energy & fuel users’ journal jul. – sept. 2013 petroleum...

1

Energy & Fuel Users’ Journal Jul. – Sept. 2013

PETROLEUM REFINING ININDIA- AN UPDATE

Sr.No.

RefineryLocation

Name PlateCapacity-MillionMetric Tonne PerAnnum(MMTPA)

Name of the Company

Indian refining industry has done exceedingly well in establishing itself as a major playerglobally. India is emerging as a refinery hub and refining capacity exceeds the demand. Thelast decade has seen a tremendous growth in the refining sector. The country’s refiningcapacity has increased from a modest 62 Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA) in 1998to 215.066 MMTPA at present, comprising of 22 refineries - 17 under Public Sector, 3 underprivate sector and 2 in Joint Venture (JV). During 2011-12, two new JV refineries of 6 MMTPAand 15 MMTPA were commissioned in Bina, Madhya Pradesh and Bathinda, Punjab. Theserefineries would augment the availability of BS IV compliant fuels in Central and Northernparts of the country. (Source: Ministry of Petroleum)

The capacity wise details of the refineries are given below:

PSU Refineries

1 Guwahati 1

2 Barauni 6

3 Koyali 13.7

4 HaldiaIndian Oil Corporation Limited

7.5

5 Mathura 8

6 Digboi 0.65

7 Panipat 15

8 Bongaigaon 2.35

9 MumbaiHindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

6.5

10 Visakhapatnam 8.3

11 MumbaiBharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

12

12 Kochi 9.5

13 ManaliChennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

10.5

14 Nagapattinam 1

15 Numaligarh Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. 3

16 Mangalore MRPL 15

17 Tatipaka, AP ONGC 0.66

Total 120.66

2


Joint Venture Refineries

18 Bina Bharat Oman Refinery Ltd 6

19 Bathinda HPCL Mittal Energy Ltd 9

Total 15

Private Sector Refineries

20 Jamnagar Reliance Industries Ltd 33

21 SEZ, Jamnagar 27

22 Vadinar Essar Oil Ltd 20

Total 80

Grand Total 215.66

The refining capacity is not only sufficient for domestic consumption but leaving asubstantial surplus also for export of petroleum products. Since 2001-02, India is a net exporterof petroleum products. During 2011-12, the country has exported 60.5 MMT of Petroleumproducts worth US Dollars 58.2 billion. As per Platts assessment, India is the largest exporterof petroleum products in Asia since August 2009.

EXPANSION OF EXISTING REFINERIES

Capacity expansion planned during XII Five Year Plan has been indicated in the table below.

1 Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) Koyali, Vadodara, Gujarat 4.3

2 Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) Haldia, West Bengal 0.5

3 Hindustan Petroleum CorporationLimited (HPCL) Mumbai, Maharashtra 2

4 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Visakhapatnam,Limited (HPCL) Andhra Pradesh 6.7

5 Bharat Petroleum CorporationLimited (BPCL) Mumbai, Maharashtra 1.5

6 Bharat Petroleum CorporationLimited (BPCL) Kochi, Kerala 6

7 Chennai Petroleum CorporationLimited (CPCL) Manali, Tamil Nadu 0.6

8 Numaligarh Refinery Limited(NRL) Numaligarh,Assam 5

9 Mangalore Refinery & PetrochemicalsLimited (MRPL) Mangalore, Karnataka 3

10 Bharat Oman Refinery Limited (BharatPetroleum Corporation Limited & OmanOil Company, Joint Venture), Bina Bina, Madhya Pradesh 3

11 Essar Oil Limited (EOL); Private Sector Jamnagar, Gujarat 18

TOTAL 50.6

S.No.

Name of the Company Increase inCapacity, MMTPA

Location of the Refinery

3


NEW REFINERIES

New grassroots refineries coming in the near future are indicated in the table below.

1 Indian Oil CorporationLimited (IOCL) Pardip, Orissa 15 Sept,2013

2 Nagarjuna Oil Corporation Cuddalore, Last quarter ofLimited (NOCL) Tamil Nadu 6 2013-14

3 Maharashtra Refinery, Ratnagiri Last quarter of(HPCL) 9 2016-17

TOTAL 30

S.No. Name of the Company

Location of theRefinery

Capacity(MMTPA)

Expected date ofCommissioning

LAUNCHING OF SMART GRID VISION & MISSIONLaunch of National Smart Grid Vision and road map calling for a nation

wide roll out of smart grids by 2027 is on the anvil.

In order to implement the road map and drive smart grid development in

India it is proposed to launch in 2014 a nation wide Smart Grid Mission.

LARGE SCALE SOLARA consortium of five PSEs – BHEL, Power Grid Corporation, Satluj Jal

Vidyut Nigam, Solar Energy Corporation of India and Hindustan Salts propose

to set up sola thermal power capacity in seven phases with 1000 MW in the first

phase and 500 MW each in the following six phases.

JNNSMMNRE has introduced Viability Gap Funding with a budget of Rs.1,875

crores for the 750 MW capacity. Power from these projects will be purchased at

a rate of Rs.5.45 per kWh. The Ministry proposes to stagger payments and link

them to good performance by power plants.

4


NATURAL GAS MAY BE EASIER ONCLIMATE THAN COAL, DESPITE

METHANE LEAKSFrom the standpoint of global warming,

burning natural gas can be better thanburning coal, a recently published studysuggests.

This is a contentious issue amongpeople who are opposed to the natural gasdrilling practice known as fracking. Thattechnique involves injecting water, sand andchemicals into wells to release far more gasthan conventional drilling can. Opponents offracking have been concerned not only aboutlocal environmental issues, but also aboutthe potential for methane leaks to makeglobal warming worse.

Even though natural gas burns muchcleaner than coal, the main constituent,methane, also leaks into the atmosphereduring production. Methane is a potentgreenhouse gas, so those leaks couldpotentially wipe out the climate benefits ofnatural gas.

And fracking technology took off beforeanyone really understood how much naturalgas leaks out in the process.

“We wanted to go out and collect someof the first data on some of the new types ofoperat ions underway in natural gasproduction and what the methane emissionsare,” says David Allen, an engineeringprofessor at the University of Texas in Austin.

Allen got funding from the EnvironmentalDefense Fund, as well as support from ninemajor companies that volunteered to

participate in the study. His conclusion:Currently the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency greatly overestimates methaneemissions from a new well that is beingprepared to produce gas for the first time.But he found that the EPA also greatlyunderestimates emissions from wells that arealready in production. And when you add thewhole thing up, it’s basically a wash, Allensays.

That’s potential ly good news foradvocates of natural gas, because it supportsthe argument that, if done right, natural gasproduction can be much better for the climatethan coal.

This appears in the Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, and suggestsways to make the production of natural gascleaner than it is today.

For example, it turns out there’s a lot ofmethane leakage from fracking operationsthat separate natural gas from oil and wateras they come up the well at the same time.

“That was the biggest surprise for me,as an operator,” says Edwin Hance fromPioneer Natural Resources, a natural gascompany that operates mostly in Texas andparticipated in the study.

“I would say that’s the primary area weneed to focus going forward,” Hance says,“as far as practices where we can have theopportunity to reduce emissions further.”

5


It’s important to note that the study reliedon data from nine companies, all of whichvolunteered to be studied, a professor ofecology and environmental biology at CornellUniversity, says that means the results fromthe 190 study sites are not necessarilyrepresentative of the industry as a whole.

“I would view this as best-case scenariofor what industry can do to reduce methaneemissions when they want to,” Howarth says.

A different study, published last monthby the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, may be more representativeof a worst-case scenario. The NOAA studysampled the air in an entire basin in Utah,rather than tracking emissions down tospecific pieces of equipment and specificpractices.

“They’re finding methane emissions thatare 10 to 20 times higher than this newstudy,” Howarth says, “and I think [that’s]probably more representative of at least

those western gas fields, when industry doesnot realize it’s being watched.”

Figuring out what pract ices areresponsible for large methane emissions, likethose in Utah, will take more work.

Steve Hamburg, chief scientist at theEnvironmental Defense Fund, says hisorganization is funding 16 studies to look atthe entire natural gas system in the UnitedStates. The PNAS study, focusing only onproduction, is just one part of that.

“Regrettably, we need another year, andthen we’ll have all of these pieces togetherand we really can get a much clearer pictureof what’s going on,” Hamburg says.

At stake isn’t simply gas production inthe United States. Natural gas is taking offglobal ly. So Hamburg says thesemeasurements offer producers andregulators an opportunity to fix what’s wrongin the U.S. and to spread those best practicesaround the world.

(Source: NPR.org)

ULULULULULTRA MEGA POTRA MEGA POTRA MEGA POTRA MEGA POTRA MEGA POWER PRWER PRWER PRWER PRWER PROJECTSOJECTSOJECTSOJECTSOJECTSThe Odisha project has been allocated domestic mines sources for its coal supplies

where as the the Tamil Nadu project will have to import its coal requirements.

As part of efforts to mitigate project risks, the Government has made the cost of

fuel pass through as well as obtained most of the required clearances. Payment risk

from Utilities still persists.

INTEGRAINTEGRAINTEGRAINTEGRAINTEGRATION OF TION OF TION OF TION OF TION OF THE SOUTHERNTHE SOUTHERNTHE SOUTHERNTHE SOUTHERNTHE SOUTHERNGRID GRID GRID GRID GRID WITH WITH WITH WITH WITH THE NTHE NTHE NTHE NTHE NAAAAATIONTIONTIONTIONTIONAL GRIDAL GRIDAL GRIDAL GRIDAL GRID

The southern grid is expected to be integrated with the national grid early in 2014.

The southern grid is currently connected through a HVDC line whose capacity is well

below requirement. PGCIL is linking the two grids with a 765 kV line between Solapur

(Maharashtra) and Raichur (Karnatka). The integration is expected to boost grid stability

besides providing relief to renewable energy generators currently constrained by limited

infrastructure.

6


SMART GRID

SMART GRID VISION ANDROADMAP FOR INDIA LAUNCHED

A Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap forIndia has been launched call ing for anationwide rollout of smart grids by 2027.

This would follow a set of integratedtechnology pilots by 2015, followed by fullrollout of smart grids in the pilot project areasby 2017 and in major urban areas by 2022.It would also be accompanied by a phasednational AMI rollout for all consumers,starting with consumers with load >20 kWby 2017 and 3-phase consumers by 2022.

The Roadmap was drafted for theMinistry of Power by the India Smart GridTask Force (ISGTF) and India Smart GridForum (ISGF), and covers the 12th, 13th and14th 5-year plan periods from 2012 to 2027.

The vision is to: “Transform the Indianpower sector into a secure, adaptive,sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystemthat provides reliable and quality energy forall with active participation of stakeholders.”

According to the roadmap every globaldriver for smart grids applies to India, butIndia also has additional drivers in the shortterm. These include the need to rapidly growthe power system to meet the growingdemand with 230 GW of installed capacitycurrently and potential demand as high as900 GW by 2032, aggressive renewablegeneration and electric vehicle programs,and the continuing high levels of losses inthe power system.

Some of the key targets proposedinclude:

Electrification of all households withpower available for at least 8 hours perday by 2017

Reduction of the aggregated technicaland commercial losses to below 10percent by 2027

Dynamic tariffs and mandatory demandresponse programs for select categoriesof consumers by 2017

Microgrids in 20,000 villages/industrialparks/commercial hubs by 2027

Phasor measurement units across theentire transmission system by 2017

EV charging stations in all urban areasand along al l state and nationalhighways by 2027.

