energy future proofing · tampa convention center • tampa, florida energy future proofing track...

Tampa Convention Center • Tampa, Florida

Energy Future Proofing

Track 6; Session 2: Future Proofing Your Buildings for High Performance and Durability

Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E.National Renewable Energy Laboratory

August 15, 2017

Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • Conserve

• Ability to adapt to change: (slow changes and fast changes)• Reducing risk because of change

• 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦?𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟

• Example: – Event: Squirrel trips line to facility (toasted squirrel)– Impact: It is your power line and knocks out power– Ability to respond: You have a big diesel generator to deal with 2 hour

outage (high response)– Also note: large capital expenditure that “does” very little.

– Event: Hurricane wipes out transmission lines to town – Impact: knocks out power (High Impact)– Ability to respond: Same generator, but it can only run 24 hours (poor

response)

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Future Proofing

Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • Conserve3

All Systems have Storage for Reliability

The breaks tend to be in the connecting pieces


– Where are the storage/connecting elements• Central and distributed distribution

– Future costs of energy (and availability)• Will you pay more for a guaranteed cost?

– Recovering the cost of an infrastructure– Reliability of the energy infrastructure– Transportation infrastructure– Thermal building performance and comfort– Climate uncertainties (local and extended)

• Urban heat island– Air pollution– Stresses on infrastructure from demand

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Risks


• Specify as part of the design criteria• Performance Based Procurement

– Set of prioritized goals– Fixed price—evaluate on contractor that can

achieve the most goals– Tradeoff in cost between criteria

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Deciding which risks to minimize


• Level of service– Full-service: no apparent interruption– Wider temperature bands/lower lighting levels– Partial facility shutdown– Maintain the infrastructure (no freezing, pumping)– Time to recover

• Amount of time of which service level– 1 minute– 1 day– 1 week– 1 month – longer?

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Level of Resiliency


• Using a technology to serve multiple purposes• Remember: Lower risk has fewer steps—closer

to the “end”• “Good” daylighting

– Reduce lighting loads (energy savings)– Operate building with minimal electricity

• Thermal Storage– Reduce demand/downsize chillers– Improved comfort without outside energy sources– Can the envelope be so good that no HVAC is needed?

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Synergies Between EE and Risk Reduction


• Not all kilowatt-hours are the same.• A kWh saved from an efficient motor can be

much more valuable than a kWh produced from solar.

• Solar is much more valuable with storage attached. Doesn’t have to be batteries.

• Storage shows up a loser because of the location of the meter and the measurement metric

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Efficiency Versus Renewables


• Most valuable close to the end use• If closer to the end use, it increases resiliency and

reduces risk—huge infrastructure impacts• The load factor on the grid today is less than 50%• Lots of focus today on batteries

– Electricity is highly versatile– Current Cost ~$900-1000/kW; ~$300-400/kWh/cycle1

• Thermal Storage for HVAC– Allows for low electricity discharge– Current Cost ~$1200/kW; $200/kWh/cycle– Reduced chiller yields ~$388/kW; $64/kWh/cycle

• It is ok to mix storage types

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Storage

1. Cole, NREL 20162. Calmac


0. Energy efficiency1. Footprint supply options2. Site supply options3. Imported supply options4. Purchase of renewable

certificates

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Renewable Hierarchy


• Zero Energy Ready– Set an EUI target such that on-site RE could meet

your loads. – Can also do the EUI target such that the building is

3 stories if it is taller– Prepare roof for solar

• Structural loading • Roof attachment system• Conduit locations to electrical system connections

– Panel box sizing– Location for connections and inverters

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Preparing for the Future


• Storage Ready– Room for batteries– Interconnections with electrical system– Panel configuration such that solar can tie in and

building can be segmented for level of service• Reduced Lighting Loads• Partial HVAC systems• Load management (good idea anyhow to manage

demand charges)– Room for water/ice tanks

• Lose the ability to downsize the chiller• Piping connections

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Preparing for the Future


• Electrical Infrastructure to parking lots for larger loads– Can be combined with solar canopies– Communications conduits to manage demand of

EV stations

• Can you prepare today for changes in the electrical system of tomorrow?

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EV (Electric Vehicle) Ready


• Solar today is not coupled with storage—this is not a long term solution

• If everyone did solar, who would buy it at 2 pm

• Need to think about how to use your own solar in your own facility to prepare for the future– Minimize future cost impacts/utility tariff changes– Best use of solar resource

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Reality


• Zion National Park, Springdale, UT– 1960’s visitor center

• 3000 people per hour• Destination focused park (Canyon)• Frequent Power Outages

– Fuel tanks are a liability– Goal:

• Meet visitor needs• Increase reliability• Reduce environmental impact -- mission• Reduce RISK

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Applications


• 80% energy reduction • No increase in cost• Reduce traffic issues• Increase “up-time”

Result: Measured Data• 70% energy reduction• 30% less to build• 100% up-time• 10% RE on annual basis• No traffic—other benefits: return of wildlife

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Setting Measurable Goals


Integrated Design


Cooltowers: Water Resource


Envelope and Solar Mass: Climate Sensitive Design


• Loads are so small, electric radiant panels provide zoned heat on a peak-minimization strategy

• Water resource: cooltowers– No fans; small circulation pumps

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HVAC


• Limited loads

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PV to UPS systems


• 1200 people• 360,000 sqft• 50% energy savings• No increase in

capital cost• Site and Source ZEB

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NREL Research Support Facility

Credit: Frank Rukavina- NREL

Credit: NREL PIX


Procurement ProcessMISSION CRITICALAttain safe work performance/Safe Design PracticesLEED PlatinumEnergy Star “Plus”

HIGHLY DESIRABLE800 staff Capacity25kBTU/sf/yearArchitectural integrityHonor future staff needsMeasurable ASHRAE 90.1Support culture and amenitiesExpandable buildingErgonomicsFlexible workspaceSupport future technologiesDocumentation to produce a “How to” manual“PR” campaign implemented in real-timeAllow secure collaboration with outsidersBuilding information modelingSubstantial Completion by 2010

IF POSSIBLENet Zero/design approachMost energy efficient building in the worldLEED Platinum PlusASHRAE 90.1 + 50%Visual displays of current energy efficiencySupport public toursAchieve national and global recognition and awardsSupport personnel turnover

RFP also required maximum use of natural ventilation and 90% of floor space fully daylit


PV System

Natural Ventilation

Thermal Mass in Wall

UFAD

Outdoor Air Pre-cool

Transpired Collectors

Radiant Cooling

Radiant Heating

Workplace

Daylighting

60 Feet Wide

Enhanced Envelope

Thermal Bridging

Electrical Lighting

Highly Innovative Technologies Contribute to Efficiency Success


Thermal MassC

redi

t: N

REL

PIX

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dit:

NR

EL P

IX

Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • ConserveInnovation for Our Energy Future26

Radiant Ceiling Slabs

Credit: Stantec Credit: Stantec

Credit: Stantec


Storage at the RSF

1. Labyrinth under the building—evens out OA temperatures• Better use of transpired collector• Cool evening temperatures• Increases the number of hours of “economizer”• Little additional cost because integral to foundation

2. Exterior wall sections• Concrete panels with internal insulation• Provides the exterior and interior skin• Even internal temperatures (no hot or cold spots)—very stable• Surface to absorb daytime gains (both external solar and internal plugs)• Enhances operable windows

3. Concrete ceilings• Radiant tubing in concrete—evens out heating and cooling temperatures.

Large radiant surface for thermal comfort—very stable temperature• Overall cooling capacity is 1100 sqft/ton.

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• Future proofing: Reducing known risks• Resiliency and efficiency should go hand-in-

hand• Provide performance specifications and select

design teams and contractors to meet performance specifications

• Storage is critical to reduce risk—more valuable the closer to the end use

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Summary


Questions?

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