energy efficiency (sgcie) - autenticação · (sistema de gestão dos consumos intensivos de ......

Energy Management :: 2009/2010

Class # 2

Energy demand, energy supply and policies for promoting energy efficiency (SGCIE)

Prof. Paulo Ferrã[email protected]

Prof. Miguel Á[email protected]

Energy Management

Energy transformation

Sankey Diagramm

Primary energy

Final energy

PRODUCTION

EFFICIENCY

Energy Transformation:

� Dams, thermal power stations, wind mills, ...

� Refineries, …

� Fuel transport, electricity networks, …

Energy Conversion:

Supply

Class # 2 : Energy demand, energy supply and policies for promoting energy efficiency (SGCIE) Slide 2 of 53

Final energy

Useful energy

Productive energy

ENERGY

EFFICIENCY

CONTROL

& BEHAVIOR

� Internal combustion engines, ...

� Lamps, …

� Heaters, …

Dem

and

Energy Use:

� Products, ...

� Confort, …

� Transportation, …

Energy Management


Natural gas

Electricity

Power station and

transportation

losses50%

LIGHT


Lamp losses(fluorescent light)

Light use,

ambient light …

Reading a book

Light

50%

80%

Total losses = 95%

Energy Management


Oil

Gasoline

Refining and

gasoline transport 5%

TRANSPORTATION


Mechanical

losses

Traffic and

driving losses

Reach destination

Moviment

75%

50%

Total losses = 88%

Energy Management

Life cycle analysis

LIFE CICLE ANALYSIS

TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION =

Energy to produce the equipment (ENERGY CAPITAL)

+

Equipment energy consumption (ENERGY CONSUMPTION)

+


+

End of life processing energy consumption

For instance, in a services building, Energy Capital may represents

5 to 10% of the total building energy consumption, while in a

residential building it may be significantly higher.

Energy Management

Input

Outputr

nConsumptio

Produtiono=η


� Refinery ~ 95% (crude oil into refined products)

Examples of transformation of primary energy into final energy


� Refinery ~ 95% (crude oil into refined products)

� Combined cicle ~ 55% (natural gas into electricity)

� Rankine cycle ~ 40% (coal into electricity)

� Natural gas transport ~ 99% (from high to low pressure)

� Electricity transport ~ 95% (from very high to medium voltage)

Energy Management

nConsumptio

nDegradatio -nConsumptio nConsumptio

Production==η


Examples of efficiency values in the transformation of

final energy into useful energy


� Electrical resistance ~ 100%

� Electric motor ~ 90%

� Boiler ~ 85%

� Fluorescent lamp ~ 50%

� Internal combustion engine ~ 30%

� Incandescent lamp ~ 5%

Energy Management

nconsumptio yElectricit

Heat=COP

Natural gas

Elect.


Examples of efficiencies in the transformation of

final energy into useful energy

HEAT PUMP


COP – Coefficient of Performance

• Industrial heat pump COP ~ 5

• Residential heat pump COP ~ 3

Elect.

Heat

Energy Management

TOETOE as Primary Energy unit: Objectives

The ton of oil equivalent (toe) is defined to convert final energy consumption

(electricity, natural gas, gasoline, .) back to primary energy.

Once in toe, the total primary energy is obtain by adding the different

components, allowing for the calculation of combined energy indicators, such as:


Energy Intensity (countries):

Specific consumtion (products):

=€

toe nconsumptioenergy primary Annual

..GDP

IE

=ton

toe

Production

nconsumptioenergy primary Annual..CS

Energy Management

TOE

TOE as Primary Energy unit: Calculation

The calculation of the convertion factor regards the following steps:

1. The “equivalent oil” is defined as 10 Gcal/ton (41,869 GJ/ton)

2. The required primary energy is a function of the final energy and the energy

efficiency to convert the primary energy in final energy.


3. Convert the required primary energy in toe using the heat value definition

provided in 1.

* These coeficients are usually defined by legislation.

* In certain cases the convertion to toe is based in a marginal consumption

assumption

Energy Management

Transformação de energia

TOE as Primary Energy unit: Exemples

Electricity

The portuguese legislation (following an EU directive) considers 40%

efficiency for producing and transporting electricity.

So, to supply 1 kWhof electricity, the primary energy consumption is

2,5 kWh


The primary energy consumption is thus:

2,5 kWh x 3.600 kJ/kWh = 9.000 kJ/kWhelect

Converting to toe by the definition 1 toe = 10 Gcal = 41,9 GJ

9.000 kJ/kWhelect / 41,9 x106 kJ/toe = 215 x 10-6 toe/kWhelect

Attention: some technical literature use 86 x 10-6 toe / kWhelect. This value

regards to direct convertion, that is, electricity production without losses.

Energy Management

Energy intensity in the world

UKR

IRN

600

800

1000

1200

En

erg

y I

nte

nsi

ty i

n 2

00

8 (

toe

/mil

lio

n U

SD

)

EI

EI (oil prod.)


BGD

INDPAK

PHL

EGY

IDN

CHN

EQU

THA

PER

DZA

COL

AZE

ZAF

BLRBGR

MYS

BRA

ARGROUCHLMEXTUR

RUS

POLLTUHUN

TWNKOR

CZE

PRT

NZL

GRC ESP JPN

SGP

ITA GBR85

CAN

90

USA

AUSAUT

98NLDSWE

ISL

IRLDNK CHE

NOR

IRN

KAZ

VEN

SAU

KUW

ARE

QAT

0

200

400

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000

En

erg

y I

nte

nsi

ty i

n 2

00

8 (

toe

/mil

lio

n U

SD

)

GDP per capita in2008 (USD)

Sources: BP - Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009 (primary energy) and IMF ,World Economic Outlook April 2009 (GDP/and population)

Energy Management

SGCIE(Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia)


DL – nº 71/2008

Energy Management

SGCIE – Domain

Domain:

� All entities with an annual primary energy consumption bigger than 500 toe.

Domain:

� All entities with an annual primary energy consumption bigger than 500 toe.

Exceptions:Exceptions:


Exceptions:

� Cogeneration facilities

� Transport entities

� Buildings

Exceptions:

� Cogeneration facilities

� Transport entities

� Buildings

Energy Management

SGCIE – Entities

Supervision:

� DGEG, Direcção -Geral de Energia e Geologia - http://www.dgge.pt/.

ISP control:

� DGAIEC, Direcção -Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo -

Supervision:

� DGEG, Direcção -Geral de Energia e Geologia - http://www.dgge.pt/.

ISP control:




http://www.dgaiec.min-financas.pt/pt.

Management:

� ADENE, Agência para a Energia - http://www.adene.pt/ADENE.Portal.


http://www.dgaiec.min-financas.pt/pt.

Management:

� ADENE, Agência para a Energia - http://www.adene.pt/ADENE.Portal.

Energy Management

SGCIE – Obligations

Obligations:

- Promote the registration of facilities;

- Perform energy audits;

� >= 1000 toe/y: Each 6 years,

� 500 to 1000 toe/y: Each 8 years,

- Develop “Planos de Racionalização do Consumo de Energia” (PREn – ARCE*);


� >= 1000 toe/y: Every measure with payback lower than 5 years must be implemented;

� 500 to 1000 tep/ano: Every measure with payback lower than 3 years must be implemented;

Goals for Intensidade Energética (IE) and Intensidade Carbónica (IC)*

� >= 1000 toe/y: Reduction of 6% in a 6 years period;

� 500 a 1000 toe/y: Reduction of 4% in a 8 years period;

� all consumption: The IC should not increase.

* ARCE - Acordo de Racionalização dos Consumos de Energia

Energy Management

SGCIE – Indicadores

- Intensidade Energética (IE):

� IE1 : Annual primary energy consumtion / Annual gross added value,

� IE2 : Annual primary energy consumtion / Annual volume of production,

Renewable energy consumption: consider only 50% of its energy.


- Intensidade Carbónica (IC):

� IC : Annual greenhouse gases emissions / Annual primary energy consumption

Energy Management

Related legislation

Portaria 519/2008 de 25 de Junho

Credenciação dos técnicos e entidades

Elementos complementares


Despacho 17313/2008 de 26 de Junho

Coeficientes de TEP e de emissões de CO2

Despacho 17449/2008 de 27 de Junho

Caracterização de auditoria energética e cálculo do VAB

Energy Management

Reconhecimento de técnicos e entidades

Os requisitos mínimos de habilitação e experiência profissional a observar na credenciação de

técnicos e entidades são os seguintes:

a) Técnico auditor energético e autor de planos de racionalização e de relatórios de execução e

progresso:

i) Habilitação com o curso de Engenheiro, reconhecido pela Ordem dos Engenheiros, ou com o

curso de Engenheiro Técnico, reconhecido pela Associação Nacional dos Engenheiros

Técnicos;

ii) Experiência profissional adequada;


ii) Experiência profissional adequada;

iii) Ter à disposição a aparelhagem de medida e controlo necessária para o efeito;

b) Entidade auditora energética e autora de planos de racionalização e de relatórios de execução e

progresso:

i) Ter como fim estatutário actividade relacionada com a consultoria e projecto (auditoria ou

elaboração de projectos de instalações industriais) na área da energia;

ii) Fazer prova de que possui ao seu serviço técnico ou técnicos reconhecidos conforme exigido

na alínea a) deste número.

Energy Management

Conversion coefficients for toe and CO2 emissions

Combustível PCI

(MJ/kg)

PCI

(toe/t)

FE

(kgCO2e/GJ)

FE

(kgCO2e/tep)

Biogasolina e Biodiesel 27 0,645 0 0

Carvão betuminoso 25,8 0,616 94,5 3956,5

Carvão vegetal 29,5 0,705 0 0

Combustível para motor (gasolina) 44 - 45 1,051 - 1,075 69,2 2897,3

Fuelóleo 41,2 0,984 77,3 3236,4

Gás de petróleo liquefeito 46 - 47,3 1,099 - 1,13 63 2637,7

Gás natural (1) 45,1 1,077 64,1 2683,7

Gás natural (superior a 93 % de metano) 47,2 - 48 1,127 - 1,146 56,1 2348,8

Gás natural liquefeito 44,2 - 45,2 1,056 - 1,08 64,1 2683,7

Gasóleo / Diesel 42,3 - 43,3 1,01 - 1,034 74 3098,2


Electricidade

PCI

(MJ/kWh)

PCI

(toe/kWh)

FE

(kgCO2e/GJ)

FE

(kgCO2e/kWh)

FE

(kgCO2e/toe)

3,6 215 x 10 -6 130,6 0,47 2186,0

Produção de vapor: Energia do vapor (tep/t) = Entalpia específica do vapor (MJ/kg) / (90% × 41,868)

Fluidos térmicos: Energia do fluido (tep/t) = Calor útil (MJ/kg) / (90% × 41,868)

Gasóleo / Diesel 42,3 - 43,3 1,01 - 1,034 74 3098,2

Madeira / resíduos de Madeira 13,8 - 15,6 0,33 - 0,373 0 0

Outra biomassa primária sólida 11,6 0,277 0 0

Petróleo Bruto 42,3 1,01 73,3 3068,9

Energy Management

Caracterização da auditoria energética

The energy audit should:

a) Quantify energy consumption and its relevance in the final cost of the products;

b) Promote visual inspection of the equipments and the required specific diagnostics, including

energy and relevant parameters quantification;

c) Provide a full description on how energy is transformed and its costs;

d) Promote detailed characterization of the energy balances of the main equipments;

e) Characterize the detailed electric consumption profiles of the main electricity consumers;


e) Characterize the detailed electric consumption profiles of the main electricity consumers;

f) Determine the energy efficiency of thermal energy equipments;

g) Monitor the adequacy of the performance of the energy transport and distribution systems;

h) Monitor the adequacy of the performance of the control and regulation equipment;

i) Perform mass and energy balances to the main equipments;

j) Quantify the specific energy consumption verified during the audit period;

k) Quantify the ratio between the specific energy consumption and the gross added value;

l) Identify potential energy saving measures and quantify their impact;

m) Define specific interventions that prove to be viable in technical and economic terms;

n) Define a strategy for implementing adequate Energy Management.

energy efficiency (sgcie) - autenticação · (sistema de gestão dos consumos intensivos de ......

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