energy input from sun

nutrientcycling

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS(plants, other producers)

HETEROTROPHS(consumers, decomposers)

energy output (mainly heat)

Chapter 54: Ecosystems

Producers

• Autotroph: Obtain energy from inorganic sources.

• Phototrophs (collect energy from sunlight)

• Chemotrophs (collect energy from chemicals in their environment)

Consumers

• Heterotroph: Obtain energy from organic sources.

• Herbivores (feed off plants), • Carnivores (feed off of other consumers), • Omnivores (feed off both consumers and

producers),• Decomposers (digest food outside of body), • Detrivores (internally ingest dead and decaying

matter)

Trophic (energy) levels

Primary Consumer: Feed of producers

Secondary Consumer: Feed of 1st level consumer.

Tertiary Consumer: Feed off 2nd level and below.

Quaternary Consumer: Feed off 3rd level and below.

Fig. 49.6, p. 878

MARSH HAWK

CROW

UPLAND SANDPIPER

GARTER SNAKE

FROG

SPIDER WEASEL BADGER COYOTE

GROUND SQUIRRELPOCKET GOPHER

PRAIRIE VOLE

CLAY-COLORED SPARROW

EARTHWORMS, INSECTS (E.G., GRASSHOPPPERS, CUTWORMS)

FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL Primary

producers

SECOND TROPHIC

LEVEL Primary consumers

(e.g., herbivores)

HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS

Complex array of carnivores,

omnivores and other

consumers. Many feed at

more than one trophic level continually,

seasonally, or when an

oppportunity presents itself

Fig. 49.4, p. 877

5th

4th

3d

2nd

1st

Fourth-level consumers (heterotrophs):

Top carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers

Third-level consumers (heterotrophs):Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers

Second-level consumers (heterotrophs):

Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers

First-level consumers (heterotrophs):

Herbivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers

Primary producers (autotrophs):

Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

Fig. 49.27, p. 894

leopard seal

Adelie penguin

fishes, squid

skua

petrel

emperor penguin

Weddell seal

killer whale

blue whale

krill

phytoplankton

Trophic level and 1st, 2nd consumer

Fig. 49.7, p. 879

Producers (photosynthesizers)

Producers (photosynthesizers)

ENERGY TRANSFERS:

ENERGY TRANSFERS:

energy lost at each conversion step from one trophic level to the next

energy lost at each conversion step from one trophic level to the next

ENERGY INPUT:

ENERGY INPUT:

herbivores

carnivores

decomposers

decomposers

detritivores

energy in organic wastes, remains

energy in organic wastes, remains

ENERGY OUTPUT

ENERGY OUTPUT

energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from ecosystem

energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from ecosystem

energy inputs, outputs also occur between the two food webs

10% Rule

On average, only 10% of the energy obtained at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.

Where does this energy go?

Fig. 49.11, p. 882

5,060

decomposers/detritivores21

383

3,368

20,810

top carnivores

carnivores

herbivores

producers

Fig. 49.12, p. 882

ENERGY INPUT:

17,000,000 kilocalories

ENERGY TRANSFERS:

incoming solar energy not harnessed:

producers

herbivores

carnivores

top carnivores

decomposers, detritivores

1,679,190 (98.8%)

20,810 (98.8%)

transferred to the next trophic level:

Energy still in organic wastes and remains

Energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from the ecosystem:

ENERGY OUPUT:

TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY FLOW:

4,245 3,368 13,197

383

21

720

272

165

5,060

2,265

90

20,810 + 1,679,190

1,700,000(100%)

Biological Magnification

Situation in which fat-soluble or indigestible chemicals accumulate in organisms. A concern for animals feeding at higher tropic levels.

• Urine is water-based, so doesn’t carry fat-soluble materials out of body.

• Case of DDT

Fig. 49.9, p. 880

DDT Residues (ppm wet weight of whole live organism)

Ring-billed gull fledgling (Larus delawarensisHerring gull (Larus argentatus)Osprey (pandion haliaetus)Green heron (Butorides virescens)Atlantic needlefish (Strongylira marina)Summer flounder (Paralychthys dentatus)Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus )Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)Marsh grass shoots (Spartina patens)Flying insects (mostly flies)Mud snail (Nassarius obsoletus)Shrimps (compsite of several samples)Green alga (Cladophora grcilis)Plankton (mostlky zooplankton)Water

75.5 18.5 13.8 3.57 2.07 1.28 0.94 0.42 0.33 0.30 0.26 0.16 0.083 0.040 0.00005

Respiration

How living organisms get energy from ‘burning’ food (usually involves oxygen)

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Useable Energy

Photosynthesis

Process by which autotrophs convert solar energy into useful chemical energy (sugar).

Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen

Process of carbon fixation. (Fix as it making it useful for life)

Productivity

Measure of how much glucose/food is made.

How broad is the base of the energy pyramid?

Factors?

Ecosystem

Communities and abiotic factors interacting through energy flow and nutrient cycling.

Ecosystem, Habitat, Population, Community

Productivity

Gross Primary Productivity, which is the total amount of energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis for an ecosystem

Net Primary Productivity is the total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount of energy used by autotrophs in respiration

End World Hunger, and Keep Salix Clean:

Understand the Nitrogen Cycle

Define Ironic

• 78% of our atmosphere is Nitrogen

• Most life on Earth is short of nitrogen

• Know nitrification, legume, nitrogen fixation

Fig. 49.22, p. 890

NO3-

IN SOIL

NITROGEN FIXATION

by industry for agriculture

FERTILIZERS

FOOD WEBS ON LAND

NH3-, NH4

+

IN SOIL

1. NITRIFICATION

bacteria convert NH4+ to

nitrate (NO2-)

loss by leaching

uptake by autotrophs

excretion, death, decomposition

uptake by autotrophs

NITROGEN FIXATIONbacteria convert to ammonia

(NH3+) ; this dissolves to

form ammonium (NH4+)

loss by leaching

AMMONIFICATIONbacteria, fungi convert the

residues to NH3 ; this

dissolves to form NH4+

2. NITRIFICATION

bacteria convert NO2- to

nitrate (NO3-)

DENTRIFICATIONby bacteria

NITROGENOUS WASTES, REMAINS IN SOIL

GASEOUS NITROGEN (N2)

IN ATMOSPHERE

NO2-

IN SOIL

Phosphorus Cycle

Only sedimentary cycle

Usually the limiting factor in aquatic systems.

Fig. 49.24, p. 892

GUANO

FERTILIZER

ROCKS

LAND FOOD WEBS

DISSOLVED IN OCEAN

WATER

MARINE FOOD WEBS

MARINE SEDIMENTS

excretion

weathering

mining

agriculture

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

sedimentation setting out leaching, runoff

weathering

uplifting over geolgic time

DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,

LAKES, RIVERS

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

Fig. 49.25, p. 893

Carbon Cycle

from Wikipedia

Productivity

Gross Primary Productivity, which is the total amount of energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis for an ecosystem

Net Primary Productivity is the total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount of energy used by autotrophs in respiration

What influences DO levels?

Altitude:

Temperature:

Movement:

Salinity:

Plants:

Animals/Decay: