Solar panels are not capable of fully
replacing a conventional system, so normal water heaters would also
be required to work in tandem with solar panels.
While solar water heating is one of the simplest ways of utilising the
sun’s energy, the relatively low domestic hot water demand1 in the
building compared with the overall use and that this would need to be
supplemented for over 40% (depending on storage size) of the year
with conventional water heating means that solar hot water panels are
not considered appropriate for the development.
4.1.5 Photovoltaic Panels
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun’s light into electricity that can be
used instead of grid electricity. When electricity demand is low, excess
energy can be exported for a profit. PV panels have very little impact on
the environment once installed, as they run quietly without emitting air
pollution or hazardous waste. While they are associated with higher
capital costs than solar hot water panels, PV panels can significantly
reduce the running costs of a building as they replace grid electricity,
which is more expensive than fossil fuels.
Photovoltaic cells are most efficient when facing due south, and the
building’s design includes a large flat area of roof where PV’s can be
located and not be visible from the surroundings.
The decreasing capital cost of PV cells and the high carbon emission
factor of electricity generation mean that PV cells are currently
considered the most appropriate sustainable technology for use in the
proposed development.
1 DHW accounts for just 10% of building CO2 emissions – see Section 3.3.
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4.2 Methodology
This scenario considers the impact of a PV installation consisting of
multiple panels mounted on the southernmost section of the roof, using
a system similar to that pictured in Figure 5.1:
Figure 4.1: Typical PV mounting system.
Source: Schletter GmbH
The panels are assumed to face directly due south, inclined at 35º, with
an active surface area (i.e. excluding mounting frames, gaps etc) of
approximately 120m². The panels are assumed to be monocrystalline
silicon, with a conversion efficiency of 90%.
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4.3 Results
The simulation was carried out as described above, and the BER was
calculated to be 12.0 kgCO2/m². This is lower than the calculated TER
of 14.5 kgCO2/m² by 17.2%. Additionally the 120m2 PV instillation is
predicted to provide 5.03 kWh/m2 of energy which is approximately
10.5% of the 47.9 kWh/m2 energy development which complies with
requirements of Joint Core Strategy Policy 3 as described in section 2.1
of this report.
The complete energy usage by system is shown in Figure 4.2:
Figure 4.2: Energy usage breakdown by system.
Source: Calculated by Mott MacDonald
A complete breakdown of the systems used within this report can be
found in the BRUKL document located in Appendix A.
51%
14%
17%
18% Heating
Cooling
Auxiliary
Lighting
Hot Water
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Appendices
Appendix A. BRUKL Document __________________________________________________________________ 14
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Appendix A. BRUKL Document
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