In order to implement the Roadmap anddrive smart grid development in India it isproposed to launch in 2014 a National SmartGrid Mission (NSGM), which would define thedetailed implementation plans and formulateprojects, funding arrangements, resourcerequirements, etc. The NSGM would besupported by two bodies – a National Boardfor Smart Grids (NBSG) under the Ministryof Power, which would have advisory andoversee roles, and a multi-stakeholder body,which would provide input to the NSGMSecretariat and NBSG. These two bodiescould be filled respectively by the ISGTF andISGF.

(Source: Metering.com)

7


ENERGY EFFICIENCYAPPLICATION OF HEVACOMP SOFTWARE FOR

OPTIMAL DESIGN OF INDOOR LIGHTINGVISHAKHA V. SAKHARE, Ph.D. Scholar,

RAHUL V RALEGAONKAR (MIE), Associate Professor,+91-712-2801090, [email protected], [email protected]

Department of Civil EngineeringVNIT, Nagpur- 10, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

Appropriate design of funct ionalparameters in the built environment playsvital role in occupants comfort. Optimumrequirement of electrical lighting integratedwith the available daylighting is recognizedas an important strategy in energyconserving lighting system. In the presentpaper the general methodology has beenevolved to design the optimum indoor lightingrequirement using software approach. Thedeveloped methodology has been practicallyimplemented to a case study of aneducational bui lding room over thecomposite cl imatic zone of India. Theminimum l ight ing requirement for theeducational room has been considered asper the standards. The effectiveness ofbuilding openings in terms of daylightingmeasurement has been estimated usingHevacomp software. Further, the electricallighting system has been designed for theshortfal l of the est imated dayl ightmeasurement. The suggested approach canfurther be adopted by the energy consultantsto the desired built spaces that in turn willhelp to conserve the energy requirement forlighting.

KEYWORDS: Functional parameters, builtenvironment, energy conserving lighting,Hevacomp software, energy consultant

INTRODUCTION

Artificial lighting is one of the majorelectricity-consuming products in many non-domestic buildings, accounting for about 20–30% of the total building energy load [1].Daylighting is an effective approach increating a pleasant visual environment anda useful source of energy savings incommercial buildings. The amount of daylightentering a building is mainly through buildingopenings i.e. door and windows. Properdaylighting integrated with lighting controlshave a strong potential for reducing energydemand in non-domestic bui lding byexploiting daylight more effectively [2]. Thedaylight entering a building depends on bothinternal and external factors. Indoorenvironment includes the size and positionof the windows, the depth and shape of therooms, and the colors of the internal surfaces[3]. Externally, the light reflected from thestreets and opposite facades can beimportant sources of interior lighting [4].Innovative daylighting technologies such aslaser cut panels, light shelf, light pipes,anidolic light-duct are appropriate devices totransport daylight from outdoor into the deepplan rooms to enhance daylighting schemes[5]. The integrated system for building energyand comfort management in office buildingleads to interesting energy saving (25% less

8


of total energy consumption) compared to aconventional one [6].

The use of Computer aided designtechniques for lighting design attracts greatinterest from designers. Using lightingsimulation software Radiance, it was foundthat the louvers are more effective thancurtains as daylighting control devices. Theangle of the louvers has more effect thantheir reflectance on daylight penetration anddistribution [7]. Using the Radiance software,daylight factor analysis was carried out forthe varying physical parameters (size, shapeetc.) and neighborhood material properties[8]. Radiance has no intelligent sampling oflight sources. The only case that is handledproperly is parallelograms. Light sources inform of sphere are not sampled at all inRadiance. Light in Radiance is attributing forself-luminous surfaces. Thus, self-luminousobject is the single way to specify the lightsource in a scene for Radiance. Simulationswere performed by coupl ing dayl ightsimulation tool Superlite with the result thatdayl ight ing can reduce the art i f ic ialconsumption from 50-80%. Another findingwas that the global primary energy savingfrom reduction of lighting consumption aswell as from lighting internal load was 40%,for the type of glazing usually used in theoffice building [9]. Although Superlite iscapable of calculating light levels due toelectric lights, there is no integration betweeninterior daylight levels, corresponding electriclighting system dimming response and novisual comfort calculation [10]. It requires anadditional software link such as DayLink orSuperLink, and manual data file transfers,to link Superlite [11]. Bourgeois et al., [12]considers behavioral models are theLightswitch2002 algorithms for manual and

automated light and blind control. Resultsshowed that building occupants that activelyseek daylighting rather than systematicallyrelying on artificial lighting can reduce overallprimary energy expenditure by more than40%, when compared to occupants who relyon constant artificial lighting. Caldas andNorford [13] optimized the design solutionsin terms of thermal and lighting performancein a building using a detailed thermal analysisprogram DOE2.1E. The only compromisesmade in regard to the requirements for adesign aid tool are the limitations of spatiallighting distribution simulation (a maximumof two points in each zone), the simplifiedmodeling of the electric lighting system(using only installed lighting density andlinear dimming controls), and a less accuratesplit-flux algorithm for calculating interiorreflected light. Each of these compromiseswas dictated by the need to reduce executiontime in an hourly annual simulation. Mahdavi[14] presented a prototypically implementeddaylight-responsive lighting and shadingsystems control in buildings that makes useof real-time sensing and lighting simulation.This system can control the position ofwindow bl inds and the status of theluminaries.

In the present paper, the generalizedmethodology has been developed for optimaldesign of indoor lighting requirement. Theavailable daylight intensity values have beenconsidered over the analyzed geographiclocation. A single room model has beendeveloped for optimal design of indoorlighting. Hevacomp simulator has beeneffectively used for both graphical andnumerical measurements of daylight anddesigned electrical l ight intensity. Thecumulative effect of both the estimated

9


lighting values has been verified with theminimum threshold requirement suggestedas per the standards and is made thedecision criteria for optimal design of indoorlighting requirement.

METHODOLOGY

In order to design the indoor lightingrequirement following methodology has beenadopted in the Hevacomp softwareenvironment.

The physical model of the test roomalong with the geometrical parametersand schedule of openings should bedeveloped.

The desired daylight data including skylux, glazing and window glass propertiesshould be entered as input.

The daylight data estimation for thevarying sky lux intensity should becarried out.

The optimum number of electr icall ight ing requirement should beestimated with the specific lightingsource based on the recommended

threshold lux intensity value as per thestandards [15] and the est imatedaverage dayl ight intensity for theminimum sky lux intensity value.

The results for the estimated daylightand the electrical l ighting intensityshould be either tabulated or contourplots should be generated as the output.

CASE STUDY

In order to optimally design the indoorlighting requirement a model room 3x3x3 min an educational building is considered overthe composite climatic zone, Nagpur. Themodel room has been developed (Fig. 1) inthe Hevacomp software environment alongwith the geometrical data and internallyexpose surface reflectance data (Fig. 2). Thewindow on south facing wall has thedimension of 1x1.2 m. and is located at a sillheight of 0.85 m. The door on the north facingwall has the dimension of 0.9x2.1 m. Theworking hours for the model room consideredfor further designing of lighting requirementare 8 am-6 pm. The sky lux intensity valueshave been estimated for the average solar

N

Fig. 1. Model room Fig. 2. Model room data

10


day (21st) of the month of March, for the clearsky condition from sunrise to sunset usingdirect solar radiation values on an hourlybasis [15, 16]. The sky lux intensity valuesare used further as an input to estimate thedaylight intensity values inside the room onhourly basis. The estimated daylightingvalues inside the room are verified using aLux grid approach [15]. In order to designthe electrical lighting requirement the desiredlux intensity value have been estimated fromminimum threshold value (300 lux)recommended for an educational building bythe standards and the estimated minimumdaylight intensity values throughout the day.Based on iterative approach the desirednumber of electrical lighting requirement hasbeen estimated using a specific luminaireand lighting source.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

With the available sky lux the estimatedhourly daylight intensity values have been

analyzed over the specific design date (Fig.3-5). Contour plot for the daylighting (Fig. 5)significantly indicates that the room openingsplays vital role for daylighting inside the room.It is observed that at the time of sunrise(sunset) the average value of daylight is 134lux inside the room (Fig. 3, 5). Also it hasbeen observed that although the sky luxintensity value varies in the range of 400-8000 Lux, the average daylight intensityvaries only in the range of 135-518 lux (Fig.3). Thus, throughout the day although thesky lux intensity value varies significantly, themaximum average daylight intensity valuereceived inside the room is of the order of12%. In order to design the electrical lightingsystem the threshold value of (300-134=) 166lux is considered. With the avai lableluminaire and source data (Fig. 6) the severaliterations have been performed to meet theoptimum indoor lighting requirement. It isresulted that for the considered model roomwith the available sky light intensity, 6 CFL

Fig. 3. Estimated average daylight intensity values for 21st March

11


tube lights of 18 W each (Fig. 7)found to be the optimum electricall ighting requirement. With thedesigned lighting system it hasbeen observed that the totallighting intensity estimated (Table1) over all the locations inside theconsidered room is satisfying theminimum threshold l ight ingrequirement (300 lux). With thealtered number of working hours,the number of luminaries and thesource can also be modified basedon options avai lable to thedesigner.

Fig. 4. Daylight data Fig. 5. Daylight contour plot

Fig. 6. Designed luminaire and source data Fig. 7. Designed luminaire layout data

Spacing 0.01 0.34 0.67 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 2.33 2.66 2.99

0.01 305 319 329 336 340 338 333 325 314 300

0.34 320 336 348 356 359 358 352 343 330 314

0.67 333 351 364 373 377 374 368 358 344 326

1.00 341 360 374 384 387 385 379 368 353 334

1.33 345 364 379 388 393 391 383 372 356 337

1.67 345 364 378 388 393 391 383 372 356 337

2.00 341 360 374 383 387 385 379 367 353 334

2.33 333 351 364 372 377 374 368 358 344 326

2.66 320 336 348 356 359 358 352 342 330 314

2.99 305 319 329 336 339 338 333 325 314 300

Table 1. Total estimated light intensity value in the test room

12


CONCLUSION

The Hevacomp software has beeneffectively used for the optimal design ofindoor lighting requirement. The effect of skylux intensity is studied for the estimation ofdayl ight inside the room. The resultgenerated with the software tool helps tojudge the luminaires required, their position,pattern, number, and type. The optimumrequirement of the electrical lighting systemintegrated with the available daylightinghelped to design the energy conservinglighting system and in turn reduces theelectricity consumption as well as carbonemissions. The suggested methodology canfurther be adopted by the consultants fordecision making while designing the optimumlighting requirement in the desired builtspaces.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to Department ofScience and Technology, New Delhi forencouraging and extending the facilities forthe on-going research project (DST SERCFAST TRACK PROJECT SR/FTP/ETA-067/2009).

REFERENCE

1. Li DHW, JC. Lam, Evaluation Of LightingPerformance In Office Buildings WithDayl ight ing Controls, Energy andBuildings. 33, 2001, p793-803.

2. M. Krarti, P.M. Erickson, T.C. Hillman, aSimplified Method to Estimate EnergySavings Of Artificial Lighting Use FromDaylighting, Building and Environment.40, 2005, p747-54.

3. JC. Lam, A Survey Of Exist ingResidential Buildings And Envelope

Designs In Hong Kong, InternationalJournal for Housing Science and ItsApplications. 18, 1999, p112-24.

4. P. Tregenza, Mean Daylight Illuminancein Rooms Facing Sunlit Streets, Buildingand Environment. 30, 1995, p83-9.

5. R. Canziani, F. Peron, G. Rossi, Daylightand Energy Performance of a New Typeof Light Pipe, Energy and Buildings. 36,2004, p1163-76.

6. A. Guillemin, N. Morel, an InnovativeLighting Controller Integrated In a Self-Adaptive Building Control System,Energy and Buildings. 33, 2001, p477-487.

7. E. Yan-Yung Ng, L. K. Poh, W. Wei, T.Nagakura, Advanced LightingSimulation In Architectural Design In TheTropics, Automation in Construction. 10,2001, p 365-379.

8. B. Calcagni, M. Paroncini, DaylightFactor Prediction in Atria BuildingDesigns, Solar Energy. 76, 2004, p669-682.

9. M Bodart, A. De Herde, Global EnergySaving In Office Building by the Use OfDaylighting, Energy and Building. 34,2002, p421-429.

10. R.J. Hitchcock, Advancing Lighting andDaylighting Simulation: The Transitionfrom Analysis to Design Aid Tools,International Building PerformanceSimulation Association (IBPSA). 1995.

11. H. Erhorn, J. D. Boer, M. Dirksmoller,ADELINE - an Integrated Approach toLighting Simulation, RIGHT LIGHT. 4,1997.

13


12. D. Bourgeois, C. Reinhar, I. Macdonald,Adding Advanced Behavioural Models inWhole Building Energy Simulation: AStudy on the Total Energy Impact ofManual and Automated Lighting Control,Energy and Buildings. 38, 2006, p 814-823.

13. L. G. Caldas, L. K. Norford, a DesignOptimization Tool Based On a GeneticAlgorithm, Automation in Construction.11, 2002, p173-184.

14. A. Mahdavi, Predictive Simulation-Based Lighting and Shading SystemsControl in Buildings, Build Simul. 1,2008, p25-35.

15. SP: 41, Handbook on FunctionalRequirements of Buildings (Other thanIndustrial Buildings), New Delhi: Bureauof Indian Standards. Part 1-4, 1987.

16. A. Krishan, N. Baker, S. Yannas, S.Szokolay, Cl imate ResponsiveArchitecture, Tata McGraw hi l lpublications , New Delhi, 2001.

ULTRA MEGA TRANSMISSION PROJECTIndia’s first UMTP was successfully commissioned by Sterlite Grid Limited in

September 2013. The 231 km long transmission line named Purnia-Bihar Sharif, will

provide connectivity between the hydro power plants of the North Eastern region and

parts of Bihar and Northern India. Currently, Rs.22,000 crores of transmission projects

have been awarded or are up for bidding.

The Government is also undertaking transmission projects in the north-east. It

proposes evacuation for 6,000 MW of capacity – two lines to evacuate 1,500 MW from

north-east as well as Bhutan.

Media News FlashesMedia News FlashesMedia News FlashesMedia News FlashesMedia News Flashes

BHARABHARABHARABHARABHARAT HEAT HEAT HEAT HEAT HEAVY ELECTRICALVY ELECTRICALVY ELECTRICALVY ELECTRICALVY ELECTRICALLIMITED (BHEL)LIMITED (BHEL)LIMITED (BHEL)LIMITED (BHEL)LIMITED (BHEL)

India’s largest power-equipment maker, plans to invite bids by March 2014 to

build a 1-gigawatt solar plant as the government seeks to cut the cost of the technology

by promoting large projects. BHEL’s planned tender will award a contract for the first

gigawatt of a proposed 4-gigawatt solar park at Sambhar, Rajasthan state. The

remaining capacity will later be auctioned in 500-megawatt batches to non-state

developers. The country has proposed to build five so-called ultra-mega renewable

parks comprising as much as 18 gigawatts in capacity over about 10 years, according

to the MNRE. (Source: Bloomberg)

14


ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

ELECTRICAL VEHICLES IN THE SMARTGRID VISION AND ROADMAP FOR INDIA

To date, you fill your vehicle’s tank fromthe gas station along the running roads andhighways. However, the day is not very far whenyou will charge up your vehicle from the powergrids instead of filling up your vehicle’s tankwith fuel. The unique initiative is intended toconclude under the 12th Five Year Plan.

The project is schemed by Ministry ofPower under the ‘Smart Grid Vision and RoadMap of India’ (SGV-RMI). Under thechairmanship of Sam Pitroda, SGV-RMI wasprepared with the help of India Smart Grid TaskForce and Smart Grid Forum, which wasconstituted in 2010.

As per SGV-RMI of NSGM, 60 lakhelectrical vehicles will be launched in India by2020. Out of these 60 lakh electrical vehicles,40 lakh will be two-wheelers and 20 lakh willbe four-wheelers. Power units to charge thesevehicles will be installed at parking lots,

institutional buildings, highways and apartmentblocks. It is speculated that power units couldbe installed at the fuel stations as well.

The vehicles shall more or less act asvirtual power plots. In times of excess electricityproduction, the vehicles will act as powerstorage units, while during the times when thereis power shortage, the same vehicles willsupport power grids. To implement the scheme,engineers are working to develop vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology.

Power Ministry has set the 12th Five YearPlan as the target to develop power stations ina few cities. However, by 13th Five Year Plan,the gambit shall encompass all cities. Latershall standards be laid for electrical vehiclesand charging units. Meanwhile, battery parksand other energy storage systems shall bedeveloped at some places on trial basis.

Highlights of Smart Grid Milestones and Activities specific to Electric Vehicles andEnergy Storage

During 12th Plan During 13th Plan During 14th Plan

Large rol l outs ofEnergyStorage Systems

EV charging stat ions inal lurban areas and alongallstate and national highways

EV charging stations in allurban areas andstrategiclocations on highways

Development of EV and smartgrid synergy plan ( incoordination with NationalElectric Mobility Mission)

EV charging stations in urbanareas and along selectedhighways

Introduction of Battery Parksand other Energy StorageSystems on trial basis

(Source: Dainik Bhaskar)

15


The trading for Non-Solar and SolarRECs has been quite lacklustre during thefirst half of the year(April-September 2013).This can be attributed directly to the lack ofRenewable Purchase Obligations(RPO) byvarious state governments. Given below isan analysis of the trading details of both theNon-Solar and Solar RECs.

NON-SOLAR REC

The number of non-solar RECs startedslowly during the year and touched a new

RENEWABLE ENERGY

A REVIEW OF THE REC TRADINGSO FAR IN 2013-14

high in July 2013 raising hopes for the revivalof the REC market. But the trading droppeddrastically to about 25% in the next monthand ticked up slightly in September 2013 ascan be seen in Fig.1.

While the demand for RECs has beenquite low, the supply of RECs has been quitesteadily increasing. The chart below in Fig.2highlights the fact that less 2% of all theRECs that were available for sale wereactually bought. The impact has been that

Fig.1.

Fig.2.

16


the RECs are solar at the floor price of

Rs.1500/REC for all the 6 months.

SOLAR REC

In case of Solar RECs, the trading has

been quite fluctuating. After having dropped

consecutive for 3 months till June, the traded

volume started increasing and jumped by

almost 3 times in September 2013 as can

be seen in Fig.3.

Fig.3.

Fig.4.

Unlike Non-Solar RECs, the number of

RECs sold as a percentage of the available

RECs is higher. But absent any RPO

enforcement, the solar REC sales is also

going to languish. The price of Solar REC

has also been at the floor price of Rs. 9300

since June 2013 as can be seen in Fig.4.

17


With the unallocated electricity quotaunder the phase 1 of JNNSM no longeravailable and the fact that NTPC/NVVN isno longer the procurer of solar electricityunder the JNNSM, MNRE has establishedthe Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)for handling the power procurement from thesecond batch of the JNNSM.

In this scenario however, SECI(MNRE)’s role would be limited to providingan upfront subsidy known as Viability GapFunding (VGF) which is basically a partpayment made by SECI to the projectdeveloper in order to make the project viable.In this scenario, the developer opting for thelowest amount of funding to bridge the gapwould be chosen first and so on. This is anew form of reverse bidding wherein thedeveloper would no longer quote theelectricity tariff but the quantum of moneyrequired to make the project “viable”. In viewof this, MNRE has released the draftguidelines for the first phase of second batchunder JNNSM for setting up of 750 MW ofsolar capacity. Some of the informationpresented in the draft document ishighlighted below.

Total Capacity – 750 MW

Min capacity – 10 MW

Max capacity – 50 MW

All projects to be al located inmultiples of 10 MW

SOLAR

JNNSM – PHASE 2 PROJECTALLOCATION GUIDELINES RELEASED

Max al location per bidder or

company – 100 MW

It is interesting to note that projects

which are currently under construction

or projects which have not been

commissioned yet would be eligible for

VGF through the bidding process

suggesting a form of “migration” of

existing projects.

Tariff – the tariff would be fixed at Rs.

5.45 per kWh for 25 years or Rs. 4.95

per kWh (with AD benefit)

Upper limit of VGF – 30% of project

cost or Rs. 2.5 crores per MW whichever

is lower (this is in line with the CERC

estimate of Rs. 8 crores per MW; 30%

of which translates to about Rs. 2.5

crores)

Equity contribution – at least Rs. 1.5

crores per MW

Timeline for VGF disbursal - The VGF

would be released in three tranches as

given below:

50 % on successful commissioning

of the full capacity

Balance 50 % progressively over

next 5 years subject to plant meeting

generation requirements (CUF within

specified range) as under:

18


– Upon Commissioning (COD)–50%;

– End of 1st Year from COD – 10%;

– End of 2nd Year from COD – 10%;

– End of 3rd Year from COD – 10%;

– End of 4th Year from COD – 10%;

– End of 5th Year from COD – 10%;

Net worth requirements – Rs. 2 crores

per MW upto 20 MW, additional Rs. 1

crore per MW above 20 MW

Domestic content requirement – Of

the 750 MW available for allocation, 375

MW has been allocated to bidding with

DCR. Under DCR, the solar power plant

would have to use solar cells and

modules manufactured in India.

Financial closure – within 180 days of

signing PPA (this translates to about 6

months, down from 7 months in the

previous batch)

Part commissioning – part

commissioning is allowed in multiples of

10 MW. PPA would be enforced from

date of part commissioning for a period

of 25 years.

· Payment security – SECI would set up

a payment security corpus from the

encashment of bank guarantees,

interest earned on this fund, incentives

for early payment, the extra money

coming from 10% lower tari ff to

developers claiming AD and grants from

Government/NCEF. This fund would

cover three months of payment to the

project developer.

Failure to generate power – If the

project fails to generate any power

continuously for 1 year within 25 years

or its assets are sold or the project is

dismantled during this tenure, SECI will

have a right to claim on assets equal to

the value of VGF released, on pro-rata

basis. The value which can be claimed

by SECI stands at 100% of the VGF

during the first five years of operation

and then drops by about 10% every

subsequent year for the first 12 years

of operation. The claim then decreases

per year and ends at about 1% at the

end of plant life (25 years).

The project can be transferred to

another party after one year of

operations i.e. the developer has a lock-

in period of one year before he can

transfer the asset to another party.

This announcement should provide

some insight on the VGF process for project

developers. In al l l ikel ihood this VGF

mechanism could prove to be beneficial to

the developers since all the payments are

front loaded, thus the lower tariff could have

little impact on the viability of the project. In

addition to this, developers would now have

to tackle the bidding process which is no

longer a tariff driven process but a capital

subsidy driven process i.e. a developer who

requires a lower subsidy would be given

preference with a fixed tariff over 25 years.

19


The solar PV plants in India are enteringa phase of maturity. The total installationswill exceed 2 GW by the end of the year, andabout half of them would have completedmore than 1 year of operations by that time.As the plant becomes older, Operation andMaintenance(O&M) becomes more and moreimportant for improving the performance ofthe plant.

In this article, some of the importantaspects of O&M are highlighted. A fewchallenges related to them and somesolutions are suggested.

Types of maintenance

Like in any power plant, a solar PV plantrequires the following types of maintenance

Preventive Maintenance (PM) whichincludes routine inspection and servicingof equipment which help preventbreakdowns and reduce energy yieldlosses. PM is usually a scheduledactivity.

Corrective Maintenance(CM)or breakdown Maintenance(BM) includes repair ofbroken down equipment andis usually reactive.

Condition-Based Monitoring(CBM) involves monitoring ofequipment condition and plantoperations on a real-t imebasis and addresses apotential problem at a veryearly stage to prevent

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE – THE KEYSUCCESS FACTOR FOR A SOLAR PV POWER PLANT

downtime. This requires a robust plantperformance monitoring system.

O&M focus areas

A solar PV power plant has severalcomponents and each of the sub-systemrequires different O&M skillsets. A few of thesub-systems and their O&M requirementsare mentioned below.

Module

While the PV module does not have anymoving parts, the yield from the module ishighly dependent on the cleaning of thepanels. In the dusty environments ofRajasthan and Gujarat, the cleaningfrequency has to be quite high.

Electrical sub-systems

Inverter is the most complicatedcomponent of the PV plant and can be calledthe heart of the system. Since Inverters arepredominantly electronics devices, they needto be taken very high care due to the extreme

20


hot, humid and dusty conditions of India.World over, the system downtime is veryclosely correlated to the inverter downtimes.In fact, in a study conducted in 2010 by USbased Electric Power Research Institute, thenumber of breakdowns is the highest byinverters.

From the above graph, it can be noticedthat most of the energy losses happen dueto the AC Sub-systems. Apart from this, it isalso important to periodically check thewiring(using visual inspection and if possible,using infrared scanners). In India, rodentsare known to cause damages to theunderground cables and it is important tomonitor this regularly. Earthing protectionalso needs to be checked often.

Civil and Structural sub-systems

One of the tasks of the O&M personnelwill be make sure that the growth of shrubsand other vegetation are fully in control. Ifnot, they will grow very tall and will causeshadowing effect on the panels. Snakes andother poisonous reptiles might make theseshrubs their home and can cause safetyhazard to the workers.

The other problems relate to themounting structures. In some cases, bendingof the structures can happen due to theimproper design. If left unaddressed, thebending can damage the modules.

Similarly, during rainy season, it hasbeen observed that the top soil gets washedaway due to improper drainage system.Caving of the foundation and the structurescaused by improper compaction of theground has also been observed. A pro-activeO&M team can address this by visualinspection and take preventive actionespecially before rains.

Communication

Most of the solar power plants arelocated in remote places with unreliablecommunication infrastructure. Most of theremote monitoring systems need an internetconnection and in the absence of a reliableconnection, there could be problems of lackof data logging for long periods of time. Thismakes it very difficult to diagnose and rectifyproblems in a timely manner.

Warranty Management

The O&M personnel should have a veryclear understanding of the warranty termsfrom the suppliers. They also need to knowthe type of defects or problems that arecovered under warranty, the duration of thewarranty and also the key personnel from thesupplier with whom warranty claims can betaken up and enforced in a timely manner.

Spare Parts Inventory Management

The inventory management is criticalbecause this could increase or decrease thecost of the O&M as well as the working capitalrequirement. It is also essential for the timelycomplet ion of the different types ofmaintenance. The O&M personnel shouldknow very clearly the list of the spare partsavailable, their quantity at the site warehouseand the lead times for delivery of spare partsfrom the suppliers.

Other Challenges

In our experience in India so far, we havecome across some of the problems which arevery severe.

a. O&M budget – Typically, the O&Mbudgets are very limited for variousreasons.

21


b. Availability of water –Dust accumulationin India is very high and requiresfrequent cleaning. However, most of theplants are located in arid regions withvery little availability of water.

c. Skilled manpower – Since the O&Minvolves people who have the skills inelectrical and electronics engineering, itis a challenging task to get people tomove to such remote locations to work.

d. Local labour – In many places, it ismandated that local villagers need to beemployed for O&M. While this is a nobleobjective and also is important for theeconomic development of localcommunities, in some cases the localsform unions and demand wages thatmake the O&M cost to go very high.

e. Theft – Theft of materials (even PVpanels) is rampant in some parts of thecountry. This can be prevented byhaving a good security system and agood inventory management system.

f. Documentation – In many plants, there

is no robust remote monitoring system.

Instead they have a basic SCADA

system which provides real-t ime

information, but does not log the events,

alarms and other maintenance issues.

In such cases, there is very l i t t le

documentation which can help the O&M

personnel to identify, diagnose and trace

the problems.

Conclusion

The importance of O&M is often

overlooked by many developers. Considering

the fact that the plant has to generate returns

over a period of 25 years, a good O&M

contractor, a good monitoring system and

above all, a very good O&M process is very

critical for the success of the plant.

Written by Madhavan Nampoothiri,

Director of RESolve Energy Consultants. The

article first appeared in intersolar.in


COLLABORACOLLABORACOLLABORACOLLABORACOLLABORATION AGREEMENTTION AGREEMENTTION AGREEMENTTION AGREEMENTTION AGREEMENTFOR BIO FUEL - ETHANOLFOR BIO FUEL - ETHANOLFOR BIO FUEL - ETHANOLFOR BIO FUEL - ETHANOLFOR BIO FUEL - ETHANOL

India’s state-run explorer Oil and Natural Gas Corp. Ltd (ONGC) and

Finland’s Chempolis Ltd, a green technology specialist, signed a preliminary

collaboratory pact for the production of the bio-fuel ethanol, officials of both

sides said. The in-principle agreement was signed in the presence of visiting

Finnish minister for European affairs Alexander Stubb and India’s minister

of state for petroleum and natural gas Panabaka Lakshmi in New Delhi.

22


WINDMNRE RELEASES DRAFT “NATIONAL

OFF-SHORE WIND POLICY”About 5 GW offshore wind capacity has

already been installed around the world andapproximately an equal capacity is underconstruction. There are a large number ofoffshore wind farms in Belgium, Denmark,Finland, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands,Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.The European Union have establishedaggressive targets to install 40 GW ofoffshore wind by 2020 and 150 GW by 2030.

According to the Ministry of New andRenewable Energy(MNRE), India isestimated to have 350 GW of offshore windenergy capacity. Recognizing the importanceof Off-shore wind energy, the MNRE releaseda draft “National off-shore Wind Policy” inMay 2013. The policy draft says that there isa potential of 1 GW each along theRameshwaram and Kanyakumari coasts inTamil Nadu. The policy aims to facilitate off-shore wind farms upto 12 nautical miles fromthe coast. The policy offers several fiscalincentives in the form of 10 year tax holiday,concessional import duties and certain dutywaivers.

In August 2013, it was announced thata National Offshore Wind Energy Authority(NOWA) under the aegis of Ministry of Newand Renewable Energy will be constitutedthat will act as the nodal agency for OffshoreWind Projects in the country. NOWA will carryout resource assessment and surveys in theExclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of thecountry and simultaneously enter into

contract with project developers fordevelopment of offshore wind energy projectin the territorial water (12 nm). NOWA willbe the single window agency and wil lcoordinate with concerned Ministr ies/Departments for necessary clearances.However, NOWA will only act as a facilitatorfor getting clearance and application forclearance will be dealt in entirety by theconcerned Ministry/Department.

Power Evacuation: A critical successfactor

A designated nodal agency/distributionutility of state will enter into Power PurchaseAgreement (PPA) with offshore wind powergeneration project developers and willdirectly purchase the offshore wind power asper the norms and guidelines fixed by theCentral Electricity Regulatory Commission(CERC) and respective State ElectricityRegulatory Commission (SERC).

The State Electricity Board or a statedesignated authority will provide necessaryonshore infrastructure for evacuating thepower generated by Offshore Wind farms,whereas offshore power evacuationinfrastructure up to the f irst onshoresubstation will be developed by the Windfarm developer. The Central Governmentmay provide support to respective StateGovernments in creation of evacuationinfrastructure for offshore wind energyprojects.

23


The Government of India,acknowledging the importance of theGeneration Based Incentive(GBI) in thegrowth of the wind power sector, especiallyafter the phasing out of AD benefi ts,reinstated the GBI from April 1, 2013 andallocated Rs. 800 crore towards the same.On August 1, 2013, the Union Cabinet ofMinisters formally approved thereinstatement of the scheme.

The GBI mechanism was introduced in2009 to incentivise developers to install windcapacity with focus on maximising theamount of electricity generated rather thanusing wind as a financial instrument byinstal l ing wind turbines and avai l ingaccelerated depreciation benefits. Naturally,the developers whose wind farms were moreefficient stood to gain more from the GBI.Thus, the introduction of the GBI heralded ashift in the wind market dynamics from acorporates owing wind mills for tax benefitstowards a more IPP driven model as the GBImodel favoured IPPs who were likely to havehigher installed capacities thereby producinga larger quantum of electricity.

The scheme offered a GBI of Rs. 0.50per kWh with a predefined cap of Rs. 62.5lakhs per MW of the capacity installed. TheGBI offered is over and above the tariffoffered by each SERC. This however isexclusive of the AD benefit that the wind farmdeveloper would get. Thus the developer hadto make a choice as to whether to go for theAD benefi t or avai l the GBI. The GBI

WIND POWER IN INDIA GETTINGBACK ON TRACK

incentive scheme was available till the endof the financial year 2011-12, i.e. all projectscommissioned before 31st March 2012 wereeligible for GBI provided the developer choseto go through this route.

The expiry of the GBI in March 2012 andconsequent non-availability of the incentivealso contributed to the huge slump in thesector in 2012-13.

In the new scheme of things, theincentive of 50 paise per kWhr of electricitygenerated by wind projects registered underthe scheme will continue. The cap of Rs. 62lakhs per MW has been increased to Rs. 1Crore per MW, which can be drawn in notfewer than four years and not more than 10.

“We are happy that wind energy sectorhas been recognized as a signif icantcontributor to the power scenario of thecountry in the Budget 2013 proposalsannounced by the Union Finance Minister,Mr.P. Chidambaram”, said Mr. RameshKymal, Chairman, Indian Wind TurbineManufacturers’ Association (IWTMA).

“The re-introduction of GenerationBased Incentive (GBI) is a timely interventionfor the wind industry which was suffering formore than one year. This would certainlyrejuvenate and boost the sector with moreinvestments in the wind industry.Reintroduction of GBI assumes greatersignificance as the industry has an ambitiousplan of capacity addition in the current Plan

24


Period. I am confident that the industry would

bounce back by 2014-15 and may be able to

cross the set target of 5000 MW capacity

every year,” he added.

Mr Kymal, who heads the Renewable

Energy Council of Confederation of Indian

Industry, also welcomed the Finance

Minister’s announcement of providing low

interest rate loans for funding wind energy

projects. This fund allocation will be made

available from National Clean Energy Fund

(NCEF) through Indian Renewable Energy

Development Agency (IREDA).

The Wind industry was relieved at theextension of tax exemption of the clause 80-IA for one more year. This means that thegreen energy power projects can avail a taxholiday for a period of 10 years out of thetotal 15 year period.

Mr Kymal said that the Union Budget 2013-14 proposal is silent on the reintroduction ofaccelerated depreciation (AD), which is a taxdeferral and said that the wind industry isconfident that the AD figures in the fine printwhich would help the small and mediumindustry in the wind energy segment.

(Source: The Hindu Businessline, IWTMA andPanchabuta.com)


GOOD NEWS FOR POWER EXCHANGESImmediately after the land mark order given by the honorable Maharashtra

Electricity Regulatory Commission on the enforcement and strict compliance of

the Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO) including the Distribution Licensees

including the entire backlog upto FY 2012-13 and for the current financial year

FY 2013-14, the honorable Joint Electricity Commission for the state of Goa and

UTs (Union Territories) which regulates the Electricity Departments of Goa,

Andaman & Nicobar, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu,

Lakshadweep and Puducherry has also reviewed their previous order in this regard

and has given strict instructions to obligated entities to comply with their RPOs

by 31st March 2014 and to submit their compliance report by 20.12.2013.Based

on this order if the distribution companies come forward to comply with their

deficit Solar RPO by the mean of purchase of Solar RECs this will lead to a

demand of around 2.5 Lakh Solar RECs. This will clear almost 50% of the REC

inventory from both the power exchanges.

25


According to a recent study, there are806 geothermal power projects indevelopment around the world with acombined capacity of 23,313 megawatts,with the majority located in Asia, NorthAmerica and Africa.

That sounds impressive, but the industryfaces strong chal lenges everywhere.Projects need to secure governmentapproval, publ ic consent (sometimescomplicated by local opposition), powerpurchase agreements and, last but not least,necessary financing. The latter has beenparticularly challenging.

In addition, the push to explore forunconventional natural gas has beencounterproductive to geothermaldevelopment in the United States, despite thegreen credentials of geothermal power.

Looking at overal l projects indevelopment, Asia is by far the most active,with a combined planned capacity of around

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

THE STATUS OF GLOBAL GEOTHERMALPOWER DEVELOPMENT

10,100 megawatts. The majority of theseprojects can be found in Indonesia, followedby the Philippines and Japan. North Americafollows with around 6,340 megawatts indevelopment, mostly in the U.S. Africa has aplanned capacity of around 2,500megawatts, mainly in Kenya. Europeandevelopment accounts for around 1,400megawatts, which mostly falls on Iceland andItaly. Turkey, which was categorized as beingpart of the Middle East, has around 800megawatts in development.

Looking at individual countr ies,Indonesia is the leading country, with morethan 8,000 megawatts of projects indevelopment. It is followed by the U.S. witharound 6,100 MW in development. If allprojects were to come on-line, America wouldstill remain the top country, with Indonesiacoming in a close second.

Ranking third with around 1,880megawatts under development and an

Source: ThinkGeoEnergy

26


installed capacity of 175 megawatts, Kenyais probably one of the hottest markets at themoment. All the major suppliers and servicefirms have been actively pursuing businessopportunities in a market that is supportedby various national development banks, andinternational organizations such as IFC, theWorld Bank and The African DevelopmentBank.

The Phi l ippines have announcedambitious geothermal development plans,but account only for around 1,550 megawattsof concrete development, with a currentlyinstalled capacity of 1,968 megawatts.

The fourth largest market today isTurkey. With i ts continuously growingeconomy, Turkey is looking to geothermal tofuel its increasing energy demand. Thecountry currently has some 780 megawattsunder development, most of this utilizinglower-heat resources and combineddevelopment plans for power generation anddirect use in greenhouse and district heatingapplications.

Iceland has some 780 megawatts ofgeothermal power generation capacity on thedrawing board, somewhat less than the planscalled for before the financial collapse of2008. The geothermal market has slowedsubstantially since then, mainly due topol i t ical disagreement regardingdevelopment and the apparent lack of foreigninvestment.

Also notable are New Zealand andMexico. New Zealand has seen a strongincrease in installed geothermal capacity andhas around 500 megawatts in various stagesof development. Mexico is planning toincrease its current geothermal powergeneration capacity of 810 megawatts byabout 25 percent in the coming years.

This year, the Italians celebrated thecentennial anniversary of the first commercialgeothermal power plant at Larderello inTuscany. The operator of the Larderelloplants, Enel Green Power, seems though to

be looking abroad for further developments,especially in South and Central America. Thisis related to Italy’s weak economy and localopposition toward some development plans.

Interestingly, Japan only comes in atnumber ten in the rankings. Despite itsplentiful geothermal resources, ambitiousrenewable energy plans following the 2011earthquake and nuclear crisis, and theresulting electricity shortages, geothermalenergy development has not picked up.Supporting legislation and the opening up ofnational parks has so far resulted in eightgeothermal projects, though rather small-scale, with a combined capacity of 116megawatts.

Current development st i l l onlyscratches the surface of the largegeothermal development potential, whichincludes not only conventional geothermalresources, but also the appl icat ionof enhanced/ engineered geothermalsystems (EGS) technology for thus farinsufficient conventional resources. Basedon various sources, we estimate a moreconservative development potential ofaround 180,000 megawatts.

Analyzing where projects are in thedevelopment phase provides a greatoverview of the business opportunities forsuppliers to the industry. Based on availabledata, we estimate that more than 75 percentof all projects are in the early stages ofdevelopment, having not yet proven theirresources. Almost two-thirds of those are stillin the prospecting and exploration phases.

Only around 24 percent of all projectsare either dri l l ing or already in theconstruction phase. With everything going asplanned, only some 5,000 megawatts will beon-line in the coming two to four years.Without efforts to help projects finance thedrilling of necessary wells, many of theseearly-stage projects might not be able tomove ahead.

This article was originally published atThinkGeoEnergy and in Green Tech Media.

27


This article analyses the report on greenenergy corridor describes the clauses andthe plans for transmission expansion in the12th five year plan presented by the PowerGrid Corporation of India on July 2011.Expansion in the transmission system in thenational and state grid is designedconsidering the increasing penetration ofrenewable in the power grid. The higherpenetration of these renewable resourcescauses variability and uncertainty in thepower production and this affects the stabilityand reliability of power. In order to reducethe impact due to the renewable sources, itis essential to interconnect the state grids tothe national grid and also increase thecapacity of the current transmission systemto manage the increased generation from theRenewable Energy(RE) sources to dispatchpower from the RE rich states to the statesnot rich in RE.

Presently, the energy penetration ofwind is 4% and capacity penetration isaround 12% of the total installed capacity of200 GW at the time the report was released.The 12th 5 year plan aims to increase thecapacity penetration of RE to 21% andenergy penetrat ion to 13% with windpenetration increasing from 9% to 15%.Around 30GW of wind capacity will be addedin the plan period.

OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OFRENEWABLE RESOURCES

Wind Energy Resources

Generation

Seasonal Generation- In India,generation from wind maximizesduring May to September due tomonsoon and pre-monsoon flow in

A REPORT ON THE TRANSMISSION PLANFOR ENVISAGED RENEWABLE CAPACITY

the southern and western region ofthe country.

Daily wind generation patterns - it canbe deciphered that the windgeneration rises from 11 to 16 hoursin a day in all the RE rich statesexcept Maharashtra and Rajasthanwhere the wind patterns are flatthroughout the day in the former andthe wind generation rise after 18hours in the latter. The availabilityfactor is around 70% around peakgeneration and dropping to 30%during off peak hours.

Demand Pattern

Seasonal Demand – Northern regionhas maximum demand duringmonsoon period from July toSeptember due to agricultural andweather beating loads while thesouthern and western regions obtainsits maximum load during January toMarch

Daily Demand – Maximum peakhours are observed from 19 to 20hours.

Another operational challenge in wind isthe uncertainty and variability in the windgeneration due to uncertainty inprediction of wind speed, direction, etc.If wind alone is responsible for changesin the net drawl of states, the correlationcoeff icient between drawl andgeneration should be -1.

The above mentioned intermittency dueto wind variation and uncertainty can behandled by varying the output of hydroplants and by expanding the

28


transmission infrastructure to avoidcongestion. In case the demandexceeds the generation, like in northernregion, the additional power is suppliedby the hydro power plants and in caseof excess generation like in the southernregion, the base load thermal powerplants are backed down.

Solar Power Plants

Solar generation is fairly predictablecompared to the wind with high generationduring the day t ime and almost zerogeneration during evening, night and earlymorning with an availability factor of about70-80%. However, they are subject tointermittency and variat ion during theoccurrence of rain or cloudy season whenthe generation drops.

System Studies for Transmissionexpansion

A number of System studies regardinggrid expansion were conducted in differentRE rich states of the country.

Wind and Solar Capacity and FutureAddition Plan for RE Rich States

The report provides the summary of thestudies in detail and the cost associated withthe same show in Table 1.

Reactive Power Compensation

The report considered Reactive Powercompensation. The need for the same and

the method for Reactive Powercompensation are given below.

Need For Reactive PowerCompensation: The basic need forreactive power compensation rises dueto the use of induction machines forWind Generation which absorb a highreactive power, almost up to the powerrating of the turbine, during startup.Intermittent nature of wind can cause themachine to turn off and start upalternatively and hence, there is a highconsumption of reactive power absorbedby the machine. This power is drawnfrom the grid and reduction in reactivepower can cause fluctuations in voltage.

Method for Reactive PowerCompensation :A number of Studiesfrom RE rich states to determine reactivepower compensation requirementprovided the following results:

In most RE r ich states, due toinjection of RE power during off-peakperiods at low grid voltage levels of33/66/132kV, the transformer loadingof EHV lines is less since the poweris locally utilized and this low loadingof the lines causes high voltage gridconditions in other than peak hours.This issue can be mitigated by theused of switchable/controlled reactorat 220kV and above.

State Existing Capacity (MW) Addition in the 12th Total Capacity (MW)Plan (MW)

Wind Solar Wind Solar Wind SolarTamil Nadu 6370 7 6000 3000 12370 3007Karnataka 1783 6 3223 160 5006 166Andhra Pradesh 392 92 5048 285 5440 377Gujarat 2600 600 5083 1400 7683 2000Maharashtra 2460 17 9016 905 11476 922Rajasthan 2100 200 2000 3700 4100 3900Total 15705 922 30370 9450 46075 10372

Table 1

29


Tamil Nadu, however, suffers fromlow voltage due to MVAR absorptionby the wind and inadequatecompensation through shuntcapacitors or high level of loading ofthe underlying network or both. Thissituat ion can be mit igated byproviding adequate shuntcompensation to manage the reactivepower absorption.

Other alternatives include the usageof SVC or STATCOM to comply withthe Fault Ride Through compliancyof the RE generation.

Additional methods for Reactive PowerCompensation are also considered in thereport.

Issues that arise due to renewableintegration and mitigation procedures

As seen earlier, wind and solar powergeneration results in two major challenges –Variability and Uncertainty affecting thestabi l i ty of the grid. This is furthercomplicated by the fact that these areanalogous to the customer demand causingmore variability throughout the day and year.Variability can be, to some point, managedwith proper schedul ing and forecast.Uncertainty is caused due to theunpredictable output of wind which can causegrid failure with variations of large magnitude.The major chal lenges in large scaleintegration of wind in each domain of the grid:

Grid Planning – Congestions intransmission due to unpredicted flow ofpower in the grid, gestation period of REplants are much lesser than the time fortransmission strengthening and theirremote location away from the loadcenters are the major chal lengesimposed during the planning stage.

Grid Operation – Variabi l i ty andintermittency of wind, concentration ofRE in specific states while other statesare deficit, and inability to offer ancillaryservices in the grid like reactive support

are the major setbacks in operationdomain.

Some of the measures for mitigatingthese challenges imposed by the renewablesare discussed below :

Forecasting of renewable generation –High quality forecasting and confidencein the forecast are necessary to aidmanagement of balancing energy fromconventional plants.

Availability of Flexible generation – withhigh ramp rates to manage the variabilityof wind. This is provided by a mix ofgeneration types to obtain the desiredmatch between the load and thegeneration.

Demand side management/ demandresponse : DSM/DR is designed toencourage consumers to modifypatterns of electricity usage. In this way,DSM/DR helps to reduce the operationalcost of renewable integration throughmeasures such as load shifting and peakshaving thereby reducing therequirement of reserves.

Energy storage capacities – Solution toaccommodate large scale penetrationand manages the challenges imposedby them by storing the excess energyduring off demand period and offeringthe same back during peak hours.

Market Design – Describes thestrengthening of market mechanismsthat can help the integrat ion ofrenewables in the market,

Flexible generators – wheregenerators bid their surplus capacityfor low frequency period and backdown during high frequency

Anci l lary markets for anci l laryservices like reactive power supportand evening markets for increasing

30


market performance.

Automatic Generation Control and LoadFrequency Control – the frequency ismaintained by the deregulated powercompanies in India within a frequencyrange of 47.5 to 50.5Hz without any strictcontrol for adoption of integration ofrenewables

Synchrophasor Technology – usesphasor measurement units and phasordata concentrators along with optic fibercommunication links integrate withREMC/LDC to control grid lines andtransformers being switched in and out

· Transmission system strengthening – Inorder to integrate large scale wind/ solarplants into grid, installation of matchingtransmission system between plants andnearest grid pooling stations (dedicatedsystem) is essential.

To facilitate the high wind penetration,new regulations/connectivity standards areto introduced to ensure that their large scaleintegration don’t affect the power systemsecurity & reliability. Such regulations/standards wil l also provide necessaryguidelines to the developers for connectivitywith the grid as well as other technicalrequirements like fault ride through, reactivepower support etc.

Renewable Energy ManagementCenter(REMC)

The REMC is proposed to work inassociation with the dispatch centers formaximization of renewable energygeneration and integration with the main gridwithout compromising security and stabilityof the power system. For large scaledeployment of renewables generators, thebidirectional power flow is required in thedistribution network and therefore for powersystem modeling and metering suitable forbidirectional power flow. REMC at the load

dispatch centers must be integrated with thecorresponding SCADA / EMS system forscheduling, load forecasting and othernecessary functions. More REMCs must beestablished with higher penetration ofrenewables and these are quipped toevaluate the performance of the REresources.

Cost Estimation

The overall cost of the project can besummarized as :

Intra State transmission systemstrengthening (for all 7 States) incl. lastmile connectivity : Rs. 20,466 Cr

Inter State transmission systemstrengthening including last mileconnectivity to ISTS : Rs. 18,848 Cr

Dynamic ReactiveCompensation : Rs. 568 Cr

Real Time Monitoring System (PMU/PDC)(including Fiber Optic Communicationlinks) : Rs. 451 Cr

Energy Storage : Rs. 2000 Cr.

Establishment of Renewable EnergyManagement Centre: Rs. 224 Cr.

Total : Rs. 42,557 Cr.

The overall estimated cost of the projectis around 42k Crores based on the length,fibre optic length and various data sources.It can change with respect to Right of Way,.Space at substation and type of equipments,etc.

Conclusion

The report is one of the most exhaustiveyet on the topic of transmission extension inorder to accommodate higher levels of ree

SUNANDA GOPALAKRISHNAN is an MS student

(Electrical Engineering) at the University of Arizona,

USA and currently an intern at RESolve Energy

Consultants, Chennai).

31


BETTER BATTERIES, BETTER WORLDWhy Improved Energy Storage Will Matter More than Fracking and Renewable Energy

By JAMES MANYIKA and MICHAEL CHUI

Believe it or not, the electric storagebattery — a technology that has been aroundsince the eighteenth century — could changethe economic course of the twenty-firstcentury. Thanks to breakthroughs on thehorizon, batteries qualify as one of 12disruptive technologies that the McKinseyGlobal Institute has identified as part of arecent report on innovations that will changethe way the world works. Each game-changing technology could affect hundredsof millions of people, create hundreds ofbillions of dollars a year in economic value,and reconfigure large sectors of the globaleconomy. Advanced batteries, for their part,have the potential to shape global demandfor fossi l fuels, increase the use ofrenewables in the electric grid, bring reliableelectric power to businesses in developingeconomies, and extend electricity — andtherefore access to the modern world — tomillions of the world’s poorest. All told, energystorage could have as much as $635 billiona year in economic impact, which is ameasurement of the value created by the useof a technology as well as the revenue that itgenerates for the companies that produceit . Value to users includes improvedperformance, better costs, greaterconvenience, t ime savings, and otherbenefits. The total value that we estimatecould be created annually in 2025 by energystorage — mostly achieved through fuelsavings — is almost equivalent to the GDPof Saudi Arabia and more than the potentialestimated impact for such high-profi ledevelopments as 3-D printing, hydraulic

fracturing, and renewable energy. Not badfor a technology that has been evolving formore than 200 years and can be foundanywhere in both developing and advancedeconomies.

By definition, energy storage is anysystem or technology that allows you togenerate energy at one time and use it atanother. One of the most common forms ofenergy storage is pumped hydroelectricstorage (PHES), which involves pumpingwater uphill into a reservoir and releasing itlater to flow through a turbine and generatemore electricity. Hydro companies useelectricity to pump the water uphill when thecost of electricity is low and generate morepower from the water when rates are high.Another common form of energy storage, ofcourse, is your average battery. In our work,we focused on the battery because thattechnology, unlike PHES, is undergoing arapid evolution that could shake up the entireindustry. In the next ten to 15 years,advances in the components that go intobatteries could double storage capacity,reduce costs, and extend the l ives ofrechargeable batteries, making it morepractical for consumers to use stored energyin more places. The advances that enablethese performance gains include new typesof cathodes (the positive terminal in a batterycell) that eliminate dead zones and boostperformance. They also include new kindsof anodes (negative terminals) made ofsilicon that could increase cell capacity by30 percent over today’s graphite

32


components. Further out, there may beadditional advances through the introductionof nanomaterials that have exceptionalpowers of conductivity. Most of the economicgains from better batteries would comethrough their use in electric-powered motorvehicles. With advances in storage capacity,falling costs for components, and moreefficient battery manufacturing, fully electricand partially electric (hybrid and plug-inhybrid) cars could become more attractiveto consumers. Today, the total cost ofownership over five years for a compacthybrid is estimated by automotive sites suchas Edmunds.com to be around 39 percenthigher than for a comparable internal-combustion model. By 2025, the total costof owning a hybrid or a conventional carcould be about equal, assuming gasolineprices of $2.85 a gallon or higher. With equalcost of ownership, the share of hybrids inannual global auto sales could rise fromabout three percent today to anywhere from20 to 40 percent in 2025. The total value ofusing less (or no) fossil fuels in these partiallyor fully electric vehicles could be as muchas $415 billion a year in 2025. In developingeconomies, battery storage could have ahuge impact on economic growth.Developing economies suffer from twoproblems that better batteries can helpaddress. The first is the unreliability ofelectrical supplies. In these countries,outages average from two to 70 hours permonth. That is bad enough for privatecitizens, but it really throws sand in the worksof industry, which accounts for 43 percent ofpower in developing economies. In a recentWorld Bank survey, 55 percent of firms inthe Middle East and North Africa, 54 percentin South Asia, and 49 percent in sub-SaharanAfrica said that the lack of access to reliableelectric power hurt their ability to do business.

Almost all large companies in developingeconomies invest in backup power, but themillions of small firms that cannot afford todo so are at the mercy of erratic electricsupplies. Batteries in the electric system thatwould supply power when generators fail,allowing businesses to continue operating,could have an annual economic impact of$25 billion to $100 billion by 2025. Thesecond chal lenge in less developedeconomies is bringing electricity to remotelocations and other areas beyond the reachof the electrical grid. Only 63 percent of ruralpopulations in developing economies haveaccess to electricity, which severely limitstheir chances at development and theiraccess to critical services.

Based on current population projections,more than one billion people worldwide couldbe without electricity in 2025. The value ofproviding access to electricity throughbatteries in remote areas alone could amountto anywhere from $2 billion to $50 billionannually by 2025. That estimate assumesonly 60 kilowatt hours of electricity per monthper household, which would be enough forl ight ing, some television, cel l-phonecharging, a radio, and a fan. Nevertheless,with improved batteries and solar chargers— a kit that can be leased at very low prices— millions of the world’s poorest people canget at least a toehold in the global economy.Even more intriguing than automobiles andenergy use in developing countries is whatis known as grid storage — using batterieson the electrical grid to store energy. Gridstorage can be used in several ways toimprove the rel iabi l i ty, qual i ty, andaffordability of electricity. An even biggerbenefit could come from integrating powerfrom renewable energy sources into thepower supply. Today, even if a local electric

33


company is fully committed to using greenenergy, it would have a hard time doing sobecause wind and solar power areintermittent: When the wind does not blowand the sun does not shine, windmills andsolar panels do not produce. With batterystorage, electricity from those sources canbe stored and used whenever it is needed.Battery storage not only can accommodateelectricity generated on wind and solar farmsbut also from rooftop solar panels used onthousands of homes and office buildings.Battery storage would allow utilities to acceptexcess electr ici ty from these sourceswhenever it arrives and expend it wheneverneeded. Battery storage could also allowconsumers —wealthy ones, at least — tostore their own excess energy and live offthe grid. Given concerns over the security ofthe electric supply, the military and largeindustrial users might adopt renewables andbattery storage to go off the grid as well. Evennow, battery storage can improve theeconomics of electricity production anddistribution around the world. Today, electriccompanies are forced to build excesscapacity so that they can meet peak demand,which only may occur a few days a year whentemperatures soar and air-conditioning goesfull blast for days on end. With batterystorage, electricity generated at times of lowdemand and low cost can be tapped duringperiods of highest demand and prices. Howquickly utilities adopt battery storage as away to deal with peak loads is an openquestion. Based on the current price ofnatural gas, especially in North America,utilities might find it cheaper to build and runextra gas-fired plants for peak hours. Evenso, we estimate that the economic impact ofusing energy storage for peak load shiftingwould be between $10 billion and $25 billionannually in 2025. Finally, battery storage can

help utilities improve the quality of electricity.When there are sudden spikes or drops indemand on the electric grid, the load on thesystem can go out of balance, causing thevoltage to drop. To head off thesefluctuations, which can wreak havoc withindustrial equipment and electronics, utilitiesset aside one to four percent of additionalgenerating capacity that can be ramped upas needed to regulate the volatility. If batterystorage replaced the entire four percentreserve capacity, the potential economicimpact could be $25 billion to $35 billionannually in 2025, net of storage costs.Capturing the potential economic value ofadvanced batteries will depend on clearingtechnical, economic, and regulatoryobstacles. For example, before the fullbenefits of the new silicon anodes can berealized, scientists will need to eliminate thetendency of these components to crack. Tocapture a larger percent of global auto sales,hybrid vehicles might have to hit an evenlower cost of ownership than we predict,since most of the growth in global auto salesbetween now and 2025 wil l occur indeveloping economies. Finally, to realize thebenefits available from grid storage and peakload shifting, utility regulations would haveto evolve. If regulators continue to insist, asthey do today, that utilities must have an extrafour percent of capacity in reserve to meetpeak demand, utilities have no incentive toinvest in storage for peak load shifting.Assuming these challenges can be met, thegood old battery will earn its place amongthe great technologies of our time.

(This article was published in

foreignaffairs.com)

34


ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIAOFFICE-BEARERS’ ADDRESSES - 2012 - 2013

1. Mr.S.Ramalingam, CMD, CPCL (Retd.), National President 96770 11766Anand Apartments, 262/11 Poonamallee High Road,Kilpauk, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

2. Mr. K.Sadasiva Chetty, Vice President-HQ 98410 46289G-4, Ground Floor, Kala Flats,New No.15, Old No.18/19, Kamatchipuram 2nd Street,West mambalam, CHENNAI - 600 033.Email : [email protected] / [email protected]

3. Mr.R.Sundar, Director of Boilers, Vice President – 94430 01763North Wing, PWD Office Compound,1st Floor, Southern RegionChepauk, CHENNAI-600 005. Email:[email protected]

4. Mr. Ramnath S. Mani, Chairman Vice-President – 98400 62118Emergys Software Pvt. Ltd. Eastern RegionAuras Corporate Centre, 4th Floor,98-A Dr Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore,CHENNAI-600 004. Email: [email protected]

5. Capt. Dinesh .T.S.R, Director, Secretary 98842 03213Praddin Energy Pvt. Ltd., No.4, N.S.K. Street,Eswaran Nagar, Pammal, CHENNAI-600 075.Email: [email protected]

6. Mr. S.Sakthivel, Deputy Director of Boilers, Treasurer 94431 49993A5/1, BHEL Quarters, Kailasapuram, TRICHY-620 014.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

7. Mr. Pradeep Chand KRD Joint Secretary 94455 76307Senior Manager (Shift Operations),Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd.Manali, CHENNAI - 600 068.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

8. Mr. S.Jeyaram, CEO, Joint Secretary 97910 20132Six Elements Environmental ConsultingSuite No.49, 3rd Floor, Real Regency Complex,Old No.102, New No.234, Bharathi Road, Royapettah,CHENNAI-600 014. Email: [email protected]

9. Mr. Madhavan Nampoothiri, Founder & Director Chairman - 98848 29214RESolve Energy Consultants, New No.7, New Renewable EnergyMalleeswarar Koil Street,. Mylapore, Chennai-600 004.Email: [email protected]

10. Mr.P.Mukundan, Chief Executive, Chairman-Rural Energy 98403 56578Servals Automation Pvt. Ltd.5/1 Balaji Nagar, Ekkattuthangal, CHENNAI-600 097.Email: [email protected], [email protected]

11. Mr. R.Raju Pandi Chairman-Power 93827 40069Flat No.9, 3rd Floor, Hemamanor, Generation Sector23 Branson Garden Street, Kelly’s, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected]

35


12. Mr.S.Baskara Sethupathy, Assistant Professor, Chairman – 94456 33381Vellammal Engineering College, Vellammal Nagar, Academic interfaceAmbattur, Redhills Road, Chennai-600 066.Fax: 91-44-26591771, Email:[email protected]

13. Dr. A.Rajakumar, 3/25 A-II Mahalakshmi Flats, Editor/Member 99412 51640Abdul Razaak Street, Saidapet, CHENNAI-600 015.Email: [email protected]

14. Mr. K.R.Govindan, New No.22 Janakiram Street, Task Group Member 94443 82649West Mambalam, CHENNAI-600 033.Email: [email protected]

15. Mr. B.Sreerama Sreenivasu, Coordinator - Pune 099701 94339Flat No.603, Block D-2,Mahalaxmi Vihar, Vishrantwadi, Pune-411 015,MAHARASHTRA, Email: [email protected]

16. Mr.G.L. Srinivasan, Member / 94449 07738New No.6/2, Old No.17/2, Immediate Past PresidentRaghu Veda Apartments, Jagdeeswaran Street,T.Nagar, CHENNAI-600 017. Email:[email protected]

17. Mr.G. Thangaraj, Member / 98402 6197881, South West Boag Road, T.Nagar, CHENNAI-600 017. Past PresidentEmail: [email protected]

18. Mr.T. Ambalavanan, Member 98407 39858No.24, Block MIG 13, 3rd Loop Street,Kottur Gardens, Kotturpuram, CHENNAI-600 085.Email: [email protected]

19. Mr. T. Doraivel, No.5 First Street, Member 94441 85424East Abhiramapuram, CHENNAI-600 004.Email: [email protected]

20. Dr. K.S. Dhathathreyan Member 94442 91041T-1, Ragam Apartments, New No.2, First Avenue,Sastry Nagar, Adyar, CHENNAI-600 020.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

21. Dr. Mrs. Hyacinth j . Kennady, HOD & Professor, Member 94448 98258Dept of Mech Engg, Hindustan University, P B No.1,Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, CHENNAI-603103Email: [email protected]

22. Mr. Krishna Pillai, Managing DirectorCape Institute of Technology, 4-D, 4th Floor, Member 94431 26329Century Plaza, No.560-562, Anna Salai, Teynampet,CHENNAI-600 018. Email: [email protected]

23. Mr.C.E.Karunakaran, Member 93810 41615Flot No.2A, Madeleine CourtNew No.26, Old No.72 Spur Tank Road, Chetput,CHENNAI-600 031. Email: [email protected]

24. Mr. V.Kanniappan, President, Aban Offshore Ltd., Member 99403 40009Janpriya Crest, 113, Pantheon Road, Egmore,CHENNAI-600 008. Email: [email protected]

36


25. Dr. B.V.S.Lakshmi, Member 098481 99200G-2, 5-10-197/2, Hill Fort Road, Adarsh NagarHYDERABAD-500 004. Email: sreeramvasu@vsnl,net

26. Mr. S.Pandarinathan, G M (Dev), C P C L (Retd), Member 94443 90012#7, Nathamuni 2nd Cross Street, Naduvankarai, Anna Nagar,CHENNAI-600 040. Email: [email protected]

27. Mr. Pashupathy Gopalan, Managing Director Member 99406 70562Sunedison Energy India Pvt Ltd, Menon Etemity,10th Floor, New No.165, Old No.110 St Mary's Road,Alwarpet, CHENNAI-600 028. Email:[email protected]

28. Dr. A.Peer Fathima, Professor, School of Electrical Member 94440 22777Engineering (SELECT), VIT, ChennaiVandalur-Kelambakkam Road, CHENNAI-600 127..Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

29. Mr. S.R.Pradhish Kumaar, Director, Member 99401 50530Praddin Energy Pvt. Ltd., 0 I -A, Bakthani Building,First Street, Cenotaph Road, CHENNAI 600 018.Email: [email protected]

30. Mr. C. Rajesh Srinivasan, Project Manager, Member 92837 01460Cape Energy Pvt. Ltd., 4-D, 4th Floor, Century Plaza,No.560-562, Anna Salai, Teynampet, CHENNAI-600 018Email: [email protected]

31. Mr. R. Ravikumar, Director Technical ES MemberElectronics (India) Pvt. Ltd., 098441 36209Plot No.82, Kiadb Industrial Area, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Jigani Hobli, Anekaltaluk,BANGALORE-560 105. Email:[email protected]

32. Capt. M.Singaraja, Ratnabala Designs & Consultants Member 94441 27704New No.90, Rama Naicken St., Nungambakkam,CHENNAI-600 034. Email: [email protected]

33. Mr. V.Siva Kumar, General Manager - Safety Member 098847 23766Health and Environment Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 94440 62884Indian Oil Bhavan, 139, Nungambakkam High Road,CHENNAI-600 034.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

34. Dr.A. Venkatraman, A19, Anna Nagar Main Road, Member 99427 62255ANNA NAGAR, TENNUR, TRICHY-620 017. 89399 92755Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

35. Mr. Vineeth Vijayaraghavan Member & AdvisorFounder-Editor, Panchabuta-Cleantech & RenewableEnergy in India, No.30 Sapthagiri Colony 1st Street,Jafferkhanpet, CHENNAI-600 083, Email:[email protected]

36. Mr. Vishwanathan (Vish) Iyer Member & Adviser 73030 94212Deputy General Manager - Solar BusinessWest & South India Sterling and Wilson Ltd.Associates of Shapoorji, Pallonji & Co. Ltd.Universal Majestic Building, 10th Floor, P.L.Lokhande MargChembur (W), MUMBAI-400 043.Email:[email protected]

37


ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIACHENNAI - 600 034.

APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION

From

................................................................................

................................................................................

................................................................................

To

The Honerary SecretaryEnergy & Fuel User’s Association of India4, B-1, J.P. Tower, 7/2 Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034.

Dear Sir,

I/We requested that I/We may be admitted as a (Please tick in appropriate box)

Life Member Member Individual Member Student

Our organisation falls under the following category (please tick whichever is applicable)

Manufacturer/Energy and Fuel Consumer/Academic Institution / Consultancy Services/ Individual.

Our annual turn over in Rs......................... (Rupees............................................ only)

I/We send herewith a D.D. / Cheque for Rs.......................... being subscription for theyear together with the Entrance Fee of Rs.100/-

I/We agree to abide by all the rules and regulations of the Association as per itsconstitution, in force on the date on which our membership is accepted and any changes andamendments / alterations that may be made in the constitution by-laws thereafter.

Yours faithfully,

Signature

Name in Capital Letters

Designation

38


ENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEVolume - LXIII Book - 2

July - September 2013

EDITORIAL BOARD

Associate Editor :

Dr. A. Rajakumar

Advisors :

Dr. R. Natarajan

Mr. G. Thangaraj(Past President)

Dr. Sulaiman A. Alyahya

Members Ex-Officio:

Mr. S. Ramalingam, President

Capt. Dinesh .T.S.R, Secretary

Mr. S. Sakthivel, Treasurer

Mr. K.R.D.Pradeep Chand, Joint Secretary

Mr. S. Jeyaram, Joint Secretary

Members :

Mr. S. Baskara SethupathyChairman Academic Interface

Mr. R. Sundar, Vice President, Southern Region

Mr. G.L. Srinivasan, Imm. Past President

Mr. P. Mukundan, Chairman - Rural Energy

Publisher :

Mr. S. RamalingamHonorary PresidentEnergy & Fuel Users’ Association of India

Editorial-cum-Admn. Office :

No. 4, B-1, J.P. Tower7/2, Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034. INDIAPhone : (091 - 044) 2827 8604e-mail : [email protected]

Printer :

EDITORIAL

Welcome to the latest edition of the ENFUSE Journal.

The 63rd Annual General Meeting was held in Septemberand a new set of office-bearers took charge. The ENFUSEJournal team wishes all the new office bearers a very successfulyear ahead.

One of the important developments in the renewableenergy sector has been the release of the guidelines for theallocation of solar projects under the Batch 1, Phase 2 of theJawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission(JNNSM). In the windsector, the sector heaved a sigh of relief after the Governmentof India reinstated the Generation Based Incentive(GBI).Similarly, draft off-shore wind policy has also been released.Another very important development has been the launch ofthe National Smart Grid vision and Roadmap.

In this edition of the Journal, we start with by some updateson the Oil and Natural Gas sector. We then take a closer lookat some of the highlights of the National Smart Grid Vision andRoadmap and the importance of Electric Vehicles in the SmartGrid Vision. An in-depth analysis of the design of indoor lightingfollows in the energy efficiency segment.

In the renewable energy segment, an analysis of the RECtrading is available. The details of the recently announcedguidelines for solar project selection under the JNNSM comenext. It is followed by an article on the importance of Operationand Maintenance(O&M) of solar plants.

In the wind section, the draft off-shore wind policy isexamined. The news about the reinstatement of GBI also findsa place in this edition.

We finish the journal with a quite unique segment inrenewable energy - Geothermal. While Geothermal energy isnot much talked about in India, it is a main source of energyfor a few countries like Iceland. You can find some interestingdetails about the sector in the article on Geothermal energy.

I hope you find the articles interesting and useful. Pleaselet us know you feedback and suggestions to improve theJournal.

MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI

1234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121212345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212

123456789012345678901234567890121212345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212

39


FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK

As you are aware, the 63rd AnnualGeneral Body Meeting of ENFUSE wasconducted on 20th September 2013 and thenew committee of Office Bearers have sincetaken over. I take this occasion to thank theoutgoing committee for their excellentcontribution to the activities of ENFUSE lastyear inspite of odds. Also I have the privilegeto welcome the new Office Bearers for theyear 2013-14 with the observation that thereare great expectations for good activities inthe year 2013-14.

The List of the current office bearersfor the year 2013-14 is appearing in the otherpages of this journal.

Activities in the solar power generationfront is gathering momentum in Tamil Naduwith TANGEDGO releasing letter of intent topotential investors and you will be readingabout the related activities in the featuredcolumns of this journal. Talking to some ofthe investors we observe that there is ampleresource availability in the renewableenergy sector particularly in the solar domainin the country. The investors feel while thereare no resource constraints there areexecution and regulatory constraints. As faras execution is concerned, in power sectorthe only constraining factor is landacquisition. If and when acquisition can be

speeded up, we can certainly add morecapacity. So finally the growth in the powersector boils down to regulatory issues.

Talking about the recently passed landacquisition bill, Investors observe that it isgoing to make life very difficult for industries.The cost of acquiring land is going toincrease substantially. But what is moreworrying is the time period. The processinvolves government and the local bodies.So you see, the more power you put in thehands of any government organisation, theworse it is. And this is what exactly this billhas done. This wil l also mean a longgestation period

In the next 40 years, 70% of the planetwill be living in cities. Such explosive growthpresents chal lenges to exist ing ci tyinfrastructures. Systems that traditionallyhave operated in stand-alone silos - electricgrids, gas and water distribution, waste watertreatment, public and private transportation,commercial buildings, hospitals, homes -must become integrated to create moreefficient, livable, and sustainable cities. Thuswe are being led o the concept of smart cities

Smart Cities start with smart systems.A methodology combining a bottom-up,systems-centric approach with top-down,data-driven actionable intelligence is beingintroduced. ENFUSE is planning to offerawareness programmes on smart gridconcepts in the coming year.

With the festive season round the cornerENFUSE brings joyous greetings to themembers and their families.

S. RAMALINGAM

II

40


ENFUSE NEWS

Workshop on “Energy Conservation andGreen Practices for SMES” on 3rd July 2013at Conference Hall of State PlanningCommission, Chennai, organized by MCCI& State Planning Commission.

ENFUSE was invited to participate in theWorkshop on “Energy Conservation and GreenPractices for SMEs” on 3rd July 2013 atConference Hall of State Planning Commission.The event was chaired by M/s. Santha SheelaNair, Vice Chairman Planning Commission.

The following presentation were madeduring the workshop

Promoting Energy conservation andimplementing Energy Efficiency in SMEClusters - by Mr. Pradeep Kumar,Alliance to Save Energy.

How Energy Conservation can makeeconomic sense for SMEs - by Mr.Sathappan, Regional Director, AsiaSociety for Social Improvement andSustainable Transformation (ASSIST).

Financing Energy Efficiencies in SMEs– by Dr. Markus Aschendorf, Head ofDivision, Energy Asia, KFW & K UshaRao, Ph.D., Senior Sector Specialist –Energy KFW, New Delhi.

SME Case Study – by Mr. RangarajanRamaswamy, Director Service &Training, Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd.

Natural Gas – Clean and EfficiencyEnergy – by Mr. Prashant Modi,President and Chief Operating Officer,Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd.,Gurgaon.

Moving towards Green Energy in SMEs– by Dr. Giridhar, Unit Chief, SRRA Unit,(C-WET).

III

In conclusion the Workshop recognizedmicro and small medium industries as enginesof economic growth in India, contributing about45% of manufactured outputs and 40% of thecountry’s exports.

A Workshop on ‘Solar Energy- Technology& Evaluation’ on 21 Aug 2013 at HindustanInstitute of Technology & Science.

Hindustan University conducted aworkshop on “Solar Energy – Technology &Evaluation” on 21st August 2013. Mr. Munivelu,Chief Engineer, NCES, TANGEDCO, Chennaito inaugurate the workshop. Mr. S Ramalingam,President, ENFUSE to deliver the Keynoteaddress on the occasion.

Workshop on “Rural Renewable EnergyGeneration and Rooftop Solar Energy” on17th September 2013 at HDV ConferenceHall, Planning Commission, Chennai 5.

ENFUSE was invited to participate in aRound Table Conference organized by TamilNadu State Planning Commission on 17th

September 2013, Chaired by M/s. SanthaSheela Nair with the participation of SecretaryEnergy, Tamilnadu Government and Chairman& MD, TEDA. There were interestingpresentation on the following topics:

Model Solar Village in Tamil Nadu – BYMr. Toine Von Megen, Co-Founder,Auroville Consulting.

Hybrid operation of wind and solarenergy in South Tamil Nadu – By Dr. KBalaraman, Chief General Manager,PRDC, Bangalore.

Hybrid Wind-Solar Converter – Inverter– By Mr. Joseph Chaly, ExecutiveDirector, ReGen Powertech.

Round Table Discussion – By Ms.Santha Sheela Nair, I.A.S., (Retd), ViceChairman TN SPC, Moderated by

41


Mr. Vineeth Vijayaraghavan, Founder -Panchabuta

Interesting and involved discussions wereheld on the following topics:

implementing small scale solar projectsas well as decentralized villageelectrification system.

Solarisation of existing wind farms farmore efficient use of resources.

Green taxation scheme with provision fortaxation of fossil fuel use to subsidisegreen energy.

A pilot project to power up and improve lifesof people in Kalrayan hills was decided to beexecuted by TEDA. ENFUSE , President ,Mr.S Ramalingam and Executive CommitteeMember Mr. Pradhish Kumaar S.R have beenpresent throughout the session and stressedthe need for more aggressive implementationof solar power projects in the state.

MCCI Chambers Day:

MCCI Chambers Day 94th annual meetwas held on 29th September 2013. Underspecial Invitation on behalf of ENFSUSEPresident Mr.S Ramalingam and executivecommittee member Mr. Pradhish Kumaar S Rhad attended the meet. Mr. Rane ManagingDirector of Rane group of industries attendedthe meeting as chief guest and presentationswere made on industrial growth of Tamil Naduthe areas to be improved and sectors to benourished and problems to be solved. Themeeting ended with a good dinner and a voteof thanks by current MCCI president and anetworking meeting.

Conference on Solar Energy Investments-at “Cross Roads” At CPCL RESOT On 20thSep 2013

ENFUSE has conducted a one dayConference on Solar Energy Investments at

“Cross Road” at CPCL RESOT on 20th

September 2013. Mr. S Ramalingam,President delivered the Keynote Address. Mr.Madhavan Nampoothiri provided theConference Highlights .Mr. VineethVijayaraghavan, Editor – Founder, Panchabutadelivered an address and coordinated thePanel Discussions.

The Conference was well attended withabout 30 delegates. Following presentationswe made during the Conference:

Solar Power Projects – Prescription ToChallenges Over Come - Mr. Gurudutt Bhatt,Business Development, Solar PV Projects,Larsen & Toubro Ltd.

Solar Power Projects – Prescription to OverCome Challenges - Mr. Venkatramana,Reconnect Energy Solutions Pvt Ltd.

Later on the day the 63rd Annual GeneralBody Meeting of ENFUSE was called toorder and the following business sessionhad been conducted.

Approval of the minutes of the 62nd

Annual General Body

Review and approval of accounts for thefinancial year 2012 -13

Appointment of Auditor

Election of Office Bearers for the year2013-14

The President thanked the outgoingcommittee for the excellent performance inspiteof odds. Welcoming in the new committee,President observed that there are greatexpectations for good activities in the year2013-14.

The List of the Office Bearers for the year2013-14 is appearing in the other pages of thisjournal.

IV

42


During the Annual General Body Meeting,Mr. P.Mukundan, Chairman, Rural Energyhas shared the following information forseeking financial support for buddingentrepreneurs:

Chilasa is a new generation philanthropicfund providing capital and strategic support tograssroots social enterprises with exceptionalgrowth opportunities or facing major problemsrequiring significant organizational change.

Chilasa combines a local partnershipapproach, global networks, changemanagement and business development skills,sector expertise, and a deep understanding ofthe drivers of value creation at the grassroots

to help social entrepreneurs and theirorganizations realize their full potential.

Chilasa has, through its parentorganization, Friends of India, ten years ofexperience working with social non-profitenterprises in India. In 2011, it was decided tolaunch Chilasa to promote for-profit socialenterprises.

Chilasa is looking for enterprises ineducation, healthcare, food & agriculture, andlivelihoods. Chilasa is looking for entrepreneurswho have long-term vision of social impact fortheir organization and with a proven trackrecord of minimum three years.

For more information, please log in towww.chilasa.org

V

43


VI

63rd Annual General Body Meeting on 20th Sep. 2013

A view of the audience - Conference on Solar Energy Investments at Cross Road

44


CONTENTSPage No.

1. PETROLEUM REFINING IN INDIA- AN UPDATE 1

2. NATURAL GAS MAY BE EASIER ON CLIMATE THAN COAL, DESPITE METHANE LEAKS 4

3. SMART GRID VISION AND ROADMAP FOR INDIA LAUNCHED 6

4. APPLICATION OF HEVACOMP SOFTWARE FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN OFINDOOR LIGHTING 7

5. ELECTRICAL VEHICLES IN THE SMART GRID VISION AND ROADMAP FOR INDIA 14

6. A REVIEW OF THE REC TRADING SO FAR IN 2013-14 15

7. SOLAR - JNNSM – PHASE 2 PROJECT ALLOCATION GUIDELINES RELEASED 17

8. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE – THE KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR A SOLARPV POWER PLANT 19

9. MNRE RELEASES DRAFT “NATIONAL OFF-SHORE WIND POLICY” 22

10. WIND POWER IN INDIA GETTING BACK ON TRACK 23

11. THE STATUS OF GLOBAL GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT 25

12. A REPORT ON THE TRANSMISSION PLAN FOR ENVISAGED RENEWABLE CAPACITY 27

13. BETTER BATTERIES, BETTER WORLD 31

AN APPEALAs you are aware our advertisement tariff had been kept at very low levels for a long

time. However due to run away cost in all activities, the production cost of the journalalso has increased tremendously. This has necessitated a reworking of the advertisementtariffs us given hereunder. This Tariff comes into force with effect from 1.4.2011.

All members are requested to cooperate:

BACK WRAPPER - Rs.10,000/- per insertFRONT INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertBACK INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertFULL PAGE (ART PAPER) - Rs. 2,500/- per insertFULL PAGE - Rs. 2,000/- per insertHALF PAGE - Rs. 1,000/- per insert

For Details Please contact:

Hon. Secretary, ENFUSE4, B-1, J.P.Towers, 7/2 Nungambakkam High Road,

Chennai - 600 034. Phone: 044-2827 8604

VII

energy & fuel users’ journal jul. – sept. 2013 petroleum...

Documents