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ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN PAKISTAN Ahmed Sohail* andMoin ud Din Qureshi**

* College of Electrical & Mechanical Engg., National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

** College of E&ME, NUST, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]

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ABSTRACT

Pakistan is one of the countries with the highestenergy consumption for domestic use. Annual energyconsumption by the domestic sector is 45.9 % of thetotal, while the industrial sector, consumes about 27.5%. About half of the total energy consumed is used inbuildings and/or heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting appliances. Theenergy consumed for the same purposes in China andUK is 25 to 30 % and 40 %, respectively, even inextreme weather conditions.

Energy deficiency in Pakistan is approximately 5,000MWe, which results in worst load-shedding insummers and, lately, even in winters. Building newenergy sources like dams, coal power plants andrenewable energy power projects are some possiblesolutions, but these are time taking and need at least 2to 6 years to complete, depending upon the nature ofthe project.

Fast development of energy-efficient buildings is,therefore, necessary to deal with exacerbatingenergy-crisis and related environmental impact inPakistan. Innovations in the prevailing building-designwill help the country in reducing the energy burden.These innovations may include improved architecturaldesigns, energy-efficient building materials, electrical

appliances and implementation of building energy-efficiency codes. In 1987, the National EnergyConservation Centre (ENERCON), wasestablished under M inistr y of E nvironment,Government of Pakistan, with the aim to builda wa re ne ss a mo ng t he m as se s f or e ne rg y-conservation, and to make policies regarding energy-conservation structures in the country. But no policyregarding building energy codes has been introducedby ENERCONtill now.

In collaboration with Pakistan Engineering Council(PEC), ENERCON has recently finalized the BuildingEnergy Code of Pakistan Energy Provisions 2011

for which statutory notification is under process fornecessary amendment in the building by-laws. Theimplementation of this Energy Code will result in 25 to30 % of energy savings in the new buildings. This

paper discusses important aspects of energy-conservation through building of energy-efficientstructures, while taking into account their geographiclocation, cost-effectiveness, trade-offs and aesthetics.

Pakistan,

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WORLD SCENARIOS

Pakistan is a highly energy-deficient country. Theenergy consumption per capita for Pakistan is 475kWh/annum and is 164 on world ranking, while USAis at number 9 with per capita consumption of 12,924kWh/year. Whereas, worlds average consumption percapita is 2,500 kWh/year. Pakistans installed energycapacity is approximately 19,500 MWe, out of whichonly about 13,500 MWe is being produced. It is one ofthose countries in the world that generate its maximumshare of electricity from thermal source. The share oft herm al energy in P akistans energy m ix isapproximately 70 % and its efficiency is merely 35 to40 % (Haleel, 2009).

Under this scenario, energy-conservation seems to bethe only way out. Pakistan is situated on latitudesbetween 24 N and 35 N, which means that 70 % of thecountry remains in sunny and hot climate throughoutthe year. Thus the major energy use is for cooling andshould be the main concern while designing buildings.But, unfortunately, after consuming 55 % of thenational energy resources, buildings in the country arestill unable to provide a comfortable living atmosphere.

More than one-thirds of the worlds energy is used inbuildings; the majority of that energy is used in housesand apartments (Clarke and Maver, 1991). A lot of

money can be saved to deal with the prevalent energy-crisis by building energy-efficient houses andbuildings. Such buildings would conserve a lot ofenergy that is normally wasted in ordinary dwellings.

An energy-efficient new house uses only 10 % to 30 %of the energy used by a house of similar size that isbuilt according to usual contemporary standards. Thesmall additional costs of thermal design may berecovered quickly, and the energy-efficient homes willreduce dependence on expensive and unreliableenergyresources.

Earlier, energy-efficiency measures for buildingsresulted in poor insulation levels, which could lead tohealth problems because of humidity or air-infiltration.Before the oil crisis in 1973/74, most regulations forenergy-efficiency in buildings came from the northernregions (European countries) that are cold enough toconsiderably influence public health (Figure-1).Requirements on specific constructions, with somethermal characteristics in these regions, first appeared

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Ahmed Sohail and Moin ud Din Qureshi

OECD countries is that these nations are among thehighest per-capita electricity consumers. The graph ofelectricity consumption in IEA member countries from1990 to 2004 (Figure-2), shows that more than 50 % ofthe share was used for space heating and cooling(Lausten, 2008).

Rapidly developing countries having the economic

capacity to install cooling or heating systems, such asIndia and China,

regulating energy-efficiency in buildings.

seek to improve comfort and reducethe dramatic increase in energy-consumption by

Examples ofIndia andTurkey are elucidated below:

Source:The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 2008

Figure-3: Total Energy Consumption by Buildings in India



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2.1 India

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was set up inMarch 2002, under the provisions of the EnergyConservation Act (2001), to provide a legal frameworkfor the governments energy-efficiency initiatives in thecountry.

Being the emerging economic giant in Asia, India hasraised its electricity consumption per capita from 402kWh/year in the year 2000 to 571 kWh/year in 2009.The Indian government is striving hard to harness thedemand vs. production ratio. In this regard, the EnergyConservation Act (2001) was constituted(BEE, 2008).

Having the primary objective of reducing energyintensity of the Indian economy, the Bureaus missionis to develop policies and strategies with a thrust onself-regulation and market-principles.

An extensive data collection was carried out forconstruction types and materials, glass types,insulation materials, lighting and HVAC equipment(see Figure-3). Furthermore,

base-case simulation models were developed; stringency analysis was done through detailed

energy and life-cycle cost analysis; a stringency-level for each code component was

established; a codewas finalized.

The code was launched on 27 May 2007 with focuson commercial buildings and new construction. The

2.1.1 Energy Conservation Building Code(ECBC) Development Process

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code on building components included:

Building envelope (walls, roofs,windows); Lighting (indoor and outdoor); Heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)

System; Solar-water heating and pumping; Electrical systems (power factor, transformers).

Due to its effective energy-efficiency policies forbuildings, electricity consumption in Turkey wasreduced to 25 to 30 %,against the average of50 % asseen earlier (Figure-4). The total population of Turkeyis 70.5 million and per capita electricity consumption is2,692 kWh/yr (Keskin, 2008).

An Energy Efficiency Policy was prepared by TurkishMinistry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR),followed by:

Energy-efficiency implementation by the GeneralDirectorate of Electrical Power Resources Surveyand Development Administration;

Some energy-efficiency projects supported byinternational donors, such as UNIDO, the WorldBank, JICA, GTZ, and the European Union;

The goals of capacity-building and awarenessraising was achieved to some extent although big-scale energy-efficiency enhancement was notensured in all sectors;

Preparation and adoption of Energy EfficiencyStrategyby MENR forTurkey in June 2004.

2.2 Turkey

2.2.1 Energy-efficiencyActivities

Energy-Efficient Buildings in Pakistan

Source:Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE),Turkey

Figure-4: Electricity Ratio in Industry and Buildings, Turkey



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Turkeys industry has one of the best energymanagement system that can serve as a goodexample for other countries . Almost 1,000energy managers were trained and certified in aprogramme comprising lectures and practicalapplications on energy-management methods

(Buyukmihci and Calikoglu, 2009). With thisprogramme in industrial plants, which consume morethan 2,000 TOE energy, a perceptible energy-efficiency increase was achieved. Under the Energy

Audit Scheme, more than 100 plants were audited.The mandatory regulation for heat insulation in newbuildings, labeling of household equipment, airconditioners and lamps are some other effectivelyimplemented programmes.

The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (MPWS)is the body responsible for enforcing the regulatory

framework of the building sectorin Turkey.

The Building Standard (TS-825), sets thermalinsulation standards for new buildings and atrenovations of existing buildings with 15 % ratio ormore (mandatorysince 2000).

Regulation on heating insulation in buildings waslast revised in October 2008. After the 1999earthquake, building inspection agencies wereestablished in 19 provinces in 2001 to carry out

(Figure-5)

2.2.2 How itWorks

inspection of buildings. These agencies are alsoauthorized to control new buildings heat-insulation.

Energy-efficiency requirements can be set in differentways and methods as referred by the IEA.These are:

When using the prescriptive method, energy-efficiency requirements are set for each component ofthe building. This could be a thermal value (U-value)for windows, roofs or walls. The prescriptive methodcan include efficiency values for technical installation,ventilation, orientation of buildings, solar gains, andthe number and size of windows. To comply with aprescriptive standard, each part of a building mustmeet its specific prescribed value.

A simple version of a prescriptive building-code setthermal values for the essential 5 to 10 building parts.In the most complicated systems, energy-efficiencyrequirements are set for all parts of the building andinstallations, including heating installation, coolingunits, pumps, fans, and lighting. In some cases, theserequirements are even adjusted according to the sizeof the equipment/the size or the percentage ofwindows based on floor area/ the outer wall.

3. TYPES OF REGULATIONS

3.1 Prescriptive Method

Source:Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE), Turkey

Figure-5: Electricity Ratio (by Sectors), Turkey




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In general, instructions for the prescriptive method areeasy to implement. U-values can be followed bydescriptions of typical constructions that fulfill theneeds, and the requirements for equipment can be

combined with the labelling of products. A prescriptivemethod could require an appliance to be labelled A orB, or rated with energy stars. Every product beingused in the building has its green-star rating termed aslabels and it can be matched with the buildingspecifications.

Trade-off method sets values for individual buildingparts and/or for parts of the installations, akin to theprescriptive method. However, in meeting a generalstandard for efficiency, a trade-off can be madebetween the efficiency of some parts and installationssuch that some values are exceeded while others arenot met.

The trade-off is generally made in simple terms.Trade-off can be made between U-values for the buildingshell, or between the building shell and the energy-efficiency requirements for heating and coolinginstallations. The trade-off model provides morefreedom and flexibility than the prescriptive method.The calculations are simple and can be done by handor using a simple spreadsheet.

In the model-building method, values are set for eachbuilding part and/or for the parts of the technicalinstallat ions. B ased on t he values and t hecharacteristics of the actual building, a model-buildingvalueis calculated with allthe set values for losses andefficiency. This calculation follows a clearly definedmethod. The actual building is then calculated by thesame method using the actual values for the individualbuilding parts, heating, cooling, and ventilationsystems. The total result of the calculation iscompared with the model-building value and theactual building value must be better than that of themodel-building.

The most complicated models take into account allparts of the technical systems in these calculations,including heating systems, ventilation, cooling,lighting, built-in equipment. Renewable energy can beincluded in the calculations to make a solar collector,for instance, reduce the general energy-efficiencyrequirements for the heating system or even theinsulation level.

3.2 Trade-off Method

3.3 Model-building Method

The model-building method gives more freedom andflexibility to architects and constructors than aprescriptive model. Expensive systems can bechanged with improved efficiency in parts of the

building or installations, where efficiency will be morecost-effective.

The energy-frame method for a building sets amaximum limit on energy-loss from the building. Thisis usually set as a total frame for the building, a valueper square meter of the building area or as acombination. The energy-frame will then be followedby a procedure on how to calculate the energy lossesf rom sim ple values, such as t he U -values,temperature, surface and heat gains from sunlight.Values for the individual parts are not set in this modelbut only for total loss oruse of energy.

This method enables the constructor to build parts ofthe buildings that are less energy-efficient when otherparts are made better than typical constructions.

this method can, also help avoid limiting thesize of the window area, as improved windows orincreased insulation can adjust for the additional heatlosses or larger sun gains by having a larger surfacefor windows. As long as the overall value is met, thebuilding planis approved.

The energy-frame method can also be defined as an

overall thermal value (adjusted U-value), per squaremeter of building floor area. Again, it will be theconstructors decision to document that the building isbuilton the standard of the model-building given by theoverall values.

Similar to the model-building method, the energy-frame method gives more flexibility in fulfilling therequirements and this can easily be adapted to themost economic solution. On the other hand, itincreases t he need f or m aking com plicat edcalculations.

With the energy-performance method, a totalrequirement for the building is set based on the supplyof energy or the resulting environmental impact, forinstance, in form of CO emissions. This method

requires comprehensive calculations of the energy-performance of a building, with standard values forclimate and use in different types of buildings.Constructors are required to use an advanced

3.4 Energy-Frame Method

3.5 Energy-performance Method

Forexample,

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computer-based model for the calculations, whichintegrates the values of all the different parts andinstallationsof the building.

Values for energy-performance are set on the basis ofan overall value consumption per square meter or amixture of the two for different types of use ordifferent types of buildings. Installations usingrenewable energy in the building will usually becalculated as improvement in performance. Theenergy-performance model requires handling multiplefactors, such as solar gains, recovery of energylosses, shading and efficiencyin installations.

In energy-performance method, comparing the use ofdifferent energy forms, such as heating (gas, oil ordiesel) with the use of electricity is necessary.Depending on local energy conditions, there may beadjustments where some kWhs or GJ are valuedhigher than others or the comparison can be based onenergy costs. In performance calculations, themaximum value is often set for the use of fossil fuels primary energy use or as a maximum CO emission.

Free trade-offs can be made between insulation andinstallation of efficient equipment, but this trade-offshould be based on the selection of fuels, the use ofrenewable energy, the primary design (form) of thebuilding, use of daylight, and intelligent installations orautomatics. Windows with better thermal values canbe used to increase the window area or negativelosses can be balanced out with positive gains as

passive heating.

Energy-performance standards give optimal freedomto constructors or designers to reduce energyconsumption within the frame. If efficient boilers or airconditioners are more cost-effective than improvedinsulation, the constructors can choose this alternativeto improve performance. Similarly, it will be possible tosubstitute more expensive solutions in the buildingenvelope with efficient renewable energy systems orby heat recovery. The model adapts to a change inprices, technical development and allows newsolutions and products. There is a need to developandmaintain sophisticated calculation methods and

computer tools that take all these important factorsinto account.

Some countries use a mix of all the afore-mentionedmodels. For example, an energy-frame for the buildingmight be combined with prescriptive values forinstalled products. Another typical mixture is when

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3.6 Mixed Models (Hybrids)

building codes allow a choice between the simpleapproach with prescriptive values, an energy-performance or an energy-frame. The designers can,therefore, use a model that is simple to calculate, or

choose a more complicated model that offers morefreedom and flexibility. Sometimes both performancevalues and prescriptive values are set, whereby theprescriptive values are tighter than the value for theoverall calculation. This ensures that buildingsc o n st r u ct e d a f te r t h e p r e sc r i pt i v e v a l ue s ,automatically fulfill the energy-frame or energy-performance requirements.

Some countries/states have two or more models thathave to be followed at the same time. In this case,energy-efficiency requirements will grow from theprescriptive models over the energy-frame to energy-performance. The target is to ensure that no buildingpart or component of the heating or cooling system istoo poor to base the overall calculation on a model thatgives more flexibility. The aim may also be to avoidmoisture problems if building parts without insulationresult in condensation, or to compensate for differentlifetimes of components.

Most countries had started with prescriptive values.When energy-efficiency requirements increased andmore elements were included, trade-offs or an overallframe allowing adjustments of the individual values

was required. Today, energy-performance models andcomputer tools are being developed in many regions.International standardisation has been introducedwith the aim of developing and harmonising models tocalculate energy-performance.

At the same time, countries have decided to haveseveral methods for compliance with regulations,which allow builders and constructors the flexibility tochoose from a number of options. This is especiallythecase for small residential buildings where there is ageneral effort to make simple and comprehensiverules.

The biggest consumers of energy in housing are air-conditioning and heating (in extreme weather), whilenext in importance are refrigeration and water heating.The smallest energy uses in typical dwellings are forlighting, cooking, laundry and running miscellaneouselectronics.

4. DEVELOPMENT

5. S CO PE O F B UI LD IN G E FF IC IE NC Y I NPAKISTAN




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Optimization of a building, as per its usage andlocation, is the most important factor for energy-conservation. Buildings in southern parts of Pakistan,like Multan or Karachi, will require more cooling than

heating. Similarly, requirements of lighting of buildingand most importantly their control (manual orautomatic/timerbased)will curtail the energy bill.

Todate, there is no Building Energy Efficiency Code inpractice in Pakistan. Some suggestions andrecommendations from different case studies, existingbuilding codes and research for energy-conservationare given below:

According to Donald (2003), the following measurescan help make buildings :

The primary purpose of a building layout is to providepleasant living environment. A good layout allowsc o n ve n i en t m o ve m en t b e t w e en r o om s /compartments, provides easy access to outsideareas, exploits views, isolates noise, keeps onecomfortable under all conditions, and does all this withelegance. For example, orientation of the living-roomwindows toward the waterfront or the mountains, andputting bedrooms on the quiet side of the house.At the

same time, the layout should be used to minimize theenergy requirements. One should create a core areathat consists of the cluster of rooms more often used.Rooms that are occupied less frequently should belocated outside the daily traffic pattern so that they donot need to be heated, cooled, or lighted most of thetime. For example, locate guest bedrooms andstorage rooms in a separate wing. In general, largespaces should be kept out of the daily traffic pattern.

Large rooms that are used occasionally may bethermally isolated from the rest of the house. Forexample, big halls that are occasionally used shouldbe parted from the rest of the house with glass doors

and partitions, to save cooling and heating costs.These allow to merge the large room with connectedspaces when needed. If the temperature in anunoccupied space rises or falls a lot, it should bethermally isolated from the rest of the house by usingdoors and insulated interior walls.

If the house/building has more than one storey,provide convenient doors at the top or bottom of the

6. T HE L AY OU T A ND S TR UC TU RE O FBUILDINGS

6.1 Design a Layout Tailored to Energy-Usage

energy-efficient

stairs. The doors prevent uncomfortable temperaturestratification and energy waste. The doors should bemade as wide as the stairs to provide amplemanoeuvring space near the stairs.

Insulation is the primary tool to slash two biggestenergy costs, heating and cooling. Unfortunately,there is not much awareness on this issue in Pakistan.In typical Pakistani weather, to install 12 of insulationin the walls and 16 to 20 of insulation in ceilings willbe of good use. The contemporary building structuremade of concrete and cement or baked clay blockshas no place to accommodate the above-mentionedinsulation techniques. This calls for a big change inconstruction practices. Walls that are thick enough toaccommodate adequate insulation require studs ofthe same width, which should be rigid and strong.Increasing the wall thickness does not greatlyincrease materials cost. Generally, conventional non-flammable glass or mineral fibre insulation is used forthe walls, roof, and floors.

Windows and skylights create a large fraction of thetotal heating and cooling costs. Unfortunately, glazingremains a weak link in the energy-performance of the

houses. Even the best windows have poor insulationvalue compared to insulated walls. Also, windows andskylights account for most cooling cost by allowingsunlight to enter the house directly. If the house has toomuch glass, no other improvement to the structure cancompensate for this. It is like a boat that has a big holein the hull. So, the use of glass should be plannedwisely. The sight lines from inside the daytime roomsshould be planned to get the best view in relation to theglass area. In bedrooms and bathrooms, the windowsills should be high enough to provide privacy, as wellas allowing the use of windows for lighting.

Glass allows good use of daylighting, which is

pleasant if it is well-planned. However, lighting cost inhouses is small, whereas heating and cooling costsare large. For commercial buildings, on the otherhand, lighting may cost more than heating or cooling.Windows and skylights are light fixtures that cost a lotof money to install and operate, and should be plannedaccordingly.

6.2 Installation of Insulation in the Walls, Roof,and Exposed Floors

6.3 Rationalization of Windows and SkylightAreas




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6.4 Installation of Windows/Doors with GoodInsulation and Excellent Weather Sealing

6.5 S h a d i n g W i n d o ws t o

6.6 Ventilating Near Ceiling Air

The insulation value of windows depends mainly on

number of panes. For the windows that can be openedthe models that close very tightlyand stay tight for as long as the house stands. Sliderand hinged windows are available in tight-sealingmodels. Windows also serve as the inlet for outsideventilation air that could be used forcooling.

Daylighting uses relatively small skylights andclerestories to provide daylight in addition to the lightthat comes through regular windows. Well-designeddaylighting provides a pleasant ambiance while alsosaving a relatively small amount of energy. Passivesolar heating is the use of direct sunlight through largewindows and skylights to provide heating. In manylocations, passive solar heating could eliminate thecost of heating energy almost completely, e.g. innorthern areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa andBalochistan provinces of Pakistan. However, it isexpensive to build and is much more complex in usethan it appears to be. Most passive solar installationshave generally been failures, wasting energy, causingdiscomfort and moisture problems, and ruining theappearance of thehouse.

Most home air-conditioning cost is due to sunlight thatenters through windows. Entrance of direct sunlightfrom windows during warm weather should becontained. Deep roof overhangs are a great feature forthis purpose. They also prevent basement moistureproblems and extend the life of exterior wall surfaces.Where roof overhangs are not sufficient, soffits andother architectural features for shading. Awnings are an effective alternative, but theytend to become shabby with age. All exterior shadingrequires careful orientation with respect to the Sunsmotion. Interior shading is inexpensive, but it is lesseffective and it interferes with views.Ordinary venetianblinds and roller shades work well, but only if used

properly.

The space above the roof insulation should be open toair flow. The roof surface should work like an umbrellaor a parasol, not like a tight fitting raincoat. Goodventilation of the underside of the roof surface reducesair-conditioning cost, prevents moisture condensation

should be selected

should be considered

M i n im i ze A i r-Conditioning Cost

and ice dams during cold weather. A continuous row oflarge openings should be installed completely aroundthe bottom edges of the roof to feed air to theunderside of the roof surface.

In a climate that can be warm for extended periods,trees should be made an integral part of buildingdesigns.

The most important principles for energy usingequipment are discussed below:

All the equipment in the building that uses energy i n c lu d i ng a i r -c o n di t i on e rs , w a te r h e a te r s,refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, clothdryers, television sets, computers, light bulbs, etc isavailable in a wide range of high-efficiency versions.Select high-efficiency appliances. This requires nospecial skills, and it adds very little to the costconstruction of thehouse.

All electric appliances should be turned off when notneeded. Electronic equipment that is operating instandbymode uses very little energy.

Equipment that can heat and cool rooms individuallyonly when occupied should be used. Separatesystems for heating and cooling should be used. Thisavoids big compromises in efficiency and comfort.

Heating and cooling systems that need ducts for airdistribution should be avoided. Ducts leak badly andcontrol temperature unevenly and also collect dirt andcause healthproblems.

Hydronic heating is a favoured heating method in mostadvanced countries. Convectors are completelysilent. It is easier to install pipes or wiring forconvectors than to install ducts. High-efficiency gas

6.7 Tree Plantation to Optimize Shading

7. THE ENERGY-USING EQUIPMENT OF THEBUILDING

7.1 Select High-Efficiency Models of All Energy-UsingEquipment

7.2 Turn off Heating, Cooling, Lighting, and OtherEnergy-using Equipment when not Needed

8. EFFECTIVE HEATING AND COOLING

8.1 Heating and Cooling Systems that are Tailoredto Individual Spaces

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boiler may be used to heat water. This system is nowbeing introduced in Pakistan and is economical toinstall during new constructions. For cooling, one getsthe best combination of efficiency and comfort by

using a number of split system air-conditioners, eachserving an individual room or a group of rooms that areused atthe same time.

Programmable thermostats turn off heating andcoolingautomatically and help conserve energy.

The condensing unit is the outside metal box thatmakes all the noise. Its location is critical, and shouldbe installed in a cool location, such as a shaded side ofthe house. It needs wide open air flow and should beinstalled somewhere it is not fouled by debris, such asleaves and dirt.

A quiet whole-house ventilation fan should be installedfor use when it is cool outside and air-conditioning isnot needed. The fan exhausts warm airfromthe houseand cool air enters through windows. This works well

for cooling bedrooms at night. In houses, the mostcommon method is to install the fan above an openingnear the ceiling.

Opening a window very slightly will provide enoughventilation to avoid indoor air quality problems in aroom. Even a small window opening admits a lot of air.

Refrigerators and freezers should be installed incool areas that isolate them from heat producing

equipment, including the cooking range, waterheater, and dishwasher.

Keeping lids on pots and pans while cookingsaves cooking time and energy.

Frozen food should be thawed in the refrigerator.

Separate hot and cold water faucets should be

8.2 Programmable Thermostats

8.3 Placement of Condensing Units of Air-conditioning Equipment in Cool and CleanLocations

8.4 Quiet, High-volume Ventilation Fan fo ProvideOutside Air Cooling

8.5 Management of Windows and Ventilation

8.6 Energy Efficient Cooking Area

8.7 Saving Water and WaterHeating Energy

installed forall basins, tubs, and showers. flushingt oiletsshouldbeinstalled. Efficient washing machines should be uised. Geysers should be turned off if the house is being

vacated for longer period.

Reflective interior colours should be used toreducelighting costs.

Fluorescent lighting should be installed in roomswhere lights stay on for long periods.

All light fixtures should be made as efficient aspossible.

Motion sensors can help control lighting inappropriate locations.

Energy-conservation is a long and time-takingprocess but is very beneficial in the long run. It is theright time for Pakistan to adopt energy-conservationtechniques and equipment like developed world has.Fast development of energy-efficient buildings is,therefore, necessary to deal with growing energy-crisis and related environmental impacts in Pakistan.Innovations in the prevailing building-design will helpthe country in reducing the energy crisis.

Donald, R. W., 2003. How to Build & Operate aSuper-Efficient House, In: Energy EfficiencyManual , USA: Energy Institute Press. [online]

Ava i la bl e at : < ht t p: / / e ner g ybo oks . com /resources/tips_super_efficient_house_v040118.pdf>

Haleel, S., 2009. Power Sector of Pakistan andthe Role of Independent Power Producers,

Av ailable at:

Laustsen, J., 2008. IEA Information Paper.

Efficient

Buyukmihci, M.K., and Calikoglu, E., 2009Overview of Energy-efficiency in Turkey, GeneralDirectorate of Electrical Power Resources Surveyand DevelopmentAdministration. Turkey

Clarke, I.A., and Maver, T.W., 1991. AdvancedDesign Tools for Energy Conscious BuildingDesign: Development and Dissemination.

26(1), pp. 25-34.

[Accessed on 24 Dec. 2010] Keskin, T., 2008. Energy Management in the

Building Sector: Turkish Experience. WorldEnergy Council Turkish National Committee

8.8 Efficient Lighting

9. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

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Available at: < http://www.iea.org/weo/ database_electricity/electricity_access _database.htm>

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Donald, R. W., 2004. The Four Steps of EffectiveEnergy Management, In: Energy EfficiencyManual , USA: Energy Institute Press. [online]

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HDIP, 2009. Pakistan Energy Year Book. Ministryof Petroleum & Natural Resources, HydrocarbonDevelopment Institute of Pakistan.

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P P I B , 2 0 1 0 . A v a i l a b l e a t :. [Accessed on 24 Dec2010].

USAID, 2010. Pakistan Energy Overview. SouthAsian Regional Initiative for Energy. Available at:< h t t p : / / w w w . s a r i - e n e r g y . o r g /PageFiles/Countries/Pakistan_Energy_Overview.asp> [Accessed on December 14, 2010]

